Green Tea and Health: Antioxidant Properties, Consumption and Role in Disease Prevention

187 Pages·2015·6.27 MB·English

by  Nicolas Powell (ed.)

FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH

G T H
REEN EA AND EALTH

A P , C
NTIOXIDANT ROPERTIES ONSUMPTION
R D P
AND OLE IN ISEASE REVENTION

No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no
expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No
liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information
contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, medical or any other professional services.
F B C
OOD AND EVERAGE ONSUMPTION
H
AND EALTH

Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website
under the Series tab.

Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website
under the e-book tab.
FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH

G T H
REEN EA AND EALTH

A P , C
NTIOXIDANT ROPERTIES ONSUMPTION
R D P
AND OLE IN ISEASE REVENTION

NICOLAS POWELL
EDITOR

New York
Copyright © 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical
photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher.

We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions
to reuse content from this publication. Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s
website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description. This button is linked
directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com. Alternatively, you can visit
copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN.

For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact:
Copyright Clearance Center
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone] E-mail: [email protected].

NOTICE TO THE READER
The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or
implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No
liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of
information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special,
consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or
reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated
and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works.

Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in
this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage
to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise
contained in this publication.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the
subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not
engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert
assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A
DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS.

Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:28)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:72)(cid:16)(cid:37)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:12)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015939746

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii 
Chapter 1 Antioxidant Activity of Green Tea Catechins 1 
S. P. J. Namal Senanayake 
Chapter 2 Potential for Prevention of Infection by Green Tea 19 
Wanda C. Reygaert 
Chapter 3 The Protective Effects of Intrahippocampal Application of Green
Tea Leaf Extract on Aluminium-Induced Brain Toxicity 33 
Jelenković Ankica, Jovanović D. Marina 
and Petronijević Nataša 
Chapter 4 Preventive Effects of Tea Catechins on Cardiac
Transplant Rejection 57 
Jun-ichi Suzuki 
Chapter 5 Impact of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Consumption
in Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Neurodegeneration 71 
Ana R. Nunes, Marco G. Alves, Paula I. Moreira,
Pedro F. Oliveira and Branca M. Silva 
Chapter 6 New Cellular and Molecular Target of EpigalloCatechin-3-Gallate 97 
Simona Martinotti, Giorgio Calabrese and Elia Ranzato 
Chapter 7 Role of EGCG in Regulation Tyrosine Kinase Onco-Proteins
in Cancer 103 
Bui Thi Kim Ly and Hoang Thanh Chi 
Chapter 8 The Use of Green Tea in Treating Obesity 115 
Jelenković Ankica
and Šumarac-Dumanović Mirjana 
Chapter 9 Aromatized Green Teas – The Content of Flavonoids and Metals 137 
Aleksandra Sentkowska, Anna Pękal, Paulina Dróżdż, 
Magdalena Biesaga and Krystyna Pyrzyńska
vi Contents
Chapter 10 Application of Hilic Column for the Determination of Catechins 149 
Aleksandra Sentkowska, Magdalena Biesaga 
and Krystyna Pyrzynska 
Index 159
PREFACE

