Green chemistry and processes PDF
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Green Chemistry and Processes This page intentionally left blank Green Chemistry and Processes Mukesh Doble Professor, Department of Biotechnology, India Institute of Technology, Madras, India Anil Kumar Kruthiventi Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry Sri Sathya Sai University, India AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2007, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-12-372532-5 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com Printed in The United States of America 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Dedications I would like to dedicate this book to Geetha, Deepak, and Niharika. —Mukesh I would like to dedicate this book to Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba. —Anil Kumar This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xi About the Authors . . . xv 1 Introduction 1 Defi nition of Green Chemistry 3 Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry 3 Initiatives Taken Up by Countries Around the World 6 The Green Chemistry Expert System 7 How Green Chemistry Is Being Addressed 9 Cross Interactions from Green Chemistry 9 The Patent Scene 11 The Measure of Greenness 11 Safety and Risk Indices 15 Mass and Energy Indices 16 The Hierarchical Approach 17 The Sustainable Process Index 21 Conclusions 22 References 23 2 Newer Synthetic Methods 27 Introduction 27 Use of Microwaves for Synthesis 32 Electro-Organic Methods 33 Elegant and Cost-Effective Synthetic Design 33 Conclusions 37 References 39 vii viii Contents Appendix 2.1 40 References 42 Appendix 2.2 44 References 50 3 Catalysis and Green Chemistry 53 Catalysis and Green Chemistry 54 Conclusions 66 References 66 4 Biocatalysis: Green Chemistry 69 Introduction 69 Advantages Within Industrial Applications 70 Challenges to Make Biocatalysis Industrially Viable 71 Process Design 82 Future Trends 83 References 89 5 Alternate Solvents 93 Safer Solvents 94 Green Solvents 97 Water as Solvent 98 Solvent-Free Conditions 99 Ionic Liquids 99 Conclusions 103 References 104 6 Process and Operations 105 Industry Perception 107 Reactions 112 Reactor Designs 113 Micro Mixers 117 Unit Operations 121 Reactions with Separation Operations 135 Other New Reactor Designs 161 Process Integration 162 Conclusions 167 References 168 7 Alternate Energy Sources 171 Greenhouse Gases 172 Renewable Energy 187 Future Sources of Renewable Energy 190 Contents ix Conclusions 190 References 191 8 Inherent Safety 193 Confl icts Due to Inherently Safe Designs 228 Conclusions 242 References 243 9 Industrial Examples 245 The Pharmaceutical Industries and Green Chemistry 252 The Polymer Industry 264 Pesticides, Antifoulants, and Herbicides 270 Solvents and Green Chemistry 274 The Food and Flavor Industry 277 The Maleic Anhydride Manufacturing Process 280 Chelants 281 The Surfactant Industry 283 Industries in Need of Support to Go Green 284 The Semiconductor Manufacture Industry 284 The Dye Industry 285 The Textile Industry 286 The Tannery Industry 288 The Sugar and Distillery Industries 288 The Paper and Pulp Industry 289 The Pharmaceutical Industry 291 Conclusions 293 References 294 10 Conclusions and Future Trends 297 Energy 297 Process Intensifi cation 299 Biotechnology: The Solution to All Problems 302 Future Predictions 308 Conclusions 310 References 311 Index 313
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