GRIEVE’S MODERN MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY PDF
Preview GRIEVE’S MODERN MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY
GRIEVE’S MODERN MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY For Elsevier: Senior Content Strategist: Rita Demetriou-Swanwick Content Development Specialist: Nicola Lally Project Manager: Umarani Natarajan Designer/Design Direction: Miles Hitchen Illustration Manager: Lesley Frazier Illustrator: Graphic World Illustration Studio GRIEVE’S MODERN MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY FOURTH EDITION Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2015 Edited by Gwendolen Jull Dip Phty, Grad Dip Manip Ther, MPhty, PhD, FACP Emeritus Professor, Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Ann Moore PhD, FCSP, FMACP, Dip TP, Cert Ed Professor of Physiotherapy and Head of the Centre for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, UK Deborah Falla BPhty (Hons), PhD Professor, Pain Clinic, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine Professor, Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität, Germany Jeremy Lewis BApSci (Physio), PhD, FCSP Consultant Physiotherapist, London Shoulder Clinic, Centre for Health and Human Performance, London, UK Consultant Physiotherapist, Central London Community Healthcare NHS Trust, UK Professor (Adjunct) of Musculoskeletal Research, Clinical Therapies, University of Limerick, Ireland Reader in Physiotherapy, School of Health and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, UK Christopher McCarthy PhD, FCSP, FMACP Consultant Physiotherapist, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare, UK Michele Sterling PhD, MPhty, BPhty, Grad Dip Manip Physio, FACP Director, CRE in Road Traffic Injury Associate Director, Centre of National Research on Disability and Rehabilitation (CONROD) Professor, School of Allied Health, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia Foreword by Karim Khan MD, PhD, FASCM Editor of the British Journal of Sports Medicine Director, Department of Research & Education, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). First edition 1986 Second edition 1994 Third edition 2005 Chapter 44.b: Model B: Linda-Joy Lee. LJ Lee Physiotherapist Corp retains copyright to illustrations. Chapter 46.b: The Pelvic Girdle: A Look at How Time, Experience And Evidence Change Paradigms: Diane Lee retains copyright to her own illustrations. ISBN 978-0-7020-5152-4 Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests v Preface to the Fourth Edition ix Acknowledgements x Foreword xi Contributors xii Plate Section PART I 1 Introduction to the Text 3 Gwendolen Jull • Ann Moore • Deborah Falla • Jeremy Lewis • Christopher McCarthy • Michele Sterling PART II ADVANCES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE SECTION 2.1 ADVANCES IN BASIC SCIENCE 7 2 The Neurophysiology of Pain and Pain Modulation: Modern Pain Neuroscience for Musculoskeletal Physiotherapists 8 Jo Nijs • Margot De Kooning • David Beckwée • Peter Vaes 3 Neuro-Electrochemistry of Movement 19 Harsimran Baweja 4 Postural Control and Sensorimotor Integration 28 Ian Loram 5 Motor Control and Motor Learning 42 Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting • Peter Stubbs • Sabata Gervasio 6 Interaction between Pain and Sensorimotor Control 53 Paul Hodges • Deborah Falla 7 Neuromuscular Adaptations to Exercise 68 Ross Pollock • Stephen Harridge 8 The Peripheral Nervous System and its Compromise in Entrapment Neuropathies 78 Annina Schmid 9 Functional Anatomy 93 9.1 THE CERVICAL SPINE 93 Gail Forrester-Gale • Ioannis Paneris Contents 9.2 LUMBAR SPINE 101 Michael Adams • Patricia Dolan 10 Tendon and Tendinopathy 106 10.1 TENDON AND TENDON PATHOLOGY 106 Hazel Screen 10.2 MANAGING TENDINOPATHIES 112 Jill Cook • Ebonie Rio • Jeremy Lewis 11 Lifestyle and Musculoskeletal Health 117 Elizabeth Dean • Anne Söderlund 12 Ageing and the Musculoskeletal System 126 Christopher McCarthy • Aubrey Monie • Kevin Singer SECTION 2.2 ADVANCES IN MEASUREMENT METHODS 136 13 Movement Analysis 137 Aurelio Cappozzo • Andrea Cereatti • Valentina Camomilla • Claudia Mazzà • Giuseppe Vannozzi 14 New Developments in Ultrasound Imaging in Physiotherapy Practice and Research 144 Alan Hough • Maria Stokes 15 Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Measures 153 James Elliott • Graham Galloway • Barbara Cagnie • Katie McMahon 16 Musculoskeletal Pain in the Human Brain: Insights from Functional Brain Imaging Techniques 161 Michael Farrell 17 Advances in Electromyography 168 Deborah Falla • Dario Farina 18 Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in the Measurement and Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders 179 Siobhan Schabrun • Caroline Alexander 19 Musculoskeletal Modelling 187 Mark de Zee • John Rasmussen 20 Quantitative Sensory Testing: Implications for Clinical Practice 194 Toby Hall • Kathy Briffa • Axel Schäfer • Brigitte Tampin • Niamh Moloney vi Contents 21 Outcome Measures in Musculoskeletal Practice 202 Jonathan Hill SECTION 2.3 RESEARCH APPROACHES FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOTHERAPY 211 22 Clinical Research to Test Treatment Effects 212 Anita Gross • Charlie Goldsmith • David Walton • Joy MacDermid 23 Research Approaches to Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy 220 23.1 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 221 Lieven Danneels 23.2 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 223 Nicola Petty 23.3 MIXED METHODS RESEARCH 224 Hubert van Griensven 24 Standardized Data Collection, Audit and Clinical Profiling 227 Ann Moore 25 Implementation Research 232 Simon French • Sally Green • Rachelle Buchbinder • Jeremy Grimshaw PART III ADVANCES IN CLINICAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE SECTION 3.1 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 241 26 Clinical Reasoning and Models for Clinical Management 242 Peter Kent • Jan Hartvigsen 27 Communicating with Patients 250 27.1 PATIENT-FOCUSED PRACTICE AND COMMUNICATION: USE OF COMMUNICATION IN THE CLINICAL SETTING 250 Ruth Parry 27.2 PATIENT EDUCATION: A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH 254 Lynne Caladine • Jane Morris 27.3 COMMUNICATING RISK 258 Roger Kerry 28 Pain Management Introduction 262 28.1 THE PATIENT’S PAIN EXPERIENCE 262 Hubert van Griensven 28.2 EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES TO PAIN MANAGEMENT 265 James McAuley 28.3 PHYSICAL INTERVENTIONS OF PAIN MANAGEMENT AND POTENTIAL PROCESSES 269 Kathleen Sluka 29 Spinal Manipulation 277 Christopher McCarthy • Joel Bialosky • Darren Rivett 30 Neurodynamic Management of the Peripheral Nervous System 287 Michel Coppieters • Robert Nee 31 Therapeutic Exercise 298 Deborah Falla • Rod Whiteley • Marco Cardinale • Paul Hodges 32 Management of the Sensorimotor System 310 32.1 THE CERVICAL REGION 310 Ulrik Röijezon • Julia Treleaven 32.2 SENSORIMOTOR CONTROL OF LUMBAR SPINE ALIGNMENT 315 Jaap van Dieën • Idsart Kingma • Nienke Willigenburg • Henri Kiers 32.3 THE LOWER LIMB 319 Nicholas Clark • Scott Lephart 33 Consideration of Cognitive and Behavioural Influences on Physiotherapy Practice 328 Justin Kenardy • Kim Bennell 34 Adjunct Modalities for Pain 334 34.1 ELECTROPHYSICAL AGENTS 334 Tim Watson 34.2 ACUPUNCTURE/DRY NEEDLING 336 Panos Barlas 34.3 THE USE OF TAPE IN MANAGING SPINAL PAIN 339 Jenny McConnell 35 Cautions in Musculoskeletal Practice 342 35.1 MASQUERADERS 343 Susan Greenhalgh • James Selfe 35.2 HAEMODYNAMICS AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 347 Alan Taylor • Roger Kerry 35.3 PRE-MANIPULATIVE SCREENING FOR CRANIOCERVICAL LIGAMENT INTEGRITY 352 Peter Osmotherly Contents vii SECTION 3.2 THE BROADER SCOPE OF MANAGEMENT 357 36 Supported Self-Management and an Overview of Self-Help 358 Ann Moore 37 Role of Physiotherapy in Lifestyle and Health Promotion in Musculoskeletal Conditions 364 Elizabeth Dean • Anne Söderlund 38 Musculoskeletal Health in the Workplace 379 Venerina Johnston • Leon Straker • Martin Mackey 39 Screening 388 39.1 SCREENING FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 388 Tania Pizzari • Carolyn Taylor 39.2 WHAT IS OUR BASELINE FOR MOVEMENT? THE CLINICAL NEED FOR MOVEMENT SCREENING, TESTING AND ASSESSMENT 394 Gray Cook • Kyle Kiesel 40 Advanced Roles in Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy 400 Jill Gamlin • Maree Raymer • Jeremy Lewis PART IV OVERVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PRACTICE SECTION 4.1 INTRODUCTION 409 41 Cervical Spine: Idiopathic Neck Pain 410 Gwendolen Jull • Deborah Falla • Shaun O’Leary • Christopher McCarthy 42 Whiplash-Associated Disorders 423 Michele Sterling • Tze Siong Ng • David Walton • Ashley Smith 43 Temporomandibular Disorders: Neuromusculoskeletal Assessment and Management 433 Harry von Piekartz 44 Thoracic Spine: Models of Assessment and Management 444 44.1 CLINICAL EXAMINATION AND TARGETED MANAGEMENT OF THORACIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN 444 Quentin Scott 44.2 THE THORACIC RING APPROACH™ – A WHOLE PERSON FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS AND TREAT THE THORACIC SPINE AND RIBCAGE 449 Linda-Joy Lee 44.3 MANAGEMENT OF THE THORACIC SPINE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD 455 Nicola Heneghan 45 Lumbar Spine 460 45.1 THE McKENZIE METHOD OF MECHANICAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY – AN OVERVIEW 460 Stephen May • Helen Clare 45.2 MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH FOR THE TARGETED MANAGEMENT OF LOW BACK PAIN 465 Peter O’Sullivan • Wim