Grounding and shielding : circuits and interference

227 Pages·2007·3.32 MB·English

by  Morrison, Ralph, S., Morrison, Ralph

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GROUNDING AND
SHIELDING
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GROUNDING AND
SHIELDING
CIRCUITS AND INTERFERENCE
SIXTH EDITION
Ralph Morrison
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ISBN:9781119183747
Typesetin11/13ptTimesLTStdbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
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CONTENTS
PrefacetotheSixthEdition xi
AHistoricalPerspectiveintoGroundingandShielding xv
1. VoltageandCapacitors 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. ChargesandElectrons 4
1.3. TheElectricForceField 6
1.4. FieldRepresentations 6
1.5. TheDefinitionofVoltage 9
1.6. EquipotentialSurfaces 10
(cid:2) 1.7. TheForceFieldorEFieldBetweenTwoConducting (cid:2)
Plates 11
1.8. ElectricFieldPatterns 12
1.9. TheEnergyStoredinAnElectricField 16
1.10. Dielectrics 17
1.11. TheDField 18
1.12. Capacitance 19
1.13. MutualCapacitance 21
1.14. DisplacementCurrent 22
1.15. EnergyStoredinaCapacitor 23
1.16. ForcesintheElectricField 24
1.17. Capacitors 25
1.18. DielectricAbsorption 25
1.19. ResistanceofPlaneConductors 26
2. Magnetics 27
2.1. MagneticFields 27
2.2. Ampere’sLaw 29
2.3. TheSolenoid 30
2.4. Faraday’sLawandtheInductionField 30
2.5. TheDefinitionofInductance 32
2.6. TheEnergyStoredinanInductance 32
v
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2.7. MagneticFieldEnergyinSpace 34
2.8. ElectronDrift 36
2.9. TheMagneticCircuit 36
2.10. AMagneticCircuitwithaGap 38
2.11. SmallInductors 39
2.12. Self-andMutualInductance 40
2.13. TransformerAction 40
2.14. HysteresisandPermeability 45
2.15. EddyCurrents 46
3. DigitalElectronics 48
3.1. Introduction 49
3.2. TheTransportofElectricalEnergy 49
3.3. TransmissionLines–Introduction 50
3.4. TransmissionLineOperations 52
3.5. TransmissionLineFieldPatterns 54
3.6. ATerminatedTransmissionLine 54
3.7. TheUnterminatedTransmissionLine 56
3.8. AShortCircuitTermination 58
(cid:2) 3.9. TheRealWorld 59 (cid:2)
3.10. SineWavesVersusStepVoltages 60
3.11. ABitofHistory 61
3.12. IdealConditions 61
3.13. ReflectionandTransmissionCoefficients 62
3.14. TakingEnergyfromanIdealEnergySource 63
3.15. ACapacitorasaTransmissionLine 63
3.16. DecouplingCapacitorsandNaturalFrequencies 65
3.17. PrintedCircuitBoards 66
3.18. Two-LayerLogicBoards 67
3.19. Vias 68
3.20. TheTerminationofTransmissionLines 70
3.21. EnergyintheGround/PowerPlaneCapacitance 72
3.22. Poynting’sVector 73
3.23. SkinEffect 74
3.24. MeasurementProblems:GroundBounce 75
3.25. BalancedTransmission 76
3.26. RibbonCableandConnectors 77
3.27. InterfacingAnalogandDigitalCircuits 78
4. AnalogCircuits 80
4.1. Introduction 80
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CONTENTS vii
4.2. Instrumentation 81
4.3. History 83
4.4. TheBasicShieldEnclosure 83
4.5. TheEnclosureandUtilityPower 86
4.6. TheTwo-GroundProblem 88
4.7. InstrumentationandtheTwo-GroundProblem 89
4.8. Strain-GaugeInstrumentation 92
4.9. TheFloatingStrainGauge 93
4.10. TheThermocouple 95
4.11. TheBasicLow-GainDifferentialAmplifier
(ForwardReferencingAmplifer) 96
4.12. ShieldinginPowerTransformers 98
4.13. CalibrationandInterference 99
4.14. TheGuardShieldAbove100kHz 100
4.15. SignalFlowPathsinAnalogCircuits 101
4.16. ParallelActiveComponents 101
4.17. FeedbackStability–Introduction 102
4.18. FeedbackTheory 103
4.19. OutputLoadsandCircuitStability 105
4.20. FeedbackAroundaPowerStage 105
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4.21. ConstantCurrentLoops 106
4.22. FiltersandAliasingErrors 107
4.23. IsolationandDC-To-DCConverters 108
4.24. ChargeConverterBasics 110
4.25. DCPowerSupplies 113
4.26. GuardRings 113
4.27. ThermocoupleEffects 114
4.28. SomeThoughtsonInstrumentation 114
5. UtilityPowerandFacilityGrounding 115
5.1. Introduction 115
5.2. History 116
5.3. Semantics 116
5.4. UtilityPower 117
5.5. TheEarthasaConductor 119
5.6. TheNeutralConnectiontoEarth 120
5.7. GroundPotentialDifferences 122
5.8. FieldCouplingtoPowerConductors 124
5.9. NeutralConductors 125
5.10. kFactorinTransformers 126
5.11. PowerFactorCorrection 127
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5.12. UngroundedPower 127
5.13. ARequestforPower 128
5.14. EarthPowerCurrents 129
5.15. LineFilters 129
5.16. IsolatedGrounds 130
5.17. FacilityGrounds–SomeMoreHistory 132
5.18. GroundPlanesinFacilities 134
5.19. OtherGroundPlanes 137
5.20. GroundatRemoteSites 137
5.21. ExtendingGroundPlanes 137
5.22. Lightning 138
5.23. LightningandFacilities 139
5.24. LightningProtectionforBoatsandShips 141
5.25. GroundingofBoatsandShipsatDock 143
5.26. AircraftGrounding(Fueling) 144
5.27. GroundFaultInterruption(GFI) 144
5.28. IsolationTransformers 145
5.29. GroundingandthePacificIntertie 147
5.30. SolarWind 148
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6. Radiation 149
6.1. HandlingRadiationandSusceptibility 149
6.2. Radiation 150
6.3. SineWavesandTransmissionLines 151
6.4. ApproximationsforPulsesandSquareWaves 152
6.5. RadiationfromComponents 156
6.6. TheDipoleAntenna 157
6.7. WaveImpedance 158
6.8. FieldStrengthandAntennaGain 159
6.9. RadiationfromLoops 160
6.10. E-FieldCouplingtoaLoop 162
6.11. RadiationfromPrintedCircuitBoards 163
6.12. TheSnifferandtheAntenna 164
6.13. MicrowaveOvens 165
7. ShieldingfromRadiation 166
7.1. CableswithShields 166
7.2. Low-NoiseCables 168
7.3. TransferImpedance 169
7.4. Waveguides 172
7.5. ElectromagneticFieldsoveraGroundPlane 173
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