Growth of pasture species in the shade in relation to alder silvo-pastoral systems

348 Pages·2011·5.22 MB·English

by  Devkota, Naba Raj

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GROWTH OF PASTURES PECIESI NT HE SHADE
INR ELATIONT O ALDER SILVO-PASTORAL
SYSTEMS
A thespirse senitnep da rtifaull filomfet nhter equiremfeonrtt hse
degroefeD octoorfP hiloso(pPhhy. Di.nP) a stoSrcaile nIcnes,t itouft e
NaturRaelso urcaets MasUsneiyv ersity,
NewZ ealand
NABA RAJj>EVKOTA
2000
11
ABSTRACT
An increausnedde rstanodfit nhgec ompetitiinvtee ractbieotnwse etnr esep eciaensd
understopraesyt uriesrs e quirfeodrt hed evoelpmenotf d eciduoturse bea sesdi lvo­
pastosryaslt emIns p.a rticutlhaesr h,a dteo leraonfcp ea stusrpee cileisk etloyb eu sed
undetrr eeisnN ew Zealnaenedd tso b ed eteremdin.T hitsh eseixsa mintehsee ffectosf
lighitn tensaintdqy u aliotnyt heg rowth paosft usrpee ciiensa serioefsg lasshouse
experimeanntdus n,d etrh e shoafda el detrr epers unetdod ifferheenitg hts.
Thes hoodtr yw eighpte rp lanotf a lglr asasn dl egumsep ecieexsa minesdh owead
lineianrc rea(sPe< O.OOwOiIt)h% ambiepnhto tonstyheticaacltliyrv aed iat(iPoAnR ).
Highesshto odtr yw eighwta sa t7 3%a ndl oweswta s a1t4 %P AR (heavsyh ade).
Shadael saof fecttheetd i llearbiinlgoi ftp ya stusrpee ciUensd.e hre avsyh adceo,c ksfoot
(Dactyglliosm aetraL. )p roducmeodr et illpeerrsp lantth ant heo thegrr asssp ecies
examinePde.r ennriyaelg ra(sLso lipuemr enLn.e)h adt he lowest tiinhl elaevryi ng
shadeU.n demre diums had(e34 %a mbiePnAtR )t, illneurm bepre r plfaonrbt r owntop
(Agrocsatipilsl aL.ra)in sdP oat rivi(aPliotsar v iiaLl.i)ws a s higthhearon t hesrp ecies.
Lotu(sL otuulsi ginLo.)ps ruosd ucae hdi ghe(rP <O.OOnOuIm)b eorf b ranchuensd er
heavsyh ade twhhaintc el ov(erTr ifoliurpeme nLs. )a nds ubterracnleoavn(e rrT ifolium
subrtaenreLu.m) .
Shadea ffectpeedr ennriyaelg ramsosr et hanc ocksfosoetl ectieosnpse,c iaaltlt yh e
lowesPtA R leveblo tihn t heg lasshousteh efa inedle dx perimeFnotre. x ampltei,l lers
perp lanutn der sthraedeae n,d a lsaot t hel owP AR leveilnt heg lasshofuosrpe e rennial
ryegrass 1w8eco rmep arewdi th2 8-2(P9< O.OOfOoIr) Wancao cksfaonotd2 4-2f7or
PG 74c ocksfoot.a repae rp lanfto rp erennriyaelg rawsass a lssoi gnificantly
Leaf
(P<O.OOOI) tlhoawfnoe rWr a nac ocksfoCootc.kf so oste lectwieonrsem oret oleroafn t
heavsyh adteh apne rennriyaelg raasnsdW, a naw ast hem ostt oleroafnt th ec ockfso ot
selectoifoh nesa vsyh ade.
