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P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 T h e C a m b r i d g e C o m p a n i o n t o G R E E K M Y T H O L O G Y S The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology presents a comprehensive and integrated treatment of ancient Greek mythic tradition. Divided into three sections, the work consists of sixteen original articles authored by an ensemble of some of the world’s most distinguished scholars of classical mythology. Part I provides readers with an examination of the forms and uses of myth in Greek oral and written literature from the epic poetry of the eighth century BC to the mythographic catalogs of the early centuries AD. Part II looks at the relationship between myth, religion, art, and politics among the Greeks and at the Roman appropriation of Greek mythic tradition. The reception of Greek myth from the Middle Ages to modernity, in literature, feminist scholarship, and cinema, rounds out the work in Part III. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology is a unique resource that will be of interest and value not only to undergraduate and graduate students and professional scholars, but also to anyone interested in the myths of the ancient Greeks and their impact on western tradition. Roger D. Woodard is the Andrew V. V. Raymond Professor of the Clas- sics and Professor of Linguistics at the University of Buffalo (The State University of New York). He has taught in the United States and Europe and is the author of a number of books on myth and ancient civiliza- tion, most recently Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult. Dr. Woodard is editor of The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, which received a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title award in 2006. i Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 ii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 The Cambridge Companion to G R E E K M Y T H O L O G Y S Edited by Roger D. Woodard Andrew V. V. Raymond Professor of the Classics Professor of Linguistics University of Buffalo (The State University of New York) iii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521845205 c⃝ Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Cambridge companion to Greek mythology / edited by Roger D. Woodard. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-84520-5 (hardback) – isbn 978-0-521-60726-1 (pbk.) 1. Mythology, Greek. I. Woodard, Roger D. II. Title. bl783.c36 2007 292.1′3 – dc22 2007005451 isbn 978-0-521-84520-5 hardback isbn 978-0-521-60726-1 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. iv Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contents S List of Illustrations page vii List of Contributors ix Acknowledgments xiii List of Abbreviations xv Introduction: Muthoi in Continuity and Variation 1 ROGER D. WOODARD Part 1: Sources and Interpretations 15 1 Lyric and Greek Myth 19 GREGORY NAGY 2 Homer and Greek Myth 52 GREGORY NAGY 3 Hesiod and Greek Myth 83 ROGER D. WOODARD 4 Tragedy and Greek Myth 166 RICHARD BUXTON 5 Myth in Aristophanes 190 ANGUS BOWIE 6 Plato Philomythos 210 DISKIN CLAY 7 Hellenistic Mythographers 237 CAROLYN HIGBIE v Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contents Part 2: Response, Integration, Representation 255 8 Greek Myth and Greek Religion 259 CLAUDE CALAME 9 Myth and Greek Art: Creating a Visual Language 286 JENIFER NEILS 10 Mythic Landscapes of Greece 305 ADA COHEN 11 Politics and Greek Myth 331 JONATHAN M. HALL 12 Ovid and Greek Myth 355 A. J. BOYLE Part 3: Reception 383 13 Women and Greek Myth 387 VANDA ZAJKO 14 Let Us Make Gods in Our Image: Greek Myth in Medieval and Renaissance Literature 407 H. DAVID BRUMBLE 15 ‘Hail, Muse! et cetera’: Greek Myth in English and American Literature 425 SARAH ANNES BROWN 16 Greek Myth on the Screen 453 MARTIN M. WINKLER Bibliography 481 Index 511 vi Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Illustrations S Figures Figures follow page 304 1 A Fox Telling Aesop Fables. Red-figure kylix of the Bologna Painter from Vulci. 2 The Charioteer of the Phaedrus. Andrea Sansovino. 3 Deeds of Theseus. Attic red-figure cup attributed to the Codrus Painter from Vulci. 4 Tyrannicides. Casts of Roman marble copies after bronze originals by Kritios and Nesiotes. 5 Departure of a Hero. Attic Late Geometric spouted crater from Thebes. 6 Death of Priam; Attic black-figure amphora by Lydos from Vulci. 7 Return of Hephaestus. Attic red-figure skyphos attributed to the Curti Painter. 8 Return of Hephaestus. Attic red-figure volute-crater by Polion from Spina. 9 Heracles and the Nemean Lion. Metope from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. 10 Birth of Erichthonius. Attic red-figure squat lekythos attributed to the Meidias Painter. 11 Battle of Athena and a Giant. Attic red-figure lekythos attributed to Douris. 12 Naval Fresco from Akrotiri. 13 Nymphs and Pan. Marble votive relief. 14 The Blinding of Polyphemus. Fragment from a vase. 15 Meeting of Odysseus and Nausicaa. Lid of a red-figure pyxis attributed to Aison. 16 Abduction of the Leucippides by the Dioscuri and the Garden of the Hesperides. Attic red-figure hydria by the Meidias Painter. vii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Illustrations 17 Odysseus’ Descent to the Underworld. Drawing of Attic red- figure pelike attributed to the Lykaon Painter. 18 The Suicide of Ajax. Black-figure amphora by Exekias. 19 Book 2, Emblem 2, in Frances Quarles, Emblemes. 20 “Venus,” from The Copenhagen Planet Book. See Filedt Kok (1985) for a similar blockbook by the Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet. 21 Clash of the Titans. Zeus and the “Arena of Life.” 22 Jason and the Argonauts. Hera observing Jason and Medea on the Olympian screen. 23 Jason and the Argonauts. Talos towering above the Argonauts. 24 Hercules. Our hero at the climax of the film that made him immor- tal on the screen. 25 Hercules Conquers Atlantis. Hercules, descended from his twelve- horse chariot, discovers massacre victims at the palace of Atlantis. Note the panther reliefs on the wall. Tables 3.1 Comparison of Indo-Iranian Traditions: Cosmogonic and Cosmologic page 132 3.2 Comparison of Greek and Indic Traditions 142 viii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contributors S ANGUS BOWIE is Fellow of The Queen’s College, Oxford, and the Lobel Praelector in Classics. His publications include The Poetic Dialect of Sappho and Alcaeus (1981) and Aristophanes: Myth, Ritual and Com- edy (1993). Dr. Bowie also serves as editor of the Journal of Hellenic Studies. A. J. BOYLE is professor of classics at the University of South- ern California. His recent publications include Tragic Seneca (1997), Ovid’s Fasti (with R. D. Woodard 2000), Flavian Rome (with W. J. Dominik 2003), Ovid and the Monuments (2004), and Roman Tragedy (2006). Professor SARAH ANNES BROWN is professor of English at Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge. She is the author of The Metamorphosis of Ovid: From Chaucer to Ted Hughes (1999) and the coeditor (with Charles Martindale) of Nicholas Rowe’s translation of Lucan’s Pharsalia (1997). She has also published numerous shorter pieces on various aspects of classical reception, including articles on its relationship with queer the- ory and science fiction. She is currently editing a collection of essays, Tragedy in Transition (with Catherine Silverstone). H. DAVID BRUMBLE is professor of English at the University of Pittsburgh. Among his scholarly works are Classical Myths and Legends in the Middle Ages and Renaissance: A Dictionary of Allegorical Meanings (1998) and Street Gangs and Warrior Tribes (forthcoming). RICHARD BUXTON is professor of Greek language and literature at the University of Bristol. Among the works he has authored are Persuasion in Greek Tragedy (1982), Sophocles (1984; reprinted with Addenda 1995), ix Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contributors Imaginary Greece: The Contexts of Mythology (1994), and The Complete World of Greek Mythology (2004). Professor Buxton is editor of From Myth to Reason? (1999) and Oxford Readings in Greek Religