Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks and Mitigation

265 Pages·2022·7.173 MB·English

by  Saurabh Sonwani, Pallavi Saxena

Saurabh Sonwani
Pallavi Saxena   Editors
Greenhouse
Gases:
Sources, Sinks
and Mitigation
Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks
and Mitigation
(cid:129)
Saurabh Sonwani Pallavi Saxena
Editors
Greenhouse Gases:
Sources, Sinks
and Mitigation
Editors
SaurabhSonwani PallaviSaxena
ZakirHusainDelhiCollege HinduCollege
UniversityofDelhi UniversityofDelhi
Delhi,India Delhi,India
ISBN978-981-16-4481-8 ISBN978-981-16-4482-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4482-5
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Foreword
Overthedecadestherateofincreaseingreenhousegases(GHGs)emissionhasbeen
increasing and reached alarmingly high levels due to anthropogenic activities.
Burning of fossil fuels, heavy deforestation, increased use of chemical fertilizers,
industrialprocesses,agriculturalactivities,etc.areresponsibleforalteringradiation
budget of atmosphere and extensively alter the quality of air. Consequently, the
temperatureoftheearthisincreasingataveryhigherrateinthepastfewdecades.
Climate change and global warming are the burning problems of the modern
world.Extensiveresearchisgoingonforthewaysandmeansofreducingconcen-
tration ofGHGsindevelopedanddevelopingnations. Theproblemliesinthefact
that there is an urgent need to explore long-term and sustained solutions by
investigatingitssources,sinks,impacts,andcontrolormitigationstrategies.
Dr.SaurabhSonwaniandDr.PallaviSaxenaareworkingintheareaofairquality
andatmosphericsciencesforthepastoneandahalfdecadeandextensivelystudied
thebehaviourofprimaryandsecondaryairpollutantsandtheirimpactonenviron-
mental health in the Indian subcontinent. The co-editor Dr. Pallavi recently
published a book on “Technologies for Greenhouse Gas Assessment in Crop
Studies”fromSpringerin2021.
Thisbookbeginswithabackgroundongreenhousegasessourcesandsinksand
continues discussion across sectors including forest fluxes to human health and
modellingtechniquestopolicymeasures.Thechaptersthatfollowexploreindetail
theGHGemissionbudgets,mitigationstrategies,technicaladvancement,andinput-
output analysis. Both the editors Dr. Sonwani and Dr. Pallavi have put in their
experience of publishing state-of-the-art books and researches in high-impact
journals.IhopeandIamsure thatthisbookshallprove tobeavaluablereference
andreadingresourceforscholarsandresearchersinenvironmentalscience,ecology,
biologicalscience,economics,andagriculture.Itwillalsobeaveryusefulresource
vv
vi Foreword
forenvironmentalconsultants,researchers,andotherprofessionalsinclimatechange
studies,non-governmentalorganizations,etc.
CentreforExcellenceonClimateResilience, AnilK.Gupta
NationalInstituteofDisasterManagement,
GovernmentofIndia
NewDelhi,India
IUCNCommissionofEcosystemManagement
NewDelhi,India
May10,2021
Acknowledgements
The first editor (Dr. Saurabh Sonwani) wishes to convey his sincere thanks to the
Principal,ZakirHusainDelhiCollege,UniversityofDelhi,India.Thesecondeditor
(Dr.PallaviSaxena)alsoexpressesherheartfeltgratitudetothePrincipal,Prof.Anju
Srivastava, Hindu College, University of Delhi, India. The editors also wish to
extend their acknowledgment to “The Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere
Processes Study (iLEAPS)” for their encouragement for research and related
activities.
Dr.Sonwanialsoacknowledgeshisparents,Mr.PuttilalandMrs.ShobhaDevi,
fortheirloveandsupportingoodandgloomytimes,especiallyduringhisstruggling
and career growth phase. The co-editor Dr. Saxena wishes to convey her sincere
thankstoherparents,Dr.AkhileshSaxenaandDr.NeelimaPriyadarshini,fortheir
constantsupport,encouragement,andinspirationtoworkforscienceandsociety.
Editors also wish to pay their sincere thanks to Ms. Aakanksha Tyagi, Senior
Editor, Springer Nature, for her cooperation and help in completion of this
assignment.
vii