Therwee ren oe ffectosfR :FRr ati(oP O>.05o)n t hes hoodtr yw eighptr oductoifo n the
pastusrpee cieexsa mineSdi.m ilartlhyei, n teraction betxw Re:eFnR a PnAdsR p ecies
iii
wasn ots ignificant (fPo>rm0 o.s0t5m )o rphologcihcaarla cterwihsetnip clsa nwtesr e
notd efoliaPteerde.n nriyaelg raWsasn,a c ockfso oatn dY orkshifroeg( Holcluasn atus
L.a)tl owP ARh ad similart hyaihtei lgdhset,rh awnh itcel ovaenrd l otuwsh,i cwhe re
similHaorw.e vewrh,e np lanwtesr ed efoliawteeedk loyrt hree-weWeaknlayc ,o cksfoot
outp roducNeudi p erennriyaelg raastls o wP duet oi tasb ilittomy a intain
AR/R:FR
highlere aafr eaan dh ighleera dfr yw eighhti,g hSeLrA ,a nd more pteirlp llearnst .
Herbagmea sso fs wardisnh eavayn dm ediusmh adcer eatbeydp runing tarledewesar s
abou5t0 %a nd7 0%r,e spectiovfet lhyao,tf l igshhta d(eP <O.OHOeOrlb)agm.ea ss was
highefsotrc ocksfeoiotth er witohr w lhoittceul so ve(rP <O.owohOerle)av,sa lues for
perennriyaelrg asasn dY orkshifroegw erel owearn ds imilSahra.d aef fecpteedr ennial
ryegramsosr et hacno cksfoaontdY orkshiree sfpoegc,i aalttl hyel owesPtA Rl evel.
Cocksfoionmt i xtuwriet ehi ther whiteo rl coltouhvsae dr thhieg helseta f expansion
pert illwehri,c wha si nt heo rdecro cksfoYootr>k shifroeg >eprennirayle graTshse.r e
wasn os igfniicadnitf fere(nPc>.e0 05be)t weetnh ep astusrpee ciienst het otnaulm ber
ofs heegpr azionbgs ervatiino2 nh so urbsu,t m ores heegpr azeidnl ight sthhaadinen
heavsyh ad(eP <O.OS).
Ther esearhcihg hglhitetdh ei mportancoef m easuring sthoaldeer aonfcp ea sture
speciienst erms aotft ribtuhtaets detergmrionwetadhn dp ersisteAnsc pee. rennial
pastusrpee ciesr eagruel adrelfyo liattheemdy u stb ea blteo v egetatirveeplryo duicne
thes hadaes w ell baesp roductiSvhea.d teo leraonfct eh ep astusrpee cieexsa mined
varigerde atbluytt, h erierl atsihvaed teo lerawnacsea lssoe nsittiotv heel eveolfs hade.
Although, fcooowctak sst hem osts hadteo lerant sipnhe ecaivesysh ad(e PARle vel
<20J.l0m olepsh otomns-2 SI-)it w ass imiltaoro thesrp eciiensm ediums had(e PAR
level4 00J.lm olepsh otomn-s2 S 1-o rm ore).
�
Lighitn tenswiatsmy o rei mportfaontrg rowtahn d vegetative rtehparlnoid guhctt ion
qualiftoypr a stusrpee ciuensd esrh adeL.i kewipsreu,n itnrge weass m orei mportfaonrt
pastuprreo duction turnedseeh ra deT.h em orphologiactatlr ibruetleast teods hade
toleraonfcN ee w Zealanhdi lclo untprays toprlaaln wtesr ei dentiifinet dh itsh esaiss
tilnleurm bepre rp lanlte,aa fr eas,p ecilfieca afr e(aS LA)a,n dl eaf appeairnatnecrev al.
IV
Fora ldesri l-vpoastosryaslt ems witthr ehdeie gnhs iatnyd heasvhya d(eP ARl evel
<200 Ilmolepsh otomn-s2 S I-)c ocksfionoct o mbiantiowni tehi thleort uosrw hite clover
wast he mopsrto ductpiavset urweh,i lpee rennriyaelg rsa,os rb rowntowpi,t hw hite
clover awsap sr odtuicvaes c ockfsoo ti fs hadwea sm aintainaetad P AR lev>e2l00
Ilmolpehso tomn-s2 S -IAd)d.i tioncaolclkyfs,oo ta ndl otuasr eb otht oleroafnt th el ow
tom ediums oiflert iliatnyds easondarlyp erioldisk etloyb ee ncounteornet dh eh ill
countrwyh erdee ciduotursee asre a lsuos etdo c ontrsoolie lr osion.
