Grid-scale Energy Storage Systems and Applications

310 Pages·2019·17.302 MB·English

by  Fu Bao, Wu Bo Yang, Ji Lei Ye (ed.)

Grid-scale Energy
Storage Systems and
Applications
Edited by
Fu-Bao Wu
Bo Yang
Ji-Lei Ye
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Foreword
Energy storage, a key supportive technology for the development of smart
power grids, will play an important role in the grid access of large-scale
renewable energy, distributed power generation, microgrids, electric vehicles,
and other application fields. With continuous and rapid economic growth,
China’s power system faces the problems of continuous increase of power
consumption loads, gradual greater peakevalley difference, insufficient peak
modulationcapacity,andunreasonablepowersourcestructure.Thecombination
of energy storage with traditional power generation facilities and new energy
powergenerationisanimportantmeansforeffectivelysolvingtheproblemsof
energy and the environment.
IntheEnergyDevelopmentPlanningduringthe12thFive-YearPlanPeriod
issued in 2013, the National Energy Administration said, “striving to break
throughkeytechnologiesinenergysaving,low-carbon,energystorageandsmart
controlfields;coordinatingthesupportivegridandwindpowerdevelopmentand
building reasonable supportive energy storage facilities in terms of renewable
energy; and focusing on breakthroughs in largeecapacity storage in terms of
energyindustry’ssci-techequipmentarethekeytargetsforthenextfiveyears.”In
the2013DirectiveCatalogofStrategicEmergingIndustries’KeyProductsand
Services,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionalsopointedtothe
development of energy storage technologies. China has made significant
achievementsinkeytechnologyresearch,establishmentofstandardsystemsand
executeddemonstrationprojectsinthefieldsofenergystoragematerials,energy
conversionfacilitiesandenergystorageintegration,andboostedthedevelopment
ofthedomesticenergystorageindustry.
Thisbook,focusingontherapiddevelopmentofenergystoragetechnologyat
home and abroad and combining research and application achievements in
energystorageandnewenergyfields,systematicallyintroducesthedevelopment
of energy storage technology, technologies for energy storage battery manage-
ment,technologiesforenergystoragesystems’operationandcontrol,integrated
applicationandeconomicanalysisofenergystoragesystems,andkeytechnol-
ogiesanddemonstrationprojectsforapplicationofenergystoragetechnologies
innewenergypowergenerationconnectionwithgridandmicrogrids.
The book consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 was written by Ye Jilei,
Chapter 2 by Xue Jinhua, Chapter 3 by Xue Jinhua and Ye Jilie, Chapter 4 by
Sang Bingyu, Chapters 5 and 6 by Ye Jilei, and Chapter 7 by Hu Jinhang and
Tao Qiong. The book received great support from Wang Wei, Tao Yibin,
xi
xii Foreword
Li Guanjun, Feng Xinzhen, Xu Xiaohui, Wang Deshun, Ji Liantao, Yu Bin,
ZhaoShanglin,LiuHuan,andothercolleagues.Thebookwascompletedunder
the guidance of Wu Fubao and Yang Bo.
The research achievements of many precursors were consulted, and
operation data ofnumerous battery manufacturers and demonstration projects
were quoted.I wouldlike toextendmyspecial gratitudetothe China Energy
StorageAlliance,ShanghaiMunicipalElectricPowerCompany,ShanghaiJiao
Tong University, CEPRI Power Engineering Department, and Zhejiang
ProvincialPowerCompany,etc.DingJieandZhuLingzhi,leadersandexperts
from the CEPRI New Energy Department, also paid great attention to the
book. I also extend my sincere gratitude to both of them.
Policies, laws, regulations, and marketing mechanisms related with the
energy storage industry are being continuously improved. There is a long way
aheadforthedevelopmentofenergystoragetechnologyanditscommercialand
large-scaleapplication.Thebookonlymakesasystematicelaborationoncurrent
energystoragetechnologyandkeyissuesofsystemintegrationandapplication.
With the rapid development of energy storage materials, manufacturing
technology, operation control, integrated application, and other technologies, a
lot of new technologies will surely appear and require our close attention and
in-depthresearch.
However,duetothelimitationofthewriter,shortcomingsandimperfections
mayoccurinthebook.Yourcriticismandcorrectionswillbehighlyappreciated.
The authors
Preface
With voices getting louder for dealing with global climate change and the
increasinglyseveresituationinenergyshortageandenergysupplysecurity,the
roleofnewenergy,suchaswindenergy,solarenergy,biomassenergy,andocean
energyusedbyvariouscountries,hasbeencontinuouslyimproved,thankstothe
characteristics of their being clean, safe, and renewable. Among them, wind
energyandsolarenergy,featuringrelativelylowercosts,proventechnology,and
higher reliability, have seen robust development and have been playing an
important role in energy supply in recent years. China promulgated the
RenewableEnergyLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain2006.Bymeansof
franchise bidding, region-based on-grid power prices for wind power and PV
power,Photovoltaicpowerpricesubsidies,andothermeasures,theauthorities
havegraduallysetupasubsidyandincentivesystemtosupportthedevelopment
andexploitationofnewenergy.Sofar,China’swindpowerhasenteredarapid
development stage, achieved above 100% growth for five consecutive years,
overtakentheUnitedStatesininstalledcapacity,andbecometheworld’snumber
onewindpowercountrysinceJune2012.Bytheendof2013,China’sinstalled
capacity for PV power generation reached 19.42 million kW, to become the
numbertwoPVcountry,afterGermany.
