Table Of Content

Grid-Forming Power Inverters Grid-Forming Power Inverters: Control and Applications is the first book dedi- cated to addressing the operation principles, grid codes, modeling, and control of grid-forming power inverters. The book initially discusses the need for this technology due to the substantial annual integration of inverter-based renewable energy resources. The key differences between the traditional grid-following and the emerg- ing grid-forming inverter technologies are explained. Then, the book explores in detail various topics related to grid-forming power inverters, including requirements and grid standards, modeling, control, damping power system oscillations, dynamic stability under large fault events, virtual oscillator-controlled grid-forming inverters, grid-forming inverters interfacing battery energy storage, and islanded operation of grid-forming inverters. Features: • Explains the key differences between grid-following and grid-forming inverters • Explores the requirements and grid standards for grid-forming inverters • Provides detailed modeling of virtual synchronous generators • Explains various control strategies for grid-forming inverters • Investigates damping of power system oscillations using grid-forming converters • Elaborates on the dynamic stability of grid-forming inverters under large fault events • Focuses on practical applications Grid-Forming Power Inverters Control and Applications Edited by Nabil Mohammed Hassan Haes Alhelou and Behrooz Bahrani MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Nabil Mohammed, Hassan Haes Alhelou and Behrooz Bahrani; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright. com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact m pkbookspermissions@ tandf.co.uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 9781032298887 (hbk) ISBN: 9781032298894 (pbk) ISBN: 9781003302520 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003302520 Typeset in Times by codeMantra Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Editors .......................................................................................................................ix Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi Introduction ............................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Grid-Forming Inverters ...............................................1 Akhlaque Ahmad Khan and Ahmad Faiz Minai Chapter 2 Requirements and Grid Standards for Grid-Forming Inverters .........15 Chitaranjan Phurailatpam and Damian Flynn Chapter 3 Power System Requirements for Grid-Forming Converters ..............39 Mohamed Younis and Hoda Youssef Chapter 4 Toward Performance-Based Requirements and Generic Models for Grid-Forming Inverters ................................................................55 Deepak Ramasubramanian, Wenzong Wang, Evangelos Farantatos, and Mohammad Huque Chapter 5 An Overview of Modeling and Control of Grid-Forming Inverters .......79 Sam Roozbehani, Reza Deihimi Kordkandi, and Mehrdad Tarafdar Hagh Chapter 6 Small-Signal Modeling and Validation including State-Space and Admittance Models of the Virtual Synchronous Machine .......107 Jingzhe Xu, Weihua Zhou, and Behrooz Bahrani Chapter 7 Grid-Forming Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generators ...........131 Santiago Arnaltes, José Luis Rodríguez Amenedo, and Jesús Castro Chapter 8 Damping Power System Oscillations Using Grid-Forming Converters .................................................................157 José Luis Rodríguez Amenedo and Santiago Arnaltes v vi Contents Chapter 9 Grid-Forming Dynamic Stability under Large Fault Events – Application to 100% Inverter-Based Irish Power System ...................................................................................181 Xianxian Zhao and Damian Flynn Chapter 10 Virtual Oscillator-Controlled Grid-Forming Inverters Incorporating Online Parametric Grid Impedance Identification .........207 Nabil Mohammed, Behrooz Bahrani, and Mihai Ciobotaru Chapter 11 Grid-Forming Inverters Interfacing Battery Energy Storage Systems ................................................................................229 Sukumar Kamalasadan, Michael Smith, and Fahim Al Hasnain Chapter 12 Operation of Grid-Forming Inverters in Islanded Mode .................253 Habib Ur Rahman Habib Index ......................................................................................................................287 Preface The fast growth in the global electricity demand and the need to utilize environ- ment-friendly energy resources are accelerating the advancements in power electronic systems and their implementations in modern energy systems. As a sequence, there is a substantial annual increase in the number of distributed power generations that are being installed on the demand side. In addition, clustering of small-scale generation units can form microgrids to provide reliable and optimal integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs), as they can be operated whether in grid-connected or islanded modes utilizing what so-called grid-forming inverters. In this context, grid-forming inverters are being seen as the key enabling technology for future power electronics-dominated power systems. This book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the grid-forming inverters. The book provides initially an overview on the differences between grid-following and grid-forming inverters. The detailed topologies, operation principles and the control techniques are elaborated. Then, the challenges in integrating of IBRs (e.g., low inertia systems and weak grids) and the requirements and grid standards for grid- forming inverters are explained. After that, the book presents the detailed modeling of the grid-forming inverters including the virtual synchronous generator (VSG). The book also covers other important topics related to grid-forming inverters, such as damping power system oscillations, dynamic stability under large fault events, virtual oscillator-controlled grid-forming inverters, grid-forming inverters interfacing battery energy storage and islanded operation of grid-forming inverters. MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The Math Works, Inc. For product information, please contact: The Math Works, Inc. 3 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098 Tel: 508-647-7000 Fax: 508-647-7001 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.mathworks.com vii Editors Dr. Nabil Mohammed is a postdoctoral research fellow at Monash University. His Ph.D. degree was in power electronics from the Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. In the summer of 2019, he was a visiting researcher with the Department of Energy Technology at Aalborg University, Denmark. His research interests include power electronic converters, renewable energy generation and integration in power systems, microgrids, energy storage and management systems, and modeling and control of electric systems. Prof. Hassan Haes Alhelou is a senior member of IEEE. He is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. At the same time, he is a professor and faculty member at Tishreen University in Syria, and a consultant with Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) in Oman. Previously, he was with the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin 4, Ireland, between 2020 and 2021, and with Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Iran. He completed his B.Sc. from Tishreen University in 2011 and M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Isfahan University of Technology, Iran, all with honors. He was included in the 2018 and 2019 Publons and Web of Science (WoS) list of the top 1% best reviewers and researchers in the field of engineering and cross-fields over the world. He was the recipient of the Outstanding Reviewer Award from many journals, e.g., Energy Conversion and Management (ECM), ISA Transactions, and Applied Energy. He was the recipient of the best young researcher in the Arab Student Forum Creative among 61 researchers from 16 countries at Alexandria University, Egypt, 2011. He also received the Excellent Paper Award 2021/2022 from IEEE CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems (SCI IF: 3.938; Q1). He has published more than 200 research papers in high-quality peer- reviewed journals and international conferences. His research papers received 2,550 citations with H-index of 26 and i-index of 56. He has authored/edited 15 books published in reputed publishers such as Springer, IET, Wiley, Elsevier, and Taylor & Francis Group. He serves as an editor in a number of prestigious journals such as IEEE Systems Journal, Computers and Electrical Engineering (CAEE-Elsevier), IET Journal of Engineering, and Smart Cities. He has also performed more than 800 reviews for high prestigious journals, including IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Energy Conversion and Management, Applied Energy, and International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. He has participated in more than 15 international industrial projects over the globe. His major research interests are renewable energy systems, power systems, power system security, power system dynamics, power system cybersecurity, power system operation, control, dynamic state estimation, frequency control, smart grids, microgrids, demand response, and load shedding. ix