Groundwater hydrology

662 Pages·2011·7.049 MB·English

by  Karamouz M

Water Science, technology, and engineering Karamouz
ahmadi
Increasing demand for water, higher standards of living, depletion of resources of
acceptable quality, and excessive water pollution due to urban, agricultural, and aKhbari Groundwater
industrial expansions have caused intense environmental, social, economic, and
political predicaments. More frequent, severe floods and droughts have changed
the ability and resiliency of water infrastructure systems to operate and provide
HydroloGy
services to the public. These concerns and issues have also changed the way we plan G
and manage our surface and groundwater resources. Groundwater Hydrology:
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Engineering, Planning, and Management presents a compilation of the state-
of-the-art subjects and techniques in the education and practice of groundwater and o
Engineering, Planning, and Management
describes them in a systematic and integrated fashion useful for undergraduate
and graduate students and practitioners. u
n
Features
• Discusses groundwater hydrology and the basic laws of groundwater
d
movement
• Presents the technical aspects of developing and solving groundwater w
flow low equations
• Describes environmental water quality issues related to groundwater a
systems
t
• Examines the details of groundwater flow modeling
• Introduces conceptual models to simulate groundwater systems e
• Supplies basic information about the conjunctive use of surface and
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groundwater
• Highlights aquifer restoration in the context of different groundwater
pollution control and utilization of groundwater remediation techniques H
• Delineates the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle
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The book develops a system view of groundwater fundamentals and model-making
techniques through the application of science, engineering, planning, and manage- r
ment principles. The combined coverage of engineering and planning tools and
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techniques as well as specific challenges for restoration and remediation of
polluted aquifers sets this book apart. It also introduces basic tools and techniques l
for making decisions about and planning for future groundwater development
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activities, taking into account regional sustainability issues. An examination of the
interface between groundwater challenges, the book demonstrates how to apply G
systems analysis techniques to groundwater engineering, planning, and management.
y M. Karamouz • A. Ahmadi • M. Akhbari
K11707
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K11707_Cover_mech.indd 1 2/18/11 11:46 AM
Groundwater
HydroloGy
Engineering, Planning, and Management

Groundwater
HydroloGy
Engineering, Planning, and Management
Mohammad Karamouz • Azadeh Ahmadi • Masih Akhbari
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20110722
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9121-6 (eBook - PDF)
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To millions of people around the world with
no access to safe drinking water
M. Karamouz
A. Ahmadi
M. Akhbari

Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................xxiii
Authors....................................................................................................................xxv
Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction................................................................................1
1.1.1. Water.Availability.........................................................2
1.1.2. Groundwater.Availability..............................................4
1.2. Groundwater.Systems.................................................................5
1.3. Science.and.Engineering.of.Groundwater..................................6
1.4. Planning.and.Management.of.Groundwater...............................8
1.4.1. Integrated.Water.Resources.Management...................10
1.4.2. Conflict.Issues.in.Groundwater...................................11
1.4.3. Economics.of.Water....................................................11
1.4.4. Groundwater.Sustainability.........................................13
1.4.5. Supply.and.Demand.Side.Management......................15
1.5. Tools.and.Techniques...............................................................16
1.6. People’s.Perception:.Public.Awareness....................................18
1.7. Groundwater.Protection:.Concerns.and.Acts...........................19
1.7.1. Clean.Water.Act..........................................................20
1.7.2. Groundwater.Protection..............................................21
1.7.3. USEPA.Groundwater.Rule..........................................22
1.8. Overall.Organization.of.This.Book..........................................22
Problems..............................................................................................23
References...........................................................................................23
Chapter 2 Groundwater.Properties......................................................................27
2.1. Introduction..............................................................................27
2.2. Vertical.Distribution.of.Subsurface..........................................27
2.3. Aquifers,.Aquitards,.and.Aquicludes.......................................31
2.4. Types.of.Aquifers.....................................................................31
2.4.1. Unconfined.Aquifer.....................................................31
2.4.2. Confined.Aquifers.......................................................32
2.4.3. Aquitard.(Leaky).Aquifer...........................................32
2.5. Groundwater.Balance...............................................................33
2.5.1. Water.Balance.in.Confined.Aquifers..........................34
2.5.2. Water.Balance.in.Unconfined.Aquifers.......................35
2.5.3. Water.Balance.in.Unsaturated.Zone...........................35
vii
viii Contents
2.6. Compressibility.and.Effective.Stress........................................36
2.6.1. Compressibility.of.Water.............................................36
2.6.2. Effective.Stress............................................................36
2.6.3. Compressibility.of.a.Porous.Medium..........................38
2.6.4. Effective.Stress.in.the.Unsaturated.Zone....................40
2.7. Aquifer.Compressibility...........................................................40
2.8. Aquifer.Characteristics.............................................................41
2.8.1. Porosity.and.Void.Ratio...............................................41
2.8.2. Specific.Yield.in.Unconfined.Aquifers.......................44
2.8.3. Specific.Retention........................................................45
2.8.4. Storage.Coefficient.and.Specific.Storage....................46
2.8.5. Safe.Yield.of.Aquifers.................................................50
2.9. Storage.in.the.Unsaturated.Zone..............................................51
2.10. Water-Level.Fluctuations..........................................................53
2.11. Groundwater.in.Karst...............................................................54
2.11.1. Karst.Aquifer...............................................................54
2.11.2. Types.of.Karst.............................................................54
2.11.3. Fluctuation.of.Karst.Aquifer.......................................55
2.11.4. Recharge.of.Karst.Aquifer..........................................55
2.11.5. Groundwater.Tracing.in.Karst....................................56
2.11.6. Water.Resources.Problems.in.Karst............................56
Problems..............................................................................................57
References...........................................................................................58
Chapter 3 Groundwater.Hydrology......................................................................61
3.1. Introduction..............................................................................61
3.2. Groundwater.Movement...........................................................61
3.2.1. Darcy’s.Law.................................................................61
3.2.1.1. Validity.of.Darcy’s.Law...............................65
3.2.2. Hydraulic.Head...........................................................66
3.2.3. Hydraulic.Conductivity...............................................67
3.2.3.1. Hydraulic.Conductivity.in.Saturated.
Media........................................................67
3.2.3.2. Hydraulic.Conductivity.in.Unsaturated.
Media...........................................................67
3.2.3.3. Laboratory.Measurement.of.Hydraulic.
Conductivity.................................................70
3.2.3.4. Field.Measurement.of.Hydraulic.
Conductivity.................................................72
3.3. Homogeneous.and.Isotropic.Systems.......................................73
3.3.1. Hydraulic.Conductivity.in.Multilayer.Structures........74
3.4. Transmissivity..........................................................................78
3.5. Dupuit–Forchheimer.Theory.of.Free-Surface.Flow................79
3.5.1. Groundwater.Flow.in.Unsaturated.Zone.....................81
Contents ix
3.6. Flownets...................................................................................82
3.6.1. Isotropic.and.Homogeneous.Media.............................82
3.6.2. Heterogeneous.Media..................................................86
3.6.3. Anisotropic.Media.......................................................87
3.7. Statistical.Methods.in.Groundwater.Hydrology.......................89
3.7.1. Normal.Distribution....................................................89
3.7.2. Lognormal.Distribution..............................................91
3.7.3. t-Distribution...............................................................93
3.7.4. Chi-Square.(.χ2).Distribution.......................................93
3.7.5. Errors...........................................................................93
3.7.5.1. Sampling.Error............................................94
3.7.5.2. Standard.Errors............................................94
3.7.6. Estimating.Quantiles.(Percentiles)..............................95
3.7.7. Probability/Frequency/Recurrence.Interval................97
3.8. Time.Series.Analysis................................................................97
3.8.1. Nonstationary.Hydrologic.Variables...........................98
3.8.2. Hydrologic.Time.Series.Modeling..............................98
3.8.3. Data.Preparation..........................................................99
3.8.4. Parameter.Estimation................................................102
3.8.4.1. Method.of.Moments...................................102
3.8.4.2. Method.of.Least.Squares...........................103
3.8.4.3. Method.of.Maximum.Likelihood..............104
3.8.5. Goodness.of.Fit.Tests................................................104
3.8.5.1. Chi-Square.Goodness.of.Fit.Test...............105
3.8.5.2. Tests.of.Normality.....................................107
3.8.6. Akaike’s.Information.Criterion.................................109
3.8.7. Autoregressive.Modeling..........................................109
3.8.8. Moving.Average.Process...........................................113
3.8.9. Autoregressive.Moving.Average.Modeling...............114
3.8.9.1. Generation.and.Forecasting.Using.
ARMA.Models..........................................114
3.8.10. Autoregressive.Integrated.Moving.Average.
Modeling...................................................................115
3.8.10.1. Time.Series.Forecasting.Using.
ARIMA.Models.........................................116
Problems............................................................................................122
Appendix.A.......................................................................................125
References.........................................................................................127
Chapter 4 Hydraulics.of.Groundwater...............................................................129
4.1. Introduction............................................................................129
4.2. Continuity.Equation...............................................................129
4.3. Equation.of.Motion.in.Groundwater......................................132
4.3.1. Groundwater.Flow.Equation.....................................134