Green Networking

284 Pages·10.553 MB·English

Green Networking
Green Networking
Edited by
Francine Krief
Firstpublished2012inGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesbyISTELtdandJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Greennetworking/editedbyFrancineKrief.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-84821-378-4
1.Telecommunication--Energyconservation.2.Telecommunication--Environmentalaspects.3.
Computernetworks--Environonmentalaspects.4.Sustainableengineering.5.Computernetworks--
Energyconservation.6.Greentechnology.I.Krief,Francine.
TK5102.5.G7342012
384.028'6--dc23
2012028169
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
ACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:978-1-84821-378-4
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd.,Croydon,SurreyCR04YY
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter1.EnvironmentalImpactofNetworking
Infrastructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LaurentLEFÈVREandJean-MarcPIERSON
1.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.Somedefinitionsandmetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.Stateofthesitesofconsumptionofthenetworks:
thecaseofwirednetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.Academicandindustrialinitiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.Perspectivesandreflectionsonthefuture. . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PART1.ASTEPTOWARDSENERGY-EFFICIENTNETWORKS . . . 17
Chapter2.AStepTowards Energy-efficient
WiredNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
ArunaPremBIANZINO,ClaudeCHAUDET,DarioROSSI
andJean-LouisROUGIER
2.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.Modelsofenergyconsumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.Energy-savingstrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1.Transportapplicationsandprotocols. . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2.Communicationslinks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.Theproblemofenergy-efficientrouting. . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.1.Modelofenergyconsumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
vi GreenNetworking
2.4.2.Formulationoftheproblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.4.3.Experimentalresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter3.AStepTowardsGreenMobileNetworks . . . . 59
SamiTABBANE
3.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.1.1.Decreasingpower:animperative
inacellularradionetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.1.2.Definitionofandneedforgreencellular. . . . . . . . . 60
3.2.Processesandprotocolsforgreennetworks . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2.1.Technologiesontheradiointerface . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2.2.Adaptationofnetworkactivitytotraffic. . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.3.Trafficaggregationbasedonthedelay. . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.4.Store,carryandforwardrelaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.5.CombinationofMSandBTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.6.Handoverforoptimizationoftheenergyused. . . . . 69
3.2.7.Cooperationbetweenbasetransceiverstations . . . . 70
3.2.8.IncreasingthecapacityoftheRAN
andnetworkcorenodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3.Architectureandengineeringofgreennetworks. . . . . . 71
3.3.1.Relayingandmulti-hopping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3.2.Self-organizingnetworks(SONs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3.3.Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.4.Microcellsandmulti-RATnetworks . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.5.Asteptowardsall-IPandflatarchitecture. . . . . . . 77
3.3.6.Reducingthenumberofsites
byusingsmartantennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3.7.CooperationbetweenBTSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.4.Componentsandstructuresforgreennetworks . . . . . . 79
3.4.1.Power-efficientamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.4.2.Eliminationoffeeders,useoffiberoptics . . . . . . . . 81
3.4.3.Solarandwindpower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.4.4.TwinTRX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4.5.Cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
TableofContents vii
Chapter4.GreenTelecommunicationsNetworks . . . . . . 87
GuyPUJOLLE
4.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.Datacenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.3.Wirelesstelecommunicationsnetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.4.Terrestrialtelecommunicationsnetworks . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.5.Low-costandenergy-efficientnetworks. . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.6.Theroleofvirtualizationin“green”techniques . . . . . 109
4.7.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.8.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
PART2.ASTEPTOWARDSSMARTGREENNETWORKS
ANDSUSTAINABLETERMINALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chapter5.CognitiveRadiointheServiceofGreen
CommunicationandNetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
HichamKHALIFÉ
5.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2.Cognitiveradio:conceptandstandards. . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.1.Attemptsatstandardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2.2.Researchprojectsandinitiatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.Variousdefinitionsofgreenincognitiveradio . . . . . . 124
5.3.1.Reducingthepollutionoftheradiospectrum . . . . 125
5.3.2.Reducingtheexposureofindividuals. . . . . . . . . . 126
5.3.3.Reducingtheconsumptionoftheequipment. . . . . 126
5.4.Cleansolutionsofferedbycognitiveradio . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4.1.Solutionsforthespectrumandhealth . . . . . . . . . 127
5.4.2.Actionsatthelevel
ofequipment/infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.4.3.Optimizingthecommunicationparameters . . . . . 129
5.4.4.Avenuesforresearchandvisionsforthefuture. . . 132
5.5.Usecase:“Smartbuildings” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.6.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.7.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Chapter6.AutonomicGreenNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
FrancineKRIEF,MaïssaMBAYEandMartinPERES
6.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.2.Autonomicnetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.3.Self-configuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
viii GreenNetworking
6.3.1.Importanceofself-configuring
forgreennetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.4.Self-optimizing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.4.1.Self-optimizingforgreennetworks . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.5.Self-protecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.5.1.Protectionoftheexecutivesupport . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5.2.Protectionoftheenergysource. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.5.3.Protectionofcommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6.6.Self-healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.6.1.Applicationtowirelesssensornetworks. . . . . . . . 167
6.6.2.Applicationtosmartgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.7.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.8.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter7.ReconfigurableGreenTerminals:
aStepTowardsSustainableElectronics. . . . . . . . . . . . 177
LilianBOSSUET
7.1.Sustainableelectronics?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2.Environmentalimpactofelectronicproducts
duringtheirlifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.2.1.Lifecycleofelectronicproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.2.2.Microelectronicmanufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.2.3.Usageofelectronicproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2.4.Electronicwasteproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.3.Reduce,reuse,recycleandreconfigure . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.3.1.Reduce,reuse,recycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
7.3.2.ReconfiguringwiththehelpofFPGAs . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.4.Examplesofreconfigurableterminals. . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.5.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.6.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
PART3.RESEARCHPROJECTSONGREENNETWORKING
CONDUCTEDBYINDUSTRIALACTORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Chapter8.SchemesforPuttingBaseStations
inSleepModeinMobileNetworks:
PresentationandEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
LouaiSAKER,SalahEddineELAYOUBIand
TijaniCHAHED
8.1.Motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
TableofContents ix
8.2.Puttingmacrobasetransceiverstations
insleepmode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.2.1.Structureofthebasetransceiverstation . . . . . . . 218
8.2.2.ModelofenergyconsumptionoftheBTS . . . . . . . 219
8.2.3.PrincipleofputtingBTSsinsleepmode. . . . . . . . 220
8.2.4.Illustrationofsleepmode.Caseofmultisystem
2G/3Gnetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
8.2.5.Implementationofsleepmode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.3.Sleepmodeinsmall-cellheterogeneousnetworks. . . . 225
8.3.1.Energyefficiencyofsmallcells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
8.3.2.Puttingsmallcellsinsleepmode . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8.4.Conclusionandconsiderationsonimplementation . . . 231
8.5.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Chapter9.IndustrialApplicationofGreen
Networking:SmarterCities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
VincentGAY,PaoloMEDAGLIANI,FlorianBROEKAERT,
JérémieLEGUAY andMarioLOPEZRAMOS
9.1.Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
9.2.Smartcitiesandgreennetworking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
9.3.Techniquesinvolved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
9.3.1.Low-consumptioncommunicationprotocols . . . . . 237
9.3.2.Assistanceinthedeploymentofsensornetworks. . 242
9.3.3.Low-consumptionprocessortreatments . . . . . . . . 249
9.3.4.Systemintegrationofheterogeneoussensors . . . . 258
9.4.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
9.5.Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
ListofAuthors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Introduction
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is
increasingly omnipresent in most human activities, and is
viewed primarily in terms of its contribution to economic
productivity and to our wellbeing. However, with the
necessity to reduce our overall CO emissions to protect our
2
environment, and the constant increase in the cost of energy,
the carbon footprint of these technologies has become a cause
for concern. Today, the energy impact of ICT is evaluated at
2% of greenhouse gas emissions (equivalent to that of all
aviation the world over); in heavily industrialized countries,
this figure can reach up to 10%. In addition, the energy
consumed by ICT is increasing by about 15-20% each year.
The development of new types of applications such as HDTV,
new usages such as ubiquitous networks and the explosion
in the volume of data traffic on 3G/3G+, and soon to be
4G/LTE networks, would suggest that this consumption is
not likely to slow down any time soon.
However, at present, energy consumption is far from
being optimized. Communication networks are usually over-
dimensioned and designed with redundant capacity.
Numerous networking devices consume a considerable
amount of energy, even when they are not being heavily
used, or not used at all; for instance, this is the case with the
Base Transceiver Stations in cellular networks.
xii GreenNetworking
The concept of green networking has recently emerged.
This encapsulates all approaches and measures employed to
reduce the volume of greenhouse gas emissions due to the
process of communication.
The objective of this book is to offer an overview of the
mechanisms and procedures used for implementing energy-
efficient networks and limiting their carbon footprint. Some
of these devices are already operating – particularly in
mobile networks; others are near the point of becoming
operational; finally, some proposals and promising directions
for future research are presented.
This book, which is one of the first ever to present a “state
of the art” on the advances and research projects in the
domain of green networking is made up of nine chapters, and
is structured in three parts.
Chapter 1 introduces the problem of reducing the
electricity consumption of ICT and particularly for
telecommunications infrastructures, given that their CO
2
emissions are increasing greatly.
The next three chapters discuss the energy efficiency of
communication networks, with each chapter focusing on a
particular technology. Together, they make up Part 1 of this
book, entitled “A Step Towards Energy-efficient Networks”.
Chapter 2 looks at energy gains in operational wired
networks, meaning networks for which the design phase has
been completed and the infrastructure is already in place.
These communication networks are usually over-
dimensioned and built with redundant capacity. For that
reason, the opportunities they represent for making energy
savings are considerable. Several strategies for optimizing
energy consumption are presented in this chapter – in
particular, those that lend themselves to energy-efficient