Grid-Side Converters Control and Design

288 Pages·2018·9.335 MB·English

by  Slobodan N. Vukosavic

Power Electronics and Power Systems
Slobodan N. Vukosavic
Grid-Side
Converters
Control and
Design
Interfacing Between the AC Grid and
Renewable Power Sources
Power Electronics and Power Systems
SeriesEditors
JoeH.Chow,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,Troy,NewYork,USA
AlexM.Stankovic,TuftsUniversity,Medford,Massachusetts,USA
DavidJ.Hill,UniversityofHongKong,PokFuLam,HongKong
The Power Electronics and Power Systems Series encompasses power electronics,
electric power restructuring, and holistic coverage of power systems. The Series
comprises advanced textbooks, state-of-the-art titles, research monographs, profes-
sionalbooks,andreferenceworksrelatedtotheareasofelectricpowertransmission
and distribution, energy markets and regulation, electronic devices, electric
machinesanddrives,computationaltechniques,andpowerconvertersandinverters.
The Series features leading international scholars and researchers within authored
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ensure the highest quality content. To inquire about contributing to the Power
ElectronicsandPowerSystemsSeries,pleasecontactDr.JoeChow,Administrative
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Slobodan N. Vukosavic
Grid-Side Converters Control
and Design
Interfacing Between the AC Grid and
Renewable Power Sources
SlobodanN.Vukosavic
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
UniversityofBelgrade
Belgrade,Serbia
SerbianAcademyofSciencesandArts
Belgrade,Serbia
ISSN2196-3185 ISSN2196-3193 (electronic)
PowerElectronicsandPowerSystems
ISBN978-3-319-73277-0 ISBN978-3-319-73278-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73278-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018932557
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To my parents, Anka and Nikota Vukosavić,
whose love and guidance remain with me.
Preface
This textbook is intended for undergraduate students at final years of electrical
engineering. It is also recommended for students preparing capstone project where
theyneedtounderstand,model,supply,control,andspecifygrid-sideconvertersin
micro-grids, distribution grids, and residential, commercial, and industrial applica-
tions.Atthesametime,itcanbeusedasavaluablereferenceforotherengineering
disciplinesinvolvedwithsmartgrids,renewablesources,andenergyaccumulation.
It is also suggested to postgraduates and engineers aspired to development of
electronicallycontrolledproduction,transmission,distribution,anduseofelectrical
energy. Unlike majority of textbooks on this subject, this book requires a rather
limited background. Wherever possible, an effort is made to provide the text
approachable to students and engineers in engineering disciplines other than
electrical.
Thescopeofthistextbookistoprovidebasicknowledgeandskillsindesigning
and controlling the grid-side inverters, in the electronically controlled static power
converters that are becoming a key part in smart grids, as well as in new, power
electronics-based systems for production, transmission, distribution, and use of
electricalenergy.Basicengineeringconsiderationsareusedtointroducethesalient
featuresofgrid-sidepowerconvertersinintuitivemanner,easytorecallandrepeat.
Thebookpreparesthereadertocomprehendthekeypropertiesandrolesofgrid-side
converters,toanalyzetheirsteady-stateandtransientcharacteristics,toobtainbasic
notionsontheirdesignandcontrol,toevaluatetheeffectofelectronicallycontrolled
loads in ac grids, to understand the changes introduced by replacing traditional
synchronous machines by source-side converters, to consider the effects of an
increased number of power electronic devices on power system controls and pro-
tections,andtoforeseethefuturedevelopmentsandrelatedrequirements.
Discussion,analysis,andknowledgedevelopmentongrid-sidepowerconverters
andtheintroductionofbasicskillsaresuitedfortheelectricalengineeringstudents
in their final year of undergraduate studies. Required background includes mathe-
matics, physics, and introductory courses of power electronics, control theory, and
powerengineering.Thetextbookismadeaccessibletoreaderswithouttheadvanced
vii
viii Preface
background in the subject matters. An attempt is made to prepare a self-contained
book.Thebookcomprisesquestionsandanswersandsolvedproblemswhereverthe
learningprocessrequiresanoverview.Thechapterscompriseanappropriatesetof
exercises, problems, and design tasks, arranged to reinstate and use the relevant
knowledge. Wherever it is needed, the book includes extended reinstatements and
explanationsoftherequiredskillandprerequisites.Theapproachandmethodused
inthistextbookcomesfromthe22yearsofauthor’sexperienceinteachingelectrical
engineeringattheUniversityofBelgrade.
Readership
This book is primarily suited for the electrical engineering undergraduates in their
finalyear.Itisalsosuggestedtopostgraduatesofallengineeringdisciplinesthatplan
to major in power electronics, renewables, smart grids, and other areas focused on
developinganovel,powerelectronics-basedproduction,transmission,distribution,
anduseofelectricalenergy.Thebookisalsorecommendedtostudentsthatprepare
capstoneprojectinoneoftheareas.Thebookmayalsoserveasavaluablereference
for engineers in other engineering disciplines that are involved with the subject
matter.
Prerequisites
Required background includes basic mathematics, physics, engineering fundamen-
tals,aswellasintroductorycoursesofpowerelectronics,controltheory,andpower