Dankaerts • Kieran O’Sullivan • Kjartan Fersum 45.3 TREATMENT-BASED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 470 Julie Fritz 45.4 MOVEMENT SYSTEM IMPAIRMENT SYNDROMES OF THE LOW BACK 474 Shirley Sahrmann • Linda van Dillen 45.5 THE ROLE OF MOTOR CONTROL TRAINING 482 Paul Hodges 46 The Sacroiliac Joint (Pelvic Pain): Models of Assessment and Management 488 46.1 A PERSON-CENTRED BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF PELVIC GIRDLE PAIN 488 Darren Beales • Peter O’Sullivan 46.2 THE PELVIC GIRDLE: A LOOK AT HOW TIME, EXPERIENCE AND EVIDENCE CHANGE PARADIGMS 495 Diane Lee 46.3 A CRITICAL VIEWPOINT ON MODELS, TESTING AND TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LUMBOPELVIC PAIN 500 Annelies Pool-Goudzwaard 47 Hip-Related Pain 506 Kay Crossley • Alison Grimaldi • Joanne Kemp 48 The Knee: Introduction 522 48.1 ACUTE KNEE INJURIES 522 Lee Herrington viii Contents 48.2 PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN 528 Kay Crossley • Sallie Cowan • Bill Vicenzino 48.3 KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS 536 Kim Bennell • Rana Hinman • Melanie Holden • George Peat 49 Ankle Injury 547 Claire Hiller • Kathryn Refshauge 50 The Shoulder 557 50.1 SHOULDER ASSESSMENT 557 Eric Hegedus • Jeremy Lewis 50.2 ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOPATHY AND SUBACROMIAL PAIN SYNDROME 563 Jeremy Lewis • Karen Ginn 50.3 THE UNSTABLE SHOULDER 568 Lyn Watson • Tania Pizzari • Jane Simmonds • Jeremy Lewis 50.4 POSTERIOR SHOULDER TIGHTNESS 575 John Borstad • Jeremy Lewis 50.5 FROZEN SHOULDER CONTRACTION SYNDROME 577 Jeremy Lewis 51 Elbow 583 Brooke Coombes • Leanne Bisset • Bill Vicenzino 52 Wrist/Hand 595 Anne Wajon PART V FUTURE DIRECTIONS 53 Future Directions in Research and Practice 609 Gwendolen Jull • Ann Moore • Deborah Falla • Jeremy Lewis • Christopher McCarthy • Michele Sterling Index 611 ix Preface to the Fourth Edition The first edition of Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy: The Vertebral Column was published in 1986 and its editor was the late Gregory Grieve. The convention of a roughly 10 year period between editions has been preserved for the fourth edition of this seminal text. Time is needed to allow for the furtherance of research and the knowledge base and for its translation to clinical practice. A review of the content of the four editions of this text is not unexpectedly, witness to the major changes in knowl- edge, evidence base, practice and its delivery over the past 30 years. There has been a change in title of the text, from Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy to Grieve’s Modern Mus- culoskeletal Physiotherapy. This change has been made to reflect historical development. Physiotherapists have been practising manipulative therapy from the early part of the 20th century under successive medical mentors such as Edgar Cyriax and James Mennell and subse- quently under James Cyriax, John Mennell and the leading osteopath, Alan Stoddard. It was in the 1950s and 1960s that leading physiotherapists developed con- cepts or methods of manipulative therapy practice that were eagerly sought by the physiotherapy world inter- nationally. These early concepts placed a major focus on articular dysfunction. Manipulative therapy and/or manual therapy became a method of management, as reflected in the title of the earlier editions of this text. The last 20 years in particular have seen quite significant shifts in models of musculoskeletal pain and care which have spurred and directed contemporary practice and research. Musculoskeletal disorders are now well embed- ded within a biopsychosocial context which provides a wider understanding and appreciation of the associated pain, functional impairments and activity limitations. Advances in the neurosciences (e.g. the pain sciences, sensorimotor sciences) as well as the behavioural sciences have changed practice. The earlier concepts and practices of manipulative therapy have grown and developed and transitioned into more comprehensive methods of man- agement. It was therefore time to make the title of this fourth edition reflective of contemporary practice. Hence the name change to Grieve’s Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy. Since the third edition of this text was published, the physiotherapy world has been saddened by the passing of some of the original leaders in the field, namely Geoffrey Maitland, Robin McKenzie and Robert (Bob) Elvey. All had a passion for the discipline and for enhanced patient care. We are sure that they along with Gregory Grieve would be pleased with the way the clinical art and evi- dence base of manipulative and musculoskeletal physio- therapy has and will continue to develop. This text with contributions from contemporary researchers