Group 13 Chemistry II: Biological Aspects of Aluminum PDF
Preview Group 13 Chemistry II: Biological Aspects of Aluminum
104 Structure and Bonding Managing Editor: D.M.P. Mingos Editorial Board: A.J. Bard-I.G. Dance-P. Day-J.A. Ibers" T. Kunitake T.J. Meyer" H.W. Roesky-J.-P. Sauvage A. Simon" F. Wudl Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo Group 13 Chemistry II Biological Aspects of Aluminum Volume Editors: H.W. Roesky and D.A. Atwood With contributions by S. Anitha, D.A. Atwood, K. Berend, D. Bohrer, B. Conley, V.M. Morsch, S. Oshiro, ]. Pato~ka, K.S.]. Rao, M.R.C. Schetinger, A. Struneck~i, G.B. van der Voet, F.A. de Wolff ~ Springer The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topics of research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. The scope of the series spans the entire Periodic Table. It focuses attention on new and developing areas of modern structural and theoretical chemistry such as nanostructures, molecular electronics, designed molecular solids, surfaces, metal clusters and supramolecular structures. Physical and spectroscopic techniques used to determine, examine and model structures fall within the purview of Structure and Bonding to the extent that the focus is on the scientific results obtained and not on specialist information concerning the techniques themselves. Issues associated with the development of bonding models and generalizations that illuminate the reactivity pathways and rates of chemical processes are also relevant. As a rule, contributions are specially commissioned. The editors and publishers will, however, always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Papers are accepted for Structure and Bonding in English. In references Structure and Bonding is abbreviated Struct Bond and is cited as a journal. Springer w w w home page: http://www.springer.de Visit the SB home page at http:lllink.springer.de/serieslsb/or http:l llink.springer-ny.comlserieslsbl ISSN 0081-5993 ISBN 3-540-43807-6 Sp r inge r -Ve r l ag Berlin He ide lbe rg N e w York CIP Data applied for This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science + Business Media GmbH http:llwww.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 Printed in Germany The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Scientific Publishing Services (P) Ltd, Madras Production editor: Christiane Messerschmidt, Rheinan Cover: Medio Technologies AG, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 108 428 44 02•3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0 Managing Editor Volume Editors Professor D. Michael P. Mingos P ro fes so r H e r b e r t W. Roesky Principal Institut fiir Anorganische Chemie St. Edmund Hall der Universit/it G6ttingen Oxford OX1 4AR, UK Tammannstr. 4 E-maih Structure and Bonding Also Available Electronically For all customers with a standing order for Structure and Bonding we offer the electronic form via LINK free of charge. Please contact your librarian who can receive a password for free access to the full articles by registration at: http://link.springer.de/orders/index.htm If you do not have a standing order you can nevertheless browse through the table of contents of the volumes and the abstracts of each article at: http://link.springer.de/series/sb/ http://link.springer-ny.com/series/sb/ There you will also find information about the - Editorial Board - Aims and Scope - Instructions for Authors Preface Aluminum, bound almost exclusively to oxygen in various combinations, is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and, therefore, of great commercial potential. Once methods were developed (in the 1880's) to free useable quantities of the element from oxygen, applications for the element began developing rapidly. This growth has resulted in the ubiquity of the metal in today's world. Therefore it can be found intentionally introduced in many products in direct contact with human beings. It is commonly known that soluble forms of aluminum aretoxic to living organisms. However, aluminum is not known to be bioavailable under everyday conditions. In fact, the solubility product of common aluminum compounds, such as AI(OH)3 is so low as to make it essentially unavailable. This volume of Structure and Bonding seeks to provide in one source, a resource where the basic science related to aluminum toxicity may be obtained. It should be stressed that this volume is not intended to be a warning to avoid contact with aluminum. Living organisms have adequate defenses to prevent aluminum toxicity under normal conditions. Rather the volume was created to simply provide an understanding of the biological effects of aluminum. As such, the present volume should be considered in the context of the companion volumes in this three-part series of Structure and Bonding. The first volume was devoted to fundamental developments in group 13 chemistry. The present volume is the second in the series and is meant to also address fundamental science, but more focused on biological aspects of aluminum. The third volume will focus on the applied group 13 chemistry. Two types of publications are presented herein. The first set outlines the toxic effects of aluminum compounds on various living systems. The second set, comprised of two papers, deals with the formation and activity of aluminum fluoride compounds. The Volume begins with a chapter by Berend "Acute Aluminum Intoxication" that outlines the myriad toxic effects aluminum can have once it has by-passed an organisms' protective barriers. This occurs in humans, for example, when aluminum salts are used in medicine (a practice that has now been eradicated). The in-depth coverage of this topic provides an excellent background for understanding the chemical interactions associated with aluminum that are described subsequently in Chapters 2-4. Chapters 5 and 6 signal the growing importance of combinations between aluminum and fluorine in living systems. Fluorine forms aluminum bonds VIII Preface (583 kJ-mol -~) that are perhaps bested only by scandium in strength (-590 kJ-mol-l). Thus, anytime these two elements are present there is a high likelihood that they will unite. Strunecka explores in Chapter 5, "Aluminum Fluoride Complexes" the possibility that low-levels of fluoride, in blood plasma, and elsewhere, can have a synergistic effect with aluminum. This may occur through the A1Fx compounds behaving as non-hydrolyzing phosphate analogues. Atwood explores this possibility further, from a chemistry perspective, in Chapter 6, "Fluoroaluminate Chemistry". In this chapter the formation and stability of various AI-F compounds is discussed. This will help elucidate the exact nature of the fluoroaluminate having the biological effects noted in Strunecka's studies. With these six chapters this volume will provide the scientific researcher and non-specialist alike with a complete and up-to-date coverage of biological aluminum chemistry. The volume can also be used as a starting point to begin more detailed studies in this area. All of the relevant literature can be found in these chapters. Finally, we have to mention that we are chemists and therefore we have not evaluated completely the medical and toxicological implications of the chapters. July 2002 H.W. Roesky D.A. Atwood Contents Acute Aluminum Intoxication K. Berend, G.B. van der Voet, F.A. de Wolff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A New Effect of Aluminum on Iron Metabolism in Mammalian Cells S. Oshiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The Complexity of Aluminum-DNA Interactions: Relevance to Alzheimer's and Other Neurological Diseases S. Anitha, K.S.J. Rao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Aluminum: Interaction with Nucleotides and Nucleotidases and Analytical Aspects of Its Determination M.R.C. Schetinger, V.M. Morsch, D. Bohrer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Aluminofluoride Complexes in the Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease A. Struneck~, J. Pato~ka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Fluoroaluminate Chemistry B. Conley, D.A. Atwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Author Index Volumes 101-104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
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