According to state plans, China’s wind power installed capacity will reach
200millionkWby2020.ThewindpowerintheThreeNorthRegion,i.e.,North
China,NortheastChina,andNorthwestChina,andthecoastalregionsofJiangsu
andShandongwillfocusonlarge-scalecentralizedexploitationandsetupnine
10,000,000-kW-levelwindpowerbaseswithaninstalledcapacityof70%ofthe
nationaltotal.Inthecentralregion,scatteredexploitationwillbedominant.PV
power generation’s installed capacity will achieve 100millionkW by 2020.
Unlikewindpowerexploitation,China’sPVpowergenerationappliesthemodes
of “large-scale exploitation and centralization for remote transmission” and
“scattered development for local consumption.” Large-size ground PV power
generation stations are suitable for Northwest China, North China, and other
regionswithabundantsolarenergy,while PVdistribution facilitiesaremainly
setupindevelopedplacesincentralandeasternChina.Intheupcomingyears,
China’snewenergyindustrywillstillmaintainrapidgrowth.
However,alongwithrapidgrowth,China’snewenergyindustryalsofacesa
rangeofurgent problems. Among them,gridintegrationofnewenergypower
has become a focus. It includes the problem of new energy’s grid access,
xiii
xiv Preface
the safety and stability of power systems containing large-scale new energy
integration,theaccommodationofnewenergypower,andthepowerdistribution
networks’technicalandmanagementproblemsarisingfromthedistributedgrid
integrationofnewenergy.
Newenergy powergrid integrationtechnology has been ofwideconcern to
centralandlocalgovernments,industry,enterprises,andthepublic.Sincethe11th
Five-Year Plan period, the Ministry of Science and Technology has initiated
numeroussci-techprojectsinthe973Program,863Program,andothersci-tech
supportive plans. Numerous enterprises in the industry have carried out exten-
siveresearchandpracticesandmadesignificantachievementsinnewenergygrid
integrationtechnologyandboostedthedevelopmentofthenewenergyindustry.
AsascientificresearchinstitutedirectlyundertheStateGridCorporationof
China(SGCC),ChinaElectricPowerResearchInstitute(CEPRI)haschairedand
participated in numerous sci-tech projects in the 973 Program, 863 Program,
othersci-techsupportiveplansandSGCCprojects;carriedoutextensiveresearch
related to production practices; and conducted technical research and standard
development in the modeling, simulation, analysis, planning, and other basic
theoriesandmethods,aswellasexperiments,tests,evaluation,verification,and
equipmentR&Dfornewenergygridintegration.CEPRIisalsoengagedinthe
fieldsofforecastofwindpowerandPVpowergeneration,resourceevaluation,
meteorologicaltechnologyR&Dandapplication,R&Dandapplicationofsmart
controls, dispatch and operation of new energy grid integration, and R&D
and application of distributed power supply, microgrids, and energy storage’s
integration and operation technologies. Scientific achievements and field
applicationoftheseR&Deffortshavebeenplayinganimportantroleintherapid
developmentofChina’snewenergypowergenerationindustry.
TheSeriesonNewEnergyPowerGenerationandGridConnectionTechnol-
ogies,containingsimulation,analysis,andplanningtechnologiesfornewenergy
grid integration, forecast technologies for new energy power, smart monitoring
technologiesfornewenergypowergeneration,technologiesfordistributedpower
sources and microgrids, power storage technologies, and application, etc., is a
summaryofCEPRI’sexplorationsandpracticesinnewenergypowergeneration
andgridconnectionaswellasconsiderablefieldapplication.Itisthefirstsetof
worksthatgivesasystematicelaborationonthegridaccesstechnicalresearchand
practices of large-sized and distributed new energy power from multiple view
angles.Wehopethepublicationoftheserieswillattractmoreexpertsandscholars
athomeandabroadandprofessionalsintendingtobeengagedinthenewenergy
industry to further deepen and carry forward research and application on new
energygridconnectiontechnologiesandplayamoreimportantroleinboostingthe
technicalprogressofChina’snewenergypowergenerationindustry.