and clini- cians is built upon their legacy. GJ AM DF JL CM MS Australia, United Kingdom, Germany 2015 x There are approximately 140 international researchers and clinicians who have contributed to this multi- authored text and the editors thank them sincerely for not only their chapters, but for the years of work and experience behind their words. They are all to be con- gratulated on outstanding work. They are often forging new territory that translates into new or better quality assessment and management practices to the benefit of both the patients and practitioners. You are all making a significant contribution to musculoskeletal physiotherapy internationally. Thanks are also given to the publishers Elsevier, Oxford and in particular to Rita Demetriou-Swanwick and Veronika Watkins who started the ball rolling and to Nicola Lally who rolled the ball to the finish line. Thanks are given to all Elsevier staff ‘behind the scenes’ for their work in collating and copy-editing all chapters to bring this complex text to fruition. Finally, the editors would like to acknowledge the work of Jeffrey Boyling who was the lead editor of the Acknowledgements second and third editions of Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy. We as editors of this fourth edition are very well aware of your vision for these previous and acclaimed editions. On behalf of the readership, we thank you for your contribution and the massive amount of work and time you devoted to this important international text. Fly high in your (semi) retirement! GJ AM DF JL CM MS Australia, United Kingdom, Germany 2015 xi Foreword If you are a physiotherapist and you see patients of any age with musculoskeletal problems then this book is your best value investment. Investment in the broad sense – a valuable way to use your time and cognitive effort. If you teach at any level of a physiotherapy programme, this book will broaden your appreciation for your profession no matter how well trained you are. If you are a student, by definition passionate about health with a spirited love of life, you will find this book both a crutch and a ladder. Grieve’s Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy captures the wisdom of over 100 of the world’s leading physio- therapists and scientists in related fields. It was created in 11 countries. You are holding 500,000 hours of expertise in your hands. That would take you 250 years to acquire solo. One of the joys of life is being on a steep learning curve. It is not marketed the way travel companies promote lounging poolside with a drink. But think of schussing through an alpine forest or conversing fluently in a new language. Think of any occasion when you have gained mastery and you know the buzz of negotiating a steep learning curve successfully. This revamped edition of Grieve’s guides you to pro- fessional pleasures. For me, the wisdom and clarity of illustration in Chapter 7 (Neuromuscular adaptations to exercise) is just one an example. Chapter 31 (Therapeutic exercise) provided a remarkably novel approach for this old dog. High quality science mashes up with practical relevance. See Chapter 1 for a concise overview of the chapters and the innovations. In the 3rd edition foreword, Lance Twomey wrote ‘This is a bold book.’ A decade later, Grieve’s 4th edition is not an evolution – it is a revolution. It is a complete synthesis of the different clinically successful physiother- apy approaches that satisfy patients the world over. It outlines patient-based approaches that are far greater than a sum of techniques. It captures how physiotherapy science and practice have advanced dramatically decade over decade since Gregory Grieve launched his almost 900-page tome in 1986. Today’s 53 chapters codify musculoskeletal physio- therapy that has the power to make a difference in every patient encounter. It provides an incontrovertible story- line that physiotherapy benefits from practice-based evi- dence and is a solidly evidence-based practice. The comprehensive nature of Grieve’s adds to credibility by demonstrating a body of knowledge that distinguishes the musculoskeletal physiotherapy specialisation. As Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, this ‘extended scope’ 4th edition of Grieve’s adds substantial value to an even broader group of the physiotherapy profession than did its vertebral column serving predecessors. On behalf of all those who will benefit from this opus, I congratulate and thank the leadership team – Professors Gwen Jull, Ann Moore, Deborah Falla, Jeremy Lewis, Christopher McCarthy and Michele Sterling – together with each contributor to this book, for extending and very strongly reinforcing the field of modern musculosk- eletal physiotherapy. The multi-year international com- mitment to