Shade haa mda rkeedff ecotn t illearsiw negl als o ns hoodtr yw eighatn,d i st hem ost
signiicfanftac tord etennniingt heu nderstopraesyt urper odcutionH.o wevert,h e
decreaisnpe a stuprreo ductdiuoent os hadicnagn b em anagebdy a pprorpiatper uning
practiacneds chooifac pep roprpiaastteu srpee cies.
v
GLOSSARY AND ABREVIATIOOFN TSE RMS USED
Agrfoorestirtry e:f etross ilvo-passtyosrtaelmo rsi entteotd i mbeprr oductoiros no il
erosicoonn trAoglr.o foreisntN reyw Zealanidso fteuns eds ynonymouwsiltyh" farm
forsetryi". ef.a rmemrasn agifnogr epslta ntatointo hne f armlanHde.r ea,g rofeosrtriys
takeans a ni ntensliavnemd a nagemepnrta ctuiscie ntgr eepsa,s turaensd,l ivestoonc k
thes amea reoaf l anadt t hes amet ime.
AGR:a bsolgurtoew trha te.
Agroislvicualc toumrbein:a toifco rno ppsl utsr ees.
Agrosipalsvtoo:cr oavlers cpraosptsu,r e/aannidmt arle es.
Breahseti gbhrte:a hseti gihntN ew Zealainsd1 .m4 a bovger ounodn t heu phislild e
oft he tMraeney.o thecro untries inAculsutdrianulgsi ea1 ,3. m asb reahseti ght.
°
C:d egreCee lsius.
C:c arbon.
C3:p hotosynthpeattihcw aoyfc arboans similaftoirmo ons to ft het emperaptaes ture
species.
C4:p hotosynthpeattihcw aoyf c arboans similatfioorn moosftt het ropipcaaslt ure
species.
Canoptyh:e paratt reocefo nsistoifbn rga nchaensdf olia"g Cea.n opcyl osuriest" h e
stanadg ew hent heb ranchaetsn eighbourtirneget so ucho,r nearlsyo ,t hereby
restricltiigtnhogtt hef orefslto or.
vi
CP:c rupdreo t.e in
Cultinvaamre a:l slp ecainedcs u lvtariasr feu lnlaym eidnt hmea tearlaisn dm ethods
sectoifoe na cchh aeprtE.l seewrhet hye arep ersneteidn a na bberviaftoennde ..g
'GrasslWaanndahs'a bse erne fertroae sd Wana.
DBH:t redei aemteartb raeshte ight.
Deciduusto reber:od a-leahvaerdd wtoroeetd hasth eidtss leavaeusut mdnu/rwiinngt er
andde velnoepwls e avtehfseol lowsipnirgn gS.om ed eciduteroeulssi kael dcearan l so
fixa tmosphneirteirnoc.g
Defoliaptriaocnot:ifc c lei ppoirrn mego vianegr pilaalpn attr sH.e rdee,f ioaltmieoann s
cuttpiansgt pulraen tass ep caith fieci gahtst ep ciifinct elr.sv a
GLM:g enelriaanlrme odeolfS AS.
HH:h erbahgaere vsteTdh.em asosf h erbapgeeur n iatra e rmeovebdy m echanical
2
meansu,s uaelxlpeyrs saesgd / m.
°
Hilclo untarlytl:h l ea nwdi tshol pebse twe1e2an n d2 8,b ulto wr elitepyfi;c a1l00l y
to3 00dmfi efrenicnee l etivoa.nV allbeoyt toamrse usnuaarwlr.lo y
HM herabgmea sTsh.et otdarlwy e igohfht e rbapgeuern iatr eoafl anuds,u aalbloyv e
:
2
groulnedv aenlad t ad efinerdee frenlceev Ceolm.m onelxype rssaesdg l m.
