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Green IT: Technologies and Applications Jae H. Kim and Myung J. Lee (Eds.) Green IT: Technologies and Applications ABC Editors Dr.JaeH.Kim Prof.MyungJ.Lee BoeingResearch&Technology CityUniversityofNewYork TheBoeingCompany DepartmentofElectricalEngineering P.O.Box3707 ConventAvenueat140thStreet MC7L-49 NewYork,NY10031 Seattle,WA98124-2207 USA USA E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] ISBN978-3-642-22178-1 e-ISBN978-3-642-22179-8 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-22179-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011931538 (cid:2)c 2011Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthemate- rialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction onmicrofilmor inanyother way, andstorage indatabanks. Dupli- cationofthispublicationorpartsthereof ispermittedonlyunder theprovisions oftheGerman CopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalways beobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoes notimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typeset&CoverDesign:ScientificPublishingServicesPvt.Ltd.,Chennai,India. Printedonacid-freepaper 987654321 springer.com Preface As the world’s economy and population ever expands, the question of sustainable growth comes to the foreground of matters regarding energy. Even with advanced technologies, the exploration of non-renewable sources struggles with its cost and engendered environmental impacts, such as carbon emission and ecological dan- ger. A variety of environmentally and socially responsible and economically vi- able solutions to energy has recently emerged, addressing energy conservation and renewable sources. The energy conservation or “greening effort” has focused on the efficient use of electricity at home and industry and fuel-efficient transportation, attaining certain fruition. It is only recently that the energy expenditure of the IT sector has received attention on both the corporate and federal levels, due to the explosive growth of Internet and mobile communications. Currently, the number of PCs worldwide will surpass 2 billion units by 2014 (Gartner) and more than half of the world population will own mobile phones. The transition of user traffic toward data-intensive video contributes tremendously to the rise of IT traffic, which requires the use of powerful IT systems for high-capacity user devices, wired and wireless networks, and data centres. These high-capacity IT systems in turn call for high energy expenditure; therefore, the issue of green IT is brought forth. The IT sector is unique in that IT is part of the problem but at the same time a key to the solution. In many sectors, quantum leaps in energy saving are often attributed to innovative applications of IT technology. With heightened research and development efforts in green IT and numerous reports of technical, policy, and standard issues and solutions through conferences, workshops, and journals, it is timely to compile these findings into a book for interested readers to find a comprehensive view on Green IT technologies and applications. Although several books are already published with similar titles, the majority of them are essentially non-technical and only deal with the green computing aspect. To the best of our knowledge, this book distinguishes itself from others in two important aspects. First, it brings together in a single volume both green communications and green computing under the theme of Green IT. Second, it focuses on the technical issues of green IT in a survey style to enhance readabil- ity. The chapters of this book are written by researchers and practitioners who are experts in the field. This book will be an excellent source of information for graduate/undergraduate students, researchers, engineers, and engineering manag- ers in IT (EE, CSC, CompEng, Information Science) as well as interdisciplinary areas such as sustainability, environment, and energy. VI Preface Organization of the Book The book is organized into three parts: Green Communications, Green Computing, and Smart Grid and Applications. Part I presents Green Communications in ten chapters. The first two chapters introduce an overall mobile communication architecture and energy metrics for wireless communications respectively. The beginning chapter describes how mobile communication architectures are evolving in regard to energy efficiency. It also illustrates how a comprehensive view of component technologies enables a strategy for future energy efficient wireless communications. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the metrics for energy efficiency in wireless networks. Then, it addresses approaches to optimize energy efficiency and explains a tradeoff existing between energy expenditure and achieved performance; a cognitive raido network is used as an example. From the next chapter on, the discussions deal with component technologies, starting from the PHY layer to the application layer aspect. The state-of-the-art energy aware link adaptation protocols for MIMO-based cognitive systems are presented in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, the management algorithms in energy-saving MAC protocol are classified into two categories: asymmetric single-hop MAC and symmetric multi-hop MAC. The chapter then discusses characteristics, advan- tages, and disadvantages of protocols of each category with representative MAC protocols. Chapter 5 presents energy efficient routing in Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTN) with radios of short range transmission. Performance studies based on Markovchains favor algorithms exploiting the information of residual battery energy. Chapter 6 uses the concept of cooperative relay in reducing the energy consumption in a cellular