Grieve’s reflects the respect the editors have earned; they inspired, cajoled, and I suspect occasionally begged, to assemble a physiotherapy dream team. And judging by the team balance, the 5th and 6th editions are in good hands. Karim Khan, MBBS, PhD, MBA Director, Department of Research & Education Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada xii Michael Adams BSc, PhD Professor of Biomechanics, Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, UK Visiting Professor, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zheijang University, China Caroline Alexander PhD, MSc, Grad Dip Phys NIHR Senior Clinical Lecturer, Physiotherapy, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust NIHR Senior Clinical Lecturer, Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK Panos Barlas BSc, DPhil, LicAc School of Health and Rehabilitation, Keele University, UK Harsimran Singh Baweja BPT, PhD Assistant Professor, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Physical Therapy, San Diego State University, USA Darren Beales BSc (Physiotherapy), M Manip Ther, PhD Research Fellow, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia David Beckwée MSc Postdoctoral Researcher at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Brussels, Belgium) and Teacher at the Stichting Opleiding Musculoskeletale Therapie (SOMT) (Amersfoort, The Netherlands) Department of Physiotherapy, Vrije University, Belgium Kim Bennell BAppSci (Physio), PhD Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Joel E Bialosky PhD, PT Clinical Assistant Professor, Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA Leanne Bisset PhD, MPhty (Manipulative), MPhty (Sports), BPhty Senior Lecturer, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia John D Borstad PT, PhD Associate Professor, Physical Therapy, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA Kathy Briffa BAppSc(Physiotherapy), Grad Dip Sports Physiotherapy, MAppSc (Health Sc), PhD School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia Rachelle Buchbinder MBBS (Hons), MSc, PhD, FRACP Director, Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Barbara Cagnie PT, PhD Assistant Professor, Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Lynne Caladine EdD, MSc Head of School, School of Health Professions, University of Brighton, UK Valentina Camomilla PhD Doctor, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Italy Aurelio Cappozzo PhD Professor of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Italy Marco Cardinale PhD, MSc, BSc Head of Sports Physiology, Sports Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar Honorary Reader, Computer Science, University College London, London Honorary Senior Lecturer, Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Andrea Cereatti PhD Assistant Professor, Information Engineering Unit, POLCOMING Department, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy Helen Clare PhD, MAppSc, GradDipManipTher, DipPhty Director of Education, McKenzie Institute International, Wellington, New Zealand Director, Helen Clare Physiotherapy, Sydney, Australia Contributors Contributors xiii Nicholas Clark PhD, MSc, MCSP, MMACP, CSCS Senior Lecturer in Sport Rehabilitation, School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London, UK Gray Cook MSPT, OCS, CSCS Co-Founder, Functional Movement Systems, Chatham, UK Jill Cook PhD, BAppSci Professor, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Virginia, Australia Brooke Coombes BPhty, MPhty, Phd Post-doctorate Research Fellow, Physiotherapy Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Michel W Coppieters PhD, PT Professor, Move Research Institute, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sallie Cowan BAppSc (Physio), Grad Dip Manip Physio, PhD Senior Research Fellow, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne Senior Research Fellow, Physiotherapy, St Vincents Hospital, Melbourne Director, Clifton Hill Physiotherapy, Melbourne, Australia Kay Crossley PhD, BAppSc (Physio) School Health Rehab Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Wim Dankaerts PT, MT, PhD Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Lieven Danneels PT, PhD Professor, Department of Physical Therapy and Motor Rehabilitation, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Elizabeth Dean PhD, MS, DipPT, BA Professor, Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Margot De Kooning MSc Departments of Human Physiology and Physiotherapy, Vrije University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium Mark de Zee PhD Associate Professor, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Patricia Dolan BSc, PhD Reader in Biomechanics, Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Visiting Professor, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zheijang