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Groundwater hydrology PDF

662 Pages·2011·7.049 MB·English
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Water Science, technology, and engineering Karamouz ahmadi Increasing demand for water, higher standards of living, depletion of resources of acceptable quality, and excessive water pollution due to urban, agricultural, and aKhbari Groundwater industrial expansions have caused intense environmental, social, economic, and political predicaments. More frequent, severe floods and droughts have changed the ability and resiliency of water infrastructure systems to operate and provide HydroloGy services to the public. These concerns and issues have also changed the way we plan G and manage our surface and groundwater resources. Groundwater Hydrology: r Engineering, Planning, and Management presents a compilation of the state- of-the-art subjects and techniques in the education and practice of groundwater and o Engineering, Planning, and Management describes them in a systematic and integrated fashion useful for undergraduate and graduate students and practitioners. u n Features • Discusses groundwater hydrology and the basic laws of groundwater d movement • Presents the technical aspects of developing and solving groundwater w flow low equations • Describes environmental water quality issues related to groundwater a systems t • Examines the details of groundwater flow modeling • Introduces conceptual models to simulate groundwater systems e • Supplies basic information about the conjunctive use of surface and r groundwater • Highlights aquifer restoration in the context of different groundwater pollution control and utilization of groundwater remediation techniques H • Delineates the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle y d The book develops a system view of groundwater fundamentals and model-making techniques through the application of science, engineering, planning, and manage- r ment principles. The combined coverage of engineering and planning tools and o techniques as well as specific challenges for restoration and remediation of polluted aquifers sets this book apart. It also introduces basic tools and techniques l for making decisions about and planning for future groundwater development o activities, taking into account regional sustainability issues. An examination of the interface between groundwater challenges, the book demonstrates how to apply G systems analysis techniques to groundwater engineering, planning, and management. y M. Karamouz • A. Ahmadi • M. Akhbari K11707 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 270 Madison Avenue an informa business New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com K11707_Cover_mech.indd 1 2/18/11 11:46 AM Groundwater HydroloGy Engineering, Planning, and Management Groundwater HydroloGy Engineering, Planning, and Management Mohammad Karamouz • Azadeh Ahmadi • Masih Akhbari Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110722 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9121-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a pho- tocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To millions of people around the world with no access to safe drinking water M. Karamouz A. Ahmadi M. Akhbari Contents Preface.....................................................................................................................xix Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xxiii Authors....................................................................................................................xxv Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction................................................................................1 1.1.1. Water.Availability.........................................................2 1.1.2. Groundwater.Availability..............................................4 1.2. Groundwater.Systems.................................................................5 1.3. Science.and.Engineering.of.Groundwater..................................6 1.4. Planning.and.Management.of.Groundwater...............................8 1.4.1. Integrated.Water.Resources.Management...................10 1.4.2. Conflict.Issues.in.Groundwater...................................11 1.4.3. Economics.of.Water....................................................11 1.4.4. Groundwater.Sustainability.........................................13 1.4.5. Supply.and.Demand.Side.Management......................15 1.5. Tools.and.Techniques...............................................................16 1.6. People’s.Perception:.Public.Awareness....................................18 1.7. Groundwater.Protection:.Concerns.and.Acts...........................19 1.7.1. Clean.Water.Act..........................................................20 1.7.2. Groundwater.Protection..............................................21 1.7.3. USEPA.Groundwater.Rule..........................................22 1.8. Overall.Organization.of.This.Book..........................................22 Problems..............................................................................................23 References...........................................................................................23 Chapter 2 Groundwater.Properties......................................................................27 2.1. Introduction..............................................................................27 2.2. Vertical.Distribution.of.Subsurface..........................................27 2.3. Aquifers,.Aquitards,.and.Aquicludes.......................................31 2.4. Types.of.Aquifers.....................................................................31 2.4.1. Unconfined.Aquifer.....................................................31 2.4.2. Confined.Aquifers.......................................................32 2.4.3. Aquitard.