Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 PDF
Preview Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860
Green imperialism Green imperialism STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORY Green imperialism Editors Donald Worster University ofKansas Colonial expansion, tropical island Edens and the AlfredW. Crosby University ofTexasatAustin .. origins of environmentalism, , ' Advisory Board 1600-1860 ReidBryson Institutefor EnvironmentalStudies, University ofWisconsin RaymondDasmann College Eight, University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz E. Le RoyLadurie CollegedeFrance WilliamMcNeill Department ofHistory, University ofChicago CarolynMerchant College ofNatural Resources, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley , RICHARD H. GROVE Thad Tate Commonmealth Centerfor theStudy ofAmericanCulture, College of I InstituteofAdvancedStudies, WilliamandMalJl AustralianNational University GlobalEnvironmentalHistory Unit, Other books in the series DepartmentoftheHistoryandPhilosophy ofScience, I f UniversityofCambridge Donald Worster Nature'sEconomy: A HistoryofEcologicalIdeas Kenneth F. Kiple TheCaribbean Slave: A BiologicalHistory ClareHall, University ofCambridge AlfredW. Crosby EcologicalImperialism: TheBiologicalExpansion ofEurope, 900-1900 Arthur F. McEvoy TheFisherman's Problem: Ecology andLaw in theCalifornia Fisheries, 1850-1980 Robert Harms GamesAgainstNature:An Eco-CulturalHistoryoftheNunu of EquatorialAfrica Warren Dean Brazil andtheStrugglefor Rubber: A Study inEnvironmentalHistory Samuel P. Hays Beauty,Health,andPermanence: EnvironmentalPolitics inthe UnitedStates,1955-1985 Donald Worster TheEndsoftheEarth:Perspectives onModern Environmental History MichaelWilliams Americansand TheirForests: A Historical Geography Timothy Silver A New Face ontheCountryside: Indians, Colonists, andSlavesinthe SouthAtlantic Forests, 1500-1800 Theodore Steinberg Nature Incorporated: Industrialization andtheWatersof New England J.R. McNeill TheMoun/ainsoftheMediterranean World: An EnvironmentalHistory Elinor G. K. Melville A PlagueofSheep:EnvironmentalConsequences oftheConquest ofMexico :.: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITYPRESS STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORY Green imperialism Editors Donald Worster University ofKansas Colonial expansion, tropical island Edens and the AlfredW. Crosby University ofTexasatAustin .. origins of environmentalism, , ' Advisory Board 1600-1860 ReidBryson Institutefor EnvironmentalStudies, University ofWisconsin RaymondDasmann College Eight, University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz E. Le RoyLadurie CollegedeFrance WilliamMcNeill Department ofHistory, University ofChicago CarolynMerchant College ofNatural Resources, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley , RICHARD H. GROVE Thad Tate Commonmealth Centerfor theStudy ofAmericanCulture, College of I InstituteofAdvancedStudies, WilliamandMalJl AustralianNational University GlobalEnvironmentalHistory Unit, Other books in the series DepartmentoftheHistoryandPhilosophy ofScience, I f UniversityofCambridge Donald Worster Nature'sEconomy: A HistoryofEcologicalIdeas Kenneth F. Kiple TheCaribbean Slave: A BiologicalHistory ClareHall, University ofCambridge AlfredW. Crosby EcologicalImperialism: TheBiologicalExpansion ofEurope, 900-1900 Arthur F. McEvoy TheFisherman's Problem: Ecology andLaw in theCalifornia Fisheries, 1850-1980 Robert Harms GamesAgainstNature:An Eco-CulturalHistoryoftheNunu of EquatorialAfrica Warren Dean Brazil andtheStrugglefor Rubber: A Study inEnvironmentalHistory Samuel P. Hays Beauty,Health,andPermanence: EnvironmentalPolitics inthe UnitedStates,1955-1985 Donald Worster TheEndsoftheEarth:Perspectives onModern Environmental History MichaelWilliams Americansand TheirForests: A Historical Geography Timothy Silver A New Face ontheCountryside: Indians, Colonists, andSlavesinthe SouthAtlantic Forests, 1500-1800 Theodore Steinberg Nature Incorporated: Industrialization andtheWatersof New England J.R. McNeill TheMoun/ainsoftheMediterranean World: An EnvironmentalHistory Elinor G. K. Melville A PlagueofSheep:EnvironmentalConsequences oftheConquest ofMexico :.: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITYPRESS Published by the Press Syndicate of the University ofCambridge The PittBuilding, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 lRP 4 West zoth Street, New York, NY 100II-42II, USA 0 10Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166,Australia © Cambridge University Press 1995 For Jean and Dick First published 1995 Printed in the United States ofAmerica LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Grove, Richard (Richard H.) Green imperialism: colonialexpansion, tropical island Edens and the originsof environmentalism, 1600-1860 / Richard H. Grove. p. em. - (Studies in environmentand history) ISBN 0-521-4°385-5 1. Environmentalism~ History. 2. East India Company - History. I. Title. II. Series. GE195·G76 1994 333.7'2'0903-dc20 93-28654 CIP Acatalogrecord for this bookisavailablefrom the British Library. ISBN 0-521-4°385-5 hardback Published by the Press Syndicate of the University ofCambridge The PittBuilding, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 lRP 4 West zoth Street, New York, NY 100II-42II, USA 0 10Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166,Australia © Cambridge University Press 1995 For Jean and Dick First published 1995 Printed in the United States ofAmerica LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Grove, Richard (Richard H.) Green imperialism: colonialexpansion, tropical island Edens and the originsof environmentalism, 1600-1860 / Richard H. Grove. p. em. - (Studies in environmentand history) ISBN 0-521-4°385-5 1. Environmentalism~ History. 