Green tea is a popular healthful beverage in many parts of the world and its medical
properties have been extensively explored. Green tea originated in China and the chemistry of
green tea is renowned by its presence of polyphenolic compounds, particularly catechins. This
book reviews the antioxidant activities of green tea catechins, its consumption and the ways it
prevents potential infections; the potential beneficial effects of green tea consumption on
Diabetes mellitus and how it can be used to reduce severe brain damage as well as its use in
treating obesity. Other chapters examine how catechins may assist in the suppression of heart
transplant rejection; a review on the new molecular events responsible for positive effects of
EGCG; a discussion on EGCG as the most abundant catechin green tea and its capability of
inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells; an evaluation and
comparison of the phenolic composition and metal content of commercially available
aromatized green tea infusions; and an investigation of the chromatographic behavior of
catechins.
Chapter 1 – Green tea, originated from the leaves of Camellia sinensis plant, is
manufactured by drying of fresh tea leaves. The most extensively renowned attributes of
green tea are their antioxidant activities. The chemistry of green tea is prominent by its
notable quantity of polyphenolic compounds, particularly catechins. Among these, the
predominant active components are epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epicatechin
and epigallocatechin. The antioxidant activity of green tea catechins is directly attributed to
the aromatic rings and hydroxyl groups that make up their chemical structure, and is a result
of binding and neutralization of free radicals by these hydroxyl groups. Green tea catechins
can also bind and sequester transition metal ions, making them unavailable for the oxidation
reaction. The chemical stability of green tea catechins is primarily dependent on the pH,
temperature, oxygen content and the presence of metal ions. This review outlines the
chemistry, antioxidant mechanism and stability of green tea catechins in food.
Chapter 2 – Infections by microorganisms are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Since the advent of antimicrobial use, the ability to control these infections has
vastly improved. Unfortunately, the healthcare costs for these infections is still in the billions
of dollars. The ideal situation would be for people to not succumb to infections, but be able to
prevent them. Green tea has the ability to eradicate many infection causing microorganisms.
Many of the mechanisms of green tea that make recovery from infection possible are also
potential infection prevention mechanisms. The main constituents of green tea that are
antimicrobial are the catechins (polyphenols). The four main catechins are: (-)-epicatechin
(EC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-
viii Nicolas Powell
gallate (EGCG). Consumption of green tea provides availability of these compounds
throughout the body, and also the possibility for prevention of infection.
Chapter 3 – Diets have attracted great interest on the account of growing evidence of
their beneficial effects on human health. Green tea has been used for a very long time as a
folk remedy for a wide array of diseases. The well-known green tea beverage is made from a
plant Camellia sinensis. The healthy properties of green tea are linked closely to its content of
phenolic compounds, particularly to the (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. It has been proposed
that green tea may have a beneficial impact on a number of brain functions, as well as on
neurodegenerative disorder prevention in humans and in various animal models, including
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A large number of scientific studies have supported some of these
assumptions. In the case of AD, aluminium may have an important role in the disease
aetiology/pathogenesis/precipitation. However, aluminium has biological effects in the green
tea plant, where it is a cofactor for polyphenol biosynthesis. Consequently, leaves of green tea
accumulate and store large quantities of this element during the plant growth. Thus, it was
intriguing whether the unilateral intrahippocampal application of green tea leaf extract
(GTLE) and aluminium chloride would have any interaction, measured by the biochemical
parameters in six brain structures: the forebrain cortex, striatum, basal forebrain,
hippocampus, brain stem and cerebellum, of the adult male Wistar rats. It was found that
GTLE given alone demonstrated biochemical effects not only in the ipsilateral hippocampus,
but also spread into the five other examined structures at the same side, as well as into the
identical brain structures on the contralateral hemisphere. In fact, there were no differences in
the activity of superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) between the right and the corresponding left brain structures. Moreover, the activity
of COX and AChE were significantly higher when compared to the control group. Out of the
three observed parameters, the content of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide anion and
nitrites, aluminium itself demonstrated the strongest effects towards GSH, which was
significantly reduced in all structures, compared to the control group. The changes were
identical in the ipsi- and contralateral corresponding structures. Howewer, the application of
GTLE just before aluminium prevented the reduction of GSH induced by aluminium, and
significantly increased its content compared to the control group. Also, the content of
superoxide anion was significantly reduced in most structures compared to the control, and to
the aluminium-treated group as well. The obtained results of GTE in the aluminium-induced
neurotoxicity are in accordance with the antioxidant effects of GTLE. Also, it is clear that
GTE administered alone did not demonstrate neurotoxic effects as did the solution of
aluminium chloride, but, on the contrary, showed the opposite, neuroprotective effects. To
sum up, GTLE has proved to manifest strong antioxidant effects in the brain of healthy rats,
and in the cases of neurotoxicity induced by aluminum, as well.
Chapter 4 – Green tea catechins are key components with many biological functions.
These effects are induced by the suppression of several inflammatory factors through nuclear
factor-kappa B (NF-κB). While these characteristics of tea catechins have been well
documented, actions of catechins on cardiac transplantation have not yet been well
investigated. To test the hypothesis that catechins can attenuate ventricular remodeling and
cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in cardiac transplantation, we performed oral
administration of catechins into murine cardiac recipients. We revealed that catechins
suppressed myocardial remodeling and CAV formation. They altered cytokine expression,