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Green nanoarchitectonics Green nanoarchitectonics edited by Kaushik Pal Published by Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. 101 Thomson Road #06-01, United Square Singapore 307591 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jennystanford.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Green Nanoarchitectonics Copyright © 2023 Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4968-50-8 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-003-31860-6 (eBook) Contents Preface xv 1. Fundamental Research Trends of Green Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 1 Archana S. Patil and Shailendra S. Suryawanshi 1.1 An Overview of Nanotechnology and Its Toxicology 2 1.2 Various Nanomaterials and Toxicities 5 1.3 GC and Its Principles 9 1.3.1 Utility of Principles of GC 11 1.3.2 Green Nanoscience to Apply Principles of GC 12 1.4 A Green Approach in the Development of Nanoparticles 13 1.5 Applications or Trends of Green Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15 1.5.1 Nanomedicine 16 1.5.2 Nanobiotechnology 16 1.5.3 Nanotechnology in Cosmetics 17 1.5.4 Detection of Foodborne Illnesses 17 1.5.5 Nanotechnology and the Environment 17 1.5.6 Nanotechnology in Sports Equipment 17 1.5.7 Food and Agriculture 17 1.5.8 Nanocoatings 18 1.5.9 Energy 18 1.5.10 Nanosensors 18 1.5.11 Nanoelectronics 18 1.5.12 Nanotechnology in Furniture 19 1.5.13 Graphene Batteries 19 vi Contents 1.5.14 Nanotechnology in Space 19 1.5.15 Nanotechnology in the Automotive Industry 19 1.5.16 Nanotechnology in the Construction Industry 19 1.5.17 Nanotechnology in the Cement Industry 20 2. 1So.6u rceCso oncf lGurseioenns N anomaterials 2207 A. Manjceevan and K. Velauthamurty 2.1 Overview of Nanomaterials 28 2.2 Properties of Nanomaterials 28 2.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 30 2.4 Green Chemistry Synthetic Approach of Nanomaterials 32 2.4.1 Bacteria-Mediated Nanomaterials Synthesis 34 2.4.2 Fungi-Mediated Nanomaterial Synthesis 36 2.4.3 Yeast-Mediated Nanomaterial Synthesis 37 2.4.4 Plant Extract Used for Nanomaterials Synthesis 38 3. 2H.y5b ridC oTnhcrelues-iDoinm aennds iFountaulr (e3 TDr)e Gnrdasp h ene Architectures 40 for Photocatalysis of Noxious Pollutants 47 Alvin Lim Teik Zheng and Yoshito Andou 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Self-Assembly of Hybrid 3D Gr Architecture 51 3.3 Altering the Properties of 3D Gr for Improved Photocatalytic Performance 53 3.4 Recent Trends of Hybrid 3D Gr in Pollution Remediation via Photocatalysis 55 3.5 Photocatalytic Disinfection Using Hybrid 3D Gr 61 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 67 Contents vii 4. Green Nanomaterials Industrial Utilizations in Nanomedicine and Pharmaceuticals 73 Praseetha P. Nair and Prabir Patra 4.1 Introduction and Background 74 4.1.1 Historical Background 74 4.1.2 Nanotechnology in Medicine 75 4.2 Green NMs 77 4.2.1 An Insight into GNMs 77 4.2.2 Advantages of Green Synthesis 78 4.2.3 Properties of NMs Applicable to Medical Field 79 4.2.4 Various Methods of Modification of NMs for Nanomedicine 80 4.3 Antimicrobial Activities of GNMs 80 4.3.1 Effect of GNMs on Microbes and Their Biomedical Applications 81 4.3.1.1 Carbon nanomaterials 81 4.3.1.2 Nanosilver 82 4.3.1.3 Currently relevant NMs for biomedical applications 84 4.3.2 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Activity of GNMs 85 4.4 GNMs Approaches to Nanomedicine and Pharmaceuticals 86 4.4.1 NMs in Theranostics 87 4.4.2 Drug Delivery System 87 4.4.3 Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering 88 4.5 Challenges in Nanomedicine 89 5. 4G.r6e enC Noanncloumsiaotne arinadls F inut Puhreo tPoecrastpaelcytsiivse As pplications 9907 Meera A.P. and Reshma R. Pillai 5.1 Introduction 98 viii Contents 5.2 Basic Principles and Mechanism of Photocatalytic Reactions 100 5.2.1 Mechanism Involving Reactive Oxygen Species 101 5.2.1.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species 101 5.2.1.2 Role of ROS during Photocatalysis 101 5.3 Characteristics of Efficient Photocatalysts 101 5.4 Factors Affecting Photocatalyst Efficiency 102 5.4.1 Light Intensity 102 5.4.2 Nature of the Photocatalyst 102 5.4.3 Amount of the Photocatalyst 103 5.4.4 Temperature 103 5.4.5 pH of the Photocatalytic System 103 5.5 Green Nanomaterials as Photocatalysts 104 5.5.1 Metal Nanoparticles 104 5.5.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 105 5.5.3 Metal and Non-metal Doped Metal Oxides 106 5.5.4 Nanowires and Nanorods 107 5.5.5 Quantum Dots 108 5.5.6 Biopolymeric Nanomaterials 108 6. 5G.r6e enC Noanncloumsiaotnesr iaanlsd fFourt Wuraes Oteuwtlaotoekr Treatme nt 109 Analysis 115 Uyiosa Osagie Aigbe, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Robert Birundu Onyancha, Benedict Okundaye, and Otolorin Adelaja Osibote 6.1 Ecological Survey of the Global Impact of GNMs 116 6.2 HMI Removal Employing GNMs 120 6.3 Factors Impacting the Adsorption of Pollutants 127 Contents ix 6.4 Isotherm and Kinetics Models 128 6.5 Thermodynamics 130 7. 6Si.g6n ifiCcoanntc lRuosiloen osf aGnrde eFnu tNuaren oOmutaloteorkia ls in 131 Wood-Based Industries: Environmental and Quality Strategies 137 Ranjana Yadav 7.1 Introduction 138 7.2 Resource of Green Nanoparticles 139 7.2.1 Nanoparticles by Using Plant and Plant Extracts 142 7.2.2 Cellulose Nanoparticles 143 7.2.3 Lignin Nanoparticles 144 7.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Wood-Based Industry Products 144 7.3.1 Nanoparticles for Property Enhancement 145 7.3.2 Nanomaterials as Coating for Wood 149 8. 7G.r4e enC Noanncloutseicohnns,o Olougtylo Roeks, eaanrdc hF uAtvuerne uAes pine c ts 151 Medicinal Biology 167 Subhendu Chakroborty, Pravati Panda, M. V. B. Unnamatla, Priyanka Chandra, and Victor Varela-Guerreroc 8.1 Green Chemistry Approach to Medicinal Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An Overview 168 8.2 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle: Analysis and Biological Impacts 170 8.3 Green Synthesis of Metal Oxide NPs and Their Biological Properties 183 8.4 Conclusions, Outlook, and Future Aspects 190