2. East India Company - History. I. Title. II. Series. GE195·G76 1994 333.7'2'0903-dc20 93-28654 CIP Acatalogrecord for this bookisavailablefrom the British Library. ISBN 0-521-4°385-5 hardback Contents List ofillustrations pageviii Acknowledgements Xl B Introduction Edens, islands andearly empires 2 Indigenous knowledgeand the significanceof South-West t India for Portuguese and Dutch constructions of tropical nature 73 3 The English and Dutch East India companies and the t. seventeenth-century environmental crisis in the colonies C9; ) 4 Stephen Hales and some Newtonian antecedents of climatic i ~ environmentalism, 1700-1763 153'J/ 5 Protecting the climate of paradise: Pierre Poivre and the conservation of Mauritius under the ancien regime 168 4 6 Climate, conservation and Carib resistance: The British and the forests of the Eastern Caribbean, 1760-1800 7 The beginnings of globalenvironmentalism: Professional science,oceanic islands and the East India Company, 1768-1838 309 8 Diagnosing 'Crisis: The East India Company medical services and the emergence of state conservationism in India, 1760-1857 Conclusion: The colonialstate and the origins of western environmentalism Selectbibliography Index vii Contents List ofillustrations pageviii Acknowledgements Xl B Introduction Edens, islands andearly empires 2 Indigenous knowledgeand the significanceof South-West t India for Portuguese and Dutch constructions of tropical nature 73 3 The English and Dutch East India companies and the t. seventeenth-century environmental crisis in the colonies C9; ) 4 Stephen Hales and some Newtonian antecedents of climatic i ~ environmentalism, 1700-1763 153'J/ 5 Protecting the climate of paradise: Pierre Poivre and the conservation of Mauritius under the ancien regime 168 4 6 Climate, conservation and Carib resistance: The British and the forests of the Eastern Caribbean, 1760-1800 7 The beginnings of globalenvironmentalism: Professional science,oceanic islands and the East India Company, 1768-1838 309 8 Diagnosing 'Crisis: The East India Company medical services and the emergence of state conservationism in India, 1760-1857 Conclusion: The colonialstate and the origins of western environmentalism Selectbibliography Index vii \'" 1. .., t :};: Illustrations ~ IX -"! 21 William Roxburgh, superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic .~.,,- Garden, 1793-1813 356 ...I Illustrations j' 22 Hugh Francis Cleghorn (182CHJ5) 452 J 23 The Committee of the Madras Literary and Scientific t •. Society in about 1860 t =:'1 i' page48 j I Early Dutch colonists on Mauritius in 1599 I 2 The Huguenot imageof the island of Rodriguez 49 3 Acleared landscape on Barbados at Hackelton's Cliff, mid 66 eighteenth century 4 An engraving of Cape Town made shortly after the first 92 Dutch settlement 97 5 A locationmap of St Helena 6 St Helena in about 1570: Portuguese ships at anchor in the Jamestown roads at the time ofLinschoten's visit 99 7 A map of Mauritius in about 1670, from the 'secret atlas' 131 of the Dutch East India Company 8 Ebony cutting on the coastof Mauritius, 1677 139 147 9 Late-seventeenth-century engraving of the dodo 10 The physiocrat Pierre Poivre (1711)-86) 170 180 II Mauritius in 1801, showing limited forest clearance 207 12 Mauritius in 1835 13 The Pacificislands ofTinian and Juan Fernandez in the 234 1740S 14 Kingstown, St Vincent, about 1815 270 IS Map ofTobago showingthe forest reservesestablished according to the proclamation of 1764 272 275 16 SoameJenyns 289 17 Chief Chatoyer and his wives 18 Anderson's drawing of the Morne Garou volcanoon St 307 Vincent 19 Robert Kyd, superintendent of the East India Company's botanical garden at Sibpur, Calcutta, 1786-93 333 20 WilliamJohn Burchell (1782-1864) 351 viii \'" 1. .., t :};: Illustrations ~ IX -"! 21 William Roxburgh, superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic .~.,,- Garden, 1793-1813 356 ...I Illustrations j' 22 Hugh Francis Cleghorn (182CHJ5) 452 J 23 The Committee of the Madras Literary and Scientific t •. Society in about 1860 t =:'1 i' page48 j I Early Dutch colonists on Mauritius in 1599 I 2 The Huguenot imageof the island of Rodriguez 49 3 Acleared landscape on Barbados at Hackelton's Cliff, mid 66 eighteenth century 4 An engraving of Cape Town made shortly after the first 92 Dutch settlement 97 5 A locationmap of St Helena 6 St Helena in about 1570: Portuguese ships at anchor in the Jamestown roads at the time ofLinschoten's visit 99 7 A map of Mauritius in about 1670, from the 'secret atlas' 131 of the Dutch East India Company 8 Ebony cutting on the coastof Mauritius, 1677 139 147 9 Late-seventeenth-century engraving of the dodo 10 The physiocrat Pierre Poivre (1711)-86) 170 180 II Mauritius in 1801, showing limited forest clearance 207 12 Mauritius in 1835 13 The Pacificislands ofTinian and Juan Fernandez in the 234 1740S 14 Kingstown, St Vincent, about 1815 270 IS Map ofTobago showingthe forest reservesestablished according to the proclamation of 1764 272 275 16 SoameJenyns 289 17 Chief Chatoyer and his wives 18 Anderson's drawing of the Morne Garou volcanoon St 307 Vincent 19 Robert Kyd, superintendent of the East India Company's botanical garden at Sibpur, Calcutta, 1786-93 333 20 WilliamJohn Burchell (1782-1864) 351 viii
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