Xiaoxin Zhou
Academician ofChinese AcademyofSciences and honorary president
of the China Electric Power Research Institute
Introduction
This book, based on the demands of sustainable development of electric
systems and the development trends of energy storage technology, discusses
some important research fields that have developed rapidly and attracted wide
attention from scientific researchers and technicians. It strives to highlight the
academicsignificanceandpragmaticvalueofthisresearch.Thebookintroduces
thedevelopmentofenergystoragetechnology,technologiesforenergystorage
battery management, technologies for energy storage systems’ operation and
control, integrated application and economic analysis of an energy storage
system, application of energy storage technologies in new energy grid access
and power generation, and application of energy storage technologies in
microgrids. We hope that the publication of the book will boost the research
andapplicationofenergystoragetechnologies,givefullplaytoenergystorage
systems’ important role in smart grids, and fuel the rapid development of the
energy storage industry in China.
The book is of great reference value to researchers in relevant fields,
techniciansofelectricpowercompanies,R&Dstaffofenergystoragesystems,
and technicians in new energy.
xv
Chapter 1
Development of energy
storage technology
Chapter outline
1.1 Basicconcept 3 1.3.2.2 Improvinggrids’
1.2 Thedevelopmenthistoryof accommodationto
energystoragetechnology 3 newenergy 9
1.3 Demandsandfunctionsofenergy 1.3.2.3 Sparepower
storagetechnologyinpower sources 10
systems 6 1.3.2.4 Improvingquality
1.3.1 Demandanalysisofgrid ofelectricenergy 10
developmentinenergy 1.4 Applicationoutlookand
storagetechnology 6 challengesofenergystorage
1.3.1.1 Peakevalleygap technologyinpowersystems 11
intensifiesdemand 1.4.1 Applicationoutlook 11
forenergystorage 1.4.1.1 Newenergy
technology 6 powergeneration
1.3.1.2 Demandfor side 11
energystorage 1.4.1.2 Urbanpower
technologydueto distribution
thelarge-scale networkside 12
developmentof 1.4.1.3 Distributedpower
renewable supplyand
energy 7 microgridside 12
1.3.1.3 Demandsof 1.4.1.4 Enduserside 13
distributedpower 1.4.2 Challenges 13
generationand 1.4.2.1 Technical
smartgrid challenges 14
constructionon 1.4.2.2 Challengesof
energystorage 8 policyand
1.3.2 Roleofenergystorage mechanisms 14
technologyinpower 1.4.2.3 Economic
systems 8 challenges 14
1.3.2.1 Peakloadshifting 8 Furtherreading 15
Grid-scaleEnergyStorageSystemsandApplications.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815292-8.00001-0
©2019ChinaWater&PowerPress.PublishedbyElsevierInc.AllRightsReserved. 1
2 Grid-scaleenergystoragesystemsandapplications
Powerproductionisthebasicpillarforthefunctioningofmodernsocietyand
oneofthemainenergysourcesforthedevelopmentofallindustries.Thethree
major elements for a power system are power generation facilities, power
transmission and distribution, and power consumption equipment. Power
generatorsconvertmechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergythatistransmitted
anddistributedtousersviatransformers,converters,andelectricwires.Atthe
user’send,electricenergyisconvertedtomechanicalenergy,heatenergy,and
light energy by means of electric motors, electric ovens, and electric lamps.
These power generators, transformers, converters, electric wires, and electric
consumers for the production, conversion, transmission, distribution, and
consumption of power are connected to form a whole that is called a power
system.
With the continuous development of society and the economy, the opera-
tion of the power system is changing dramatically. Currently, China’s power
grid operation confronts the following problems and challenges:
1. Unreasonable electric power production structure. At the end of 2013,
China’s coal-fired power accounted for 69.13% of the country’s total
installed capacity, while the installed capacity of well-modulated hydro-
power accounted for 22.45%, a low proportion in the total. The power
source structure with coal-fired power as the main source leads to the
insufficient peak modulation capability of the power system.
2. Robust development of intermittent energy development. Intermittent
energyis gradually increasing penetration inthe powergrid, which brings
enormous challenges to grid peak modulation, safe and stable operation,
and quality of electricity supply.
3. Users’demand for power varies greatly at different times and in different
seasons and regions. With the gradual increase in the power consumption
gapbetweenthepeaktimeandvalleytime,thepeakmodulationproblemis
more obvious, which often leads to the low voltage at peak load time and
operationunderlowvoltage.Atthevalleyloadtime,powerequipmenthas
a shorter operation time and excess capacity.
Tosolvetheseproblems,energystoragetechnologycanpenetrateeachlink
of the power system and play different roles in generation, transmission,
transformation, distribution, and consumption. As a flexible part of a smart
grid, an energy storage system can effectively realize demand-side manage-
ment, eliminate peakevalley gaps, improve the operational efficiency of
electric equipment, reduce power supply costs, enhance the capability of
connecting large-scale renewable energy into the power grid, remove the
bottlenecksofenergystructureadjustment,playaroleasasparepowersource,
improvethe quality ofpower, andmeet different demands of the increasingly
developing modern power system.
This chapter introduces the definition of energy storage and the develop-
ment process of energy storage at home and abroad. It also analyzes the