network, based on a microeconomic approach of incentive offering to the relay nodes. Then, the problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem with two objective functions of energy and cost. The similar cooperative relay concept is further explored in Chapter 7 in the context of wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting nodes. An optimal policy is theoreti- cally established for the decision process for sender and relay node using the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) model. Chapter 8 studies two types of energy efficient parallel packet forwarding architectures: shared data structure and duplicated data structure. The focus of the design is to minimize the overall power consumption while satisfying the throughput demand. The next three chapters discuss energy issues in systems and applications. Chap- ter 9 examines experimentally the energy expenditures of different components in a mobile phone such as screen, CPU, and wireless network interface card. Then, it introduces energy saving techniques for streaming video, dynamic decoding, screen control, and some hybrids of these techniques for a system level energy minimiza- tion. Chapter 10 reports the design of an energy efficient localization algorithm using two built-in functions in mobile phones: the compass and accelerometer. It also shows the implementation and compares its performance with other approaches. Part I concludes in Chapter 11 which introduces various energy efficient game theoretic frameworks based on the status of available information that can serve to Preface VII solve diverse wireless network problems. It also describes an application scenario for a radio equipped with multiple wireless interfaces. Part II presents Green Computing in six chapters, each dealing with various energy issues in data centers, computing storage, and optimization techniques. Chapter 12 reviews the state-of-the-art data center architectures and addresses the issue of their power consumption. It also presents the trade-off between the power consumption and the performance of the data center. Chapter 13 also discusses energy management in data centers, focusing on scaling-down approaches consid- ered to enhance energy efficiency. A survey on existing energy management techniques has also been presented, followed by GreenHDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) with its simulation studies. For the optimization of power consumption of data centers, Chapter 14 promotes a distributed system approach for high- performance computing and deals with the multi-objective optimization problem for energy consumption and latency given operational conditions such as voltage and frequency scaling. Chapter 15 introduces storage technologies in regard to energy and performance. It surveys component technologies and their power- management features, followed by system-level technologies and associated dynamic power management approaches and challenges. Chapter 16 discusses the Environmentally Opportunistic Computing (EOC) concept and its implementation. Part III presents Smart Grid and Applications in five chapters. Chapter 17 describes an overview of the smart grid including its motivation, goals, and bene- fits. It further discusses the smart grid’s conceptual architecture, key enabling technologies, standard efforts, and global collaboration. Chapter 18 discusses research challenges and open problems in building various information systems’ elements as well as applications enabled by the smart grid. A potential approach to tackle some of those issues is also presented. Chapter 19 introduces an architec- tural model for the integration of semantic information for smart grid applications, which draws from diverse sources ranging from smart meters to social network events. Chapter 20 presents a new method of modeling urban pollutants arising from transportation networks. Introducing Markov chain to model transportation networks, it extends the transition matrix to model pollutant states. Chapter 21 presents a WSN architecture based on long range radios Long Term Evolution (LTE) waveform. Several new green communication applications that become possible by the proposed architecture are described, along with field experiment results. In concluding the book, Chapter 22 overviews the standardization activi- ties to reduce the impact of telecommunication on climate change. It also presents IT standards for the smart grid as a typical example of using IT to improve the environmental friendliness of other industry sectors. Acknowledgements The Editors would like to acknowledge the generous sponsorship of this book pro- ject from the Korean-American Scientists and Engineers Association (KSEA). The book is the first volume of the KSEA TechBook Series. VIII Preface The Editors would like to thank the chapter authors for their technical contribu- tions and timely support of making each manuscript to the publication schedule. The Editors especially thank Preston Marshall, Emanuele Crisostomi, László Gyarmati, Weirong Jiang, Hamidou Tembine, Tuan Anh Trinh, Hrishikesh Venkataraman who also assisted the peer review process. Special thanks to the members of Korean Computer Scientists and Engineers As- sociation (KOCSEA) who assisted the chapter review process: Jihie Kim (USC ISI), Taekjin Kwon (Telcordia), Yoohwan Kim (UN Las Vegas), Yoonsuck Choe (Texas A&M), Eunjin Jung (Univ. of San Francisco), Minkyong Kim (IBM), Yongdae Kim (Univ of Minnesota), Bong Jun Ko (IBM), Eunjee Song (Baylor Univ.), Taehyung Wang (CSU Northridge), and Jongwook Woo (CSU Los Angeles). Lastly, the Editors are grateful to Thomas Ditzinger, Jessica Wengrzik, and Prabu Ganesan at Springer Verlag for their help and patience throughout the preparation of this book. Dr. Jae H. Kim Boeing