About the Book
Greenhousegases(GHG)occurnaturallyinouratmosphereandareessentialtothe
survivalofmostoftheorganismsontheplanetearth.GHGsuchascarbondioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone play a major role in balancing the radiative
budget,byabsorbingoremittingsomeoftheinfraredraysreflectingfromtheearth’s
surface.Butunfortunately,anthropogenicactivitieslikeuseoffossilfuel,intensive
agriculture and livestock farming, use of synthetic fertilizers, deforestation, and
industrial processes have drastically interfered in the natural air composition, by
releasingexcessgreenhousegasesintotheatmosphere.Thishasledtotheincrease
intheabilityoftheatmospheretoabsorbmoreinfraredenergy.However,long-term
studiesindifferentpartsoftheworldalsosuggestanincreaseintheconcentrationof
greenhousegasesacrosstheworld.
This increase has caused one of the most serious threats of the twenty-first
century, i.e. climate change and global warming. Increase in average temperature,
heat waves, sea level rise, change in precipitation levels, strong hurricanes and
storms, and bad air quality are some of the consequences of climate change that
are observed as well as anticipated in near future. Directly or indirectly, these will
affect all theorganismsinhabitingtheplanet.Ashift inthelocationofmostofthe
organism is expected in search of the most suitable environment. This is further
dependentonthetypeofspecies,itsinteraction,andadaptability.
In 2015, the Paris Agreement within the framework of United Nations Frame-
work Convention became international law to fight climate change. The major
highlightoftheagreementistolimitglobalwarmingto2(cid:1)C,reducinggreenhouse
gas emission, burden-sharing (developing nations allowed to use resources), and
optingforcleanerenergysources;richcountriesshouldfinanciallysupportdevelop-
ingnations.
Thus,thisbookbeginswithabriefbackgroundongreenhousegasessourcesand
sinksandcontinueswithadiscussionondifferentsectorsincludingforestfluxesto
humanhealthandmodellingtechniquestopolicymeasures.Thechaptersthatfollow
explore in detail the GHG emission budgets, mitigation strategies, technical
advancement, and input-output analysis. We hope this book will act as a valuable
toolforstudentswithinterestsinenvironmentalscience,ecology,biologicalscience,
economics, and agriculture. It will be unique to environmental consultants,
researchers and other professionals involved in climate change studies and
non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs).
iixx
Contents
1 IntroductiontoGreenhouseGases:Sources,Sinksand
Mitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SaurabhSonwaniandPallaviSaxena
2 SourceApportionmentofGreenhouseGasesinthe
Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
SanjoyMaji,SirajuddinAhmed,andSantuGhosh
3 IdentificationofMajorSinksofGreenhouseGases. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
ManishaSainiandSunilKumarSaini
4 GreenhouseGasEmissionFluxfromForestEcosystem. . . . . . . . . 63
AnshuGupta
5 EffectofGreenhouseGasesonHumanHealth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
SarahNaiyerandSyedSafdarAbbas
6 AirPollutionandGreenhouseGasesEmissions:Implicationsin
FoodProductionandFoodSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
HarpreetKaur
7 OptimizationofGreenhouseGasEmissionsThroughSimulation
Modeling:AnalysisandInterpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Saraswati
8 RoleofBiomassBurninginGreenhouseGasesEmission. . . . . . . . 157
AnuSharmaandPrashantRajput
9 OzoneImpactsandClimateForcing:ThailandasaCaseStudy. . . 179
PornpanUttamang,VineyP.Aneja,andWilliamBattye
10 RoleofNanotechnologyinCombatingCO inAtmosphere. . . . . . . 201
2
DeeptiGoyal,AlpaYadav,andTanviVats
xxii
xii Contents
11 MitigationStrategiesofGreenhouseGasControl:Policy
Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
ManishaGaur,SikshaSwaroopaKar,andAnuradhaShukla
GlossaryofTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255