University, Zheijang, China Jaap van Dieën PhD Professor, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Linda van Dillen PhD, PT Associate Director of Musculoskeletal Research, Professor of Physical Therapy, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, USA James Elliott PT, PhD Assistant Professor, Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago and St Lucia, USA Honorary Senior Fellow, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Chicago and St Lucia, Australia Deborah Falla BPhty (Hons), PhD Professor, Pain Clinic, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine Professor, Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg- August-Universität, Germany Dario Farina PhD Professor and Chair, Director of the Department, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Goettingen, Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg- August University, Germany Michael Farrell BAppSc (Phty), MSc, PhD Senior Research Fellow, Imaging, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health Honorary Senior Research Fellow, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Kjartan Fersum PhD, MSc, Bsc Researcher, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Gail Forrester-Gale MSc (Manual Therapy), BSc Hons (Physiotherapy), PgCertificate Education, MMACP; MCSP Senior Lecturer in Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Subject Group, Exercise, Sport and Rehabilitation, Department of Applied Science and Health, Coventry University, Coventry, UK xiv Contributors Simon French PhD, MPH, BAppSc Assistant Professor, School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada Julie Fritz PT, PhD Professor, Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA Graham Galloway BSc (H), Grad Cert Comp Sci, PhD Professor, Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Jill Gamlin MSc, Grad Dip Phys Consultant Physiotherapist, Cambridgeshire, Cambridge, UK Sabata Gervasio PhD, MSc EE Research Assistant, Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Karen Ginn PhD, MHPEd, GDManipTher, GDPhty Associate Professor, Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Charlie Goldsmith BSc, MSc, PhD Maureen and Milan Ilich/Merck Chair in Statistics for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada Professor of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Richmond, Burnaby and Hamilton Emeritus Professor of Biostatistics, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Canada Sally Green PhD, BAppSci (Physiotherapy), Grad Dip (Manipulative Physiotherapy) Professorial Fellow, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Susan Greenhalgh PhD, MA, GDPhys, (FCSP) Doctor, Elective Orthopaedics, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK Alison Grimaldi BPhty, MPhty (Sports), PhD Director, Physiotec Physiotherapy, Brisbane, Australia Hubert van Griensven PhD, MSc (Pain), BSc, DipAc Research Fellow, Centre for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK Consultant Physiotherapist, Department of Rehabilitation, Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Southend, UK Jeremy Grimshaw MB ChB, PhD Senior Scientist, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Anita Gross BEcPT, MSc, Grad Dip MT Associate Clinical Professor, Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University Clinical Lecturer, Physical Therapy, Western University, Hamilton, London, Canada Toby Hall MSc, PhD Adjunct Associate Professor, School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University of Technology Senior Teaching Fellow, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia, Stephen Harridge PhD Professor, Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK Jan Hartvigsen PhD Professor, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark Senior Researcher, Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark Eric Hegedus BSBA, MHSc, DPT Professor and Chair, Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, USA Nicola Heneghan PhD, MSc Birmingham, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Lee Herrington PhD, MSc, BSc (Hons) Senior Lecturer in Sports Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford Technical Lead Physiotherapist, Physiotherapy, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK Jonathan Hill PhD, MSc, BSc Lecturer in Physiotherapy, Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Keele University, Keele, UK Claire Hiller PhD, MAppSc, BAppSc Research Fellow, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Rana Hinman BPhysio, PhD Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Paul Hodges PhD, MedDr, DSc, BPhty (Hons) Director, CCRE Spine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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