Research and Technology Dr. Myung J. Lee CUNY About the Authors Editors Dr. Jae Hoon Kim is a Senior Technical Fellow / Executive of The Boeing Company. He is working with Boeing Research & Technology in the area of Communications and Network Systems Technology, focusing on wireless mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), Sensor network, and Cognitive radio-based NetOps. Dr. Kim is also an Affiliate Professor and Graduate Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. He has served as an IEEE Associate Editor for a monthly Technical Journal, Communications Letters for the last decade. Dr. Kim has been a Principal Investigator and Program Manager for a number of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) contract programs from DARPA, Army CERDEC, AFRL, and ONR. Prior to Boeing, Dr. Kim has been a Task Manager and Member of Technical Staff as Senior Research Scientist at the California Institute of Technology, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Dr. Kim received his Ph.D. degree from Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Univeristy of Florida, Gainesville. He is an author/co-author of 80+ publica- tions, holds 4 U.S. patents granted with 1 patent pending, has received 10 NASA Technical Innovation Awards, and 25+ Boeing Technology Awards for outstanding technical performance recognition. Dr. Kim received an Asian-American Engineers of the Year 2009 Award from the Chinese Institute of Engineers in USA. Dr. Kim is currently serving as the 39th President of the Korean-American Scientists and Engineers Association (KSEA). Dr. Kim can be reached at [email protected]. Dr. Myung Jong Lee is a Professor and Director, Advanced Wireless Networks Laboratory in the department of Electrical Engineering of City University of New York. Dr. Lee received B.S. and M.S. degrees from Seoul National University, Ko- rea, and a Ph.D degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University, New York. He was visiting scientists to Telcordia and Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology. His research interests include wireless sensor networks, ad hoc networks, CR networks, wireless multimedia networking, and Internet. He published extensively in these areas (140 plus) and holds 30 U.S. and International Patents (pending incl.). His researches have been funded by government agencies and lead- ing industries, including NSF, ARL, Telcordia, Panasonic, Samsung, ETRI, etc. Dr. Lee actively participates in international standard organizations (the chair of IEEE 802.15.5). His research group contributed NS-2 module for IEEE 802.15.4, widely used for wireless sensor network researches. He is an associate editor for IEEE communications magazine, and co-awarded the best paper from IEEE CCNC 2005. Dr. Lee also received CUNY Excellence Performance Award. Dr. Lee is serving as the Vice President for Technology Affairs of the Korean- American Scientists and Engineers Association (KSEA). Dr. Lee can be reached at [email protected]. X About the Authors About the Authors Chapter Contributors Preston F. Marshall (Chapter 1) is the Deputy Director of the Information Sci- ences Institute (ISI) and a Research Professor at Ming Hsieh Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California’s Viterbi School of Engineering. Formerly, he was a Program Manager with DARPA Strategic Technology Office (STO) for many of the Wireless, Cognitive Radio and networking programs. He is the author of the recently released “Quantitative Analysis of Cognitive Radio and Network Performance” by ARTECH House. Dr. Marshall can be reached at [email protected]. Wei Wang, Zhaoyang Zhang, and Aiping Huang (Chapter 2) are with the De- partment of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Integrate Information Network Technology, Zhejiang University, P.R. China. Dr. Wang is the editor of a book "Cognitive Radio Systems" (Intech, 2009). Dr. Wang can be reached at [email protected]. Eren Eraslan, Babak Daneshrad, Chung-Yu Lou and Chao-Yi Wang (Chapter 3) are with UCLA and Silvus Technologies. Dr. Daneshrad is a Professor of Dept. of Electrical Engineering at UCLA and a Co-Founder of Silvus Technologies. Eren Eraslan, Chung-Yu Lou and Chao-Yi Wang are currently working with Wireless In- tegrated System Research (WISR) Laboratory at UCLA. Dr. Daneshrad can be reached at [email protected]. Tae Rim Park and Myung Jong Lee (Chapter 4) are with the Department of Elec- trical Engineering of City University of New York (CUNY). Dr. Lee is a Profes- sor and Director of the Advanced Wireless Networks Lab at CUNY, and a Chair of IEEE 802.15.5 TG. Dr. Park a senior research engineer at Signals and Systems Lab in Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology and is an active contributor to IEEE 802.15.4e, IEEE 802.15 and ZigBee standard. Dr. Park can be reached at [email protected]. Zygmunt J. Haas and Seung Keun Yoon (Chapter 5) are with the School of Elec- trical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University. Dr. Haas is a Professor and Director of the Wireless Network Laboratory of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University. Dr. Seung Keun Yoon has recently joined as a research engineer Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology. Dr. Jae H. Kim is with Boeing Research & Technology. Dr. Haas can be reached at [email protected]. Nicholas Bonello (Chapter 6) is with the University of Sheffield, U.K. He co- authored a book entitled “Classic and Generalized Low-Density Parity-Check Codes” (Wiley 2011). Dr. Bonello can be reached at [email protected]. Huijiang Li, Neeraj Jaggi and Biplab Sikdar (Chapter 7) are with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Wichita State University. KS. Dr. Sikdar is an Associate Professor and Huijiang Li is a Ph.D. candidate