engineering. The textbook is made accessible to readers without the advanced
backgroundinthesedisciplines.Itissuitedforthestudentsofelectricalengineering
on their last year of undergraduate studies. Discussion, analysis, and knowledge
development on grid-side power converters and the introduction of basic skills are
also suited for other engineering students on their postgraduate studies. Individual
chapterscomprisequestionsandanswers,aswellassolvedproblemswhereveritis
requiredbythelearningprocess.Whereveritisneeded,thebookincludesextended
reinstatementsandexplanationsoftherequiredskillandprerequisites.
Objectives
(cid:129) Usingbasicengineeringconsiderationstointroduceprinciplesofenergyconver-
sionwithinbasictopologiesofgrid-sideconverters
(cid:129) Providingrelevantknowledgeandskillsinpulsewidthmodulationoftwo-level
and multilevel converters. Comprehending the PWM noise, the current ripple,
andthenecessarypassivefilters
Preface ix
(cid:129) Acquiringskillsinanalyzinganddesigningstationaryframe,synchronousframe,
and resonant current controllers. Comprehending the controller capability to
suppress the input disturbances and the voltage disturbances, to provide a well-
damped,overshoot-freestepresponse,andtosecurethedesiredrobustness
(cid:129) Studyingtheprocessofthefeedbackacquisition,understandingthebasiccurrent
sensors,recallingthesamplingprocessandthesamplingtheorem,designinganti-
aliasingfilters,andintroducingoversampling,decimation,andone-PWM-period
averaging
(cid:129) Masteringtheskillsofmodelingdiscrete-timecurrentcontrolsystems,designing
the controller structure, compensating the transport delays, and deriving the
optimumfeedbackgains
(cid:129) Analyzingtheneedtosuppressthelow-orderharmonics,comprehendingtherole
ofthevoltage-disturbancerejection ofthecurrentcontroller,introductionofthe
active resistance feedback, and designing the controller which encompasses the
activeresistancefeedback
(cid:129) Studyingandapprehendingthecontroloftheactiveandreactivepowerinjected
intotheacgridbymeansofd-axisandq-axiscurrent
(cid:129) Understanding control of the dc-bus voltage between the two back-to-back
inverters used in a wind-power converter set which includes the generator-side
inverterandthegrid-sideconverter
(cid:129) Analyzingthesynchronizationofthegrid-sideconverterbymeansofthephase-
lockedloop.Theimpactofthephase-lockedlooponthepowertransientscaused
bythegridfrequencychange.Controlmeansforthegrid-sidepowerconverters
whichemulatethetransientresponseofconventionalsynchronousmachine
(cid:129) Understandinginjectionofparasiticdc-biasintoacgrids.Studyofsensitivityof
distribution transformers to the bias. The sensors for detection of small dc-bias
voltages embedded into ac voltages. Active suppression of the dc-bias voltages
bymeansofgrid-sideconvertersequippedwiththedc-biassensorsandthebias-
suppressionalgorithm
Teaching Approach
(cid:129) Theemphasisisgiventothesystem view,explainingexternalcharacteristics of
grid-sideconverters.Thebasicfunctionalityandcontrolsareofthemaininterest.
Designandconstructionaspectsareofsecondaryimportance.
(cid:129) Where needed, introductory parts of teaching units comprise repetition of the
requiredbackgroundwhichisappliedthroughsolvedproblems.
(cid:129) Mathematicsisreducedtoanecessaryminimum.
(cid:129) The main goal is development and use of mathematical models and transfer
functionsofgrid-sideconverters.Atthesametime,thefocusiskeptonphysical
insightofthepowerconversionprocesses.
x Preface
(cid:129) Although the hardware design is out of the scope, some most relevant concepts
and design skills are introduced and explained. The book also explains some
secondary effects, indicating the cases and conditions where the secondary
phenomenacannotbeneglected.
Field of Application
This book discusses power electronics, power systems, smart grids, and other
applicationofelectronicallycontrolledstaticpowerconvertersinproduction,trans-
mission, and distribution of electrical energy. Analysis and considerations are
focusedonbasicfunctionality,topologies,controls,andstaticanddynamiccharac-
teristics of power electronic systems used in conjunction with micro-grids, smart
grids, renewable sources, static transformers, bus converters, load-side converters,
accumulation devices, static VAR compensators, and other similar applications.
Contemporarytrendsinpowersystems includetheintroductionofdcvoltages and
currents in transmission and distribution of electrical energy, the integration of
advanced communication networks that enable remote commands and controls,
distributed generation of electrical energy, distributed accumulation resources, and
new,onlinenegotiatedenergytransactionsthatcontributetothebenefitofboththe
utilitiesandtheclients.
Design, control, and use of power electronic systems in electrical power appli-
cationsrequirestheknowledgeandskillsinpowerconvertertopologies,pulsewidth
modulation algorithms, acquisition and filtering of the feedback signals, designing
andtuningofthedigitalcurrentcontroller,controllingtheactiveandreactivepower,
suppressing the low-frequency line harmonics, measuring and suppressing the
parasitic dc-bias in ac grids, using the phase-locked loop to synchronize the grid-
sideconverterstotheacgridvoltages,andsettinguptheconvertercontrolssoasto
mimic the behavior of conventional synchronous machines. This book comprises
considerations,analysis,studies,andexamplesthatfacilitatetheengineeringefforts
indesignatedarea.
Belgrade,Serbia SlobodanN.Vukosavic