(Leaky).Aquifer...........................................32 2.5. Groundwater.Balance...............................................................33 2.5.1. Water.Balance.in.Confined.Aquifers..........................34 2.5.2. Water.Balance.in.Unconfined.Aquifers.......................35 2.5.3. Water.Balance.in.Unsaturated.Zone...........................35 vii viii Contents 2.6. Compressibility.and.Effective.Stress........................................36 2.6.1. Compressibility.of.Water.............................................36 2.6.2. Effective.Stress............................................................36 2.6.3. Compressibility.of.a.Porous.Medium..........................38 2.6.4. Effective.Stress.in.the.Unsaturated.Zone....................40 2.7. Aquifer.Compressibility...........................................................40 2.8. Aquifer.Characteristics.............................................................41 2.8.1. Porosity.and.Void.Ratio...............................................41 2.8.2. Specific.Yield.in.Unconfined.Aquifers.......................44 2.8.3. Specific.Retention........................................................45 2.8.4. Storage.Coefficient.and.Specific.Storage....................46 2.8.5. Safe.Yield.of.Aquifers.................................................50 2.9. Storage.in.the.Unsaturated.Zone..............................................51 2.10. Water-Level.Fluctuations..........................................................53 2.11. Groundwater.in.Karst...............................................................54 2.11.1. Karst.Aquifer...............................................................54 2.11.2. Types.of.Karst.............................................................54 2.11.3. Fluctuation.of.Karst.Aquifer.......................................55 2.11.4. Recharge.of.Karst.Aquifer..........................................55 2.11.5. Groundwater.Tracing.in.Karst....................................56 2.11.6. Water.Resources.Problems.in.Karst............................56 Problems..............................................................................................57 References...........................................................................................58 Chapter 3 Groundwater.Hydrology......................................................................61 3.1. Introduction..............................................................................61 3.2. Groundwater.Movement...........................................................61 3.2.1. Darcy’s.Law.................................................................61 3.2.1.1. Validity.of.Darcy’s.Law...............................65 3.2.2. Hydraulic.Head...........................................................66 3.2.3. Hydraulic.Conductivity...............................................67 3.2.3.1. Hydraulic.Conductivity.in.Saturated. Media........................................................67 3.2.3.2. Hydraulic.Conductivity.in.Unsaturated. Media...........................................................67 3.2.3.3. Laboratory.Measurement.of.Hydraulic. Conductivity.................................................70 3.2.3.4. Field.Measurement.of.Hydraulic. Conductivity.................................................72 3.3. Homogeneous.and.Isotropic.Systems.......................................73 3.3.1. Hydraulic.Conductivity.in.Multilayer.Structures........74 3.4. Transmissivity..........................................................................78 3.5. Dupuit–Forchheimer.Theory.of.Free-Surface.Flow................79 3.5.1. Groundwater.Flow.in.Unsaturated.Zone.....................81 Contents ix 3.6. Flownets...................................................................................82 3.6.1. Isotropic.and.Homogeneous.Media.............................82 3.6.2. Heterogeneous.Media..................................................86 3.6.3. Anisotropic.Media.......................................................87 3.7. Statistical.Methods.in.Groundwater.Hydrology.......................89 3.7.1. Normal.Distribution....................................................89 3.7.2. Lognormal.Distribution..............................................91 3.7.3. t-Distribution...............................................................93 3.7.4. Chi-Square.(.χ2).Distribution.......................................93 3.7.5. Errors...........................................................................93 3.7.5.1. Sampling.Error............................................94 3.7.5.2. Standard.Errors............................................94 3.7.6. Estimating.Quantiles.(Percentiles)..............................95 3.7.7. Probability/Frequency/Recurrence.Interval................97 3.8. Time.Series.Analysis................................................................97 3.8.1. Nonstationary.Hydrologic.Variables...........................98 3.8.2. Hydrologic.Time.Series.Modeling..............................98 3.8.3. Data.Preparation..........................................................99 3.8.4. Parameter.Estimation................................................102 3.8.4.1. Method.of.Moments...................................102 3.8.4.2. Method.of.Least.Squares...........................103 3.8.4.3. Method.of.Maximum.Likelihood..............104 3.8.5. Goodness.of.Fit.Tests................................................104 3.8.5.1. Chi-Square.Goodness.of.Fit.Test...............105 3.8.5.2. Tests.of.Normality.....................................107 3.8.6. Akaike’s.Information.Criterion.................................109 3.8.7. Autoregressive.Modeling..........................................109 3.8.8. Moving.Average.Process...........................................113 3.8.9. Autoregressive.Moving.Average.Modeling...............114 3.8.9.1. Generation.and.Forecasting.Using. ARMA.Models..........................................114 3.8.10. Autoregressive.Integrated.Moving.Average. Modeling...................................................................115 3.8.10.1. Time.Series.Forecasting.Using. ARIMA.Models.........................................116 Problems............................................................................................122 Appendix.A.......................................................................................125 References.........................................................................................127 Chapter 4 Hydraulics.of.Groundwater...............................................................129 4.1. Introduction............................................................................129 4.2. Continuity.Equation...............................................................129 4.3. Equation.of.Motion.in.Groundwater......................................132 4.3.1. Groundwater.Flow.Equation.....................................134

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