IntercePpAtRe:id s t hdei effrenbceet ween PgAlRoa bbaolva e c anoapnyd P AR
transmtihtrtoeudg h a canopy.
J:j ouluen,io tfm easmuernet.
potausms.i
K:
vii
kgk:i logrla00m0g,r a.m
LAIl:e aafr eian d,el xeaafr epae urn igtr ouanrde a.
LAR:l aefa reraa t,ri aotoiflo e af areap ltaodn rtyww ehoilg.eh t
LPCl:i gchomtp ensaptoiiofnnot pr h otosynthesis.
Loppincugt:t ionngoe r m orber acnheso fafw oody pslyannotnt;yo pm r uning.
nm:n anome.t er
NZMF:N ew ZeaMliannids otfrFy o re.s try
PB:p olythebnaeug s eadsa p ottog rwo pastsuprceiee isng lasshcoonudsient s.i o
PGU:p lnatg rwotuhn it.
Shelteerlbtal: o nnga rrwo stroiftp r eaensd /sorhru bisn tentdore dedu cew infldo w,
oftefno arg crulitulgr aai.n
Silvicutlhtpeur roec:e udsuerideng rowtirneg,ee sspcaeillpyr unainntdgh inning.
Siol-vpastsoyresamtl: w hihc includterse pelsu psa st/uarneimBalassa.il clpyat sure
procdituoni se mphasiusneddet rr eseh a.d Geeneratlhleyt eramg roforaeslsot ry
decsribseisl -vapostosryaslt ems.
Stockriantgte h:ne u mboefrlv iet repeeshr e tcrae,a lskon owans" trdeeen sity".
TDR:tm ied omarienflc oetmetry.
viii
Tisstuuer novienagr i:v peenr itohdne e ctha ngient hwee igohflt i visnhogmo att erial
ofa s pceiebsr ouagbhotbu ytt hfeo mratioofnn e wt isasunedt he gdrecorsesac saues ed
eithers enbceyens ec andd ecompositoifoo nld etriu se,so rb yh erbaignet aikse
2
commonlyk nwona st istsuurneo v.Ie itrs c ommonlye xpreisnsg elmd/ day.
Thinnitnhgree: m ovoaftl r eweist hais tna antsd o emt mieb efocreleaf re ll.iI ntfgr ees
arlee lfyt iinngt h feo sr,tei its " wastteh inn.iI ntfgr "eaersee x tcretad,i its " procidtoun
thinn.i ng"
TransmitPtAeRd:w hens hadIeS c eratewdi th scholatdh,te r ansmPiAtRtiesd
measuruendd etrhse h adcel o.t hthecas eo ft re,te rsansmPiAtRtiesmd e asured
In
underc atnhpoey.
Abbreviarteiloanttsoee xdep rimenttraela tments
ANOVA :a nlyasiosfv aricea.n
CL:c ockfso owti tlho t.u s
cm2:s quacrenet imetre.
cvc:ut livar.
CVA :c naoncilav ariaantael ysis.
CV:c anonicalv ari.a te
CW:c ocksfowoitt h wcolhvie.tr e
d.fd.e:g roefef sr eed.o m
DM:d ryma tt.e r
ix
Figfi:gu re.
g:g ram.
GP:w hictolev egrrw oingp onits.
hah:e acrt.e
h:h ou.r s
HIN hignhat rua,hl erdeen otehsi gPhA Rw itnhat urRa:lF R.
:
LIN:l ow natur,ha elrdeen otelso PwAR witnhat urRa:lF R.
UR:l owr edceud,h erdeen otelsow P ARw itrhe dcuedR :FR.
LSDl:e assintgfi iactnd iffnecree.
m 2:m etsrqe uaarree a.
mg:m illigram.
mm: milltirmee.
N:n tirong.e
n:n umbe.r
nad:a tnaot a vlaaible.
NA:d atnaot t kae.n
NS:n ons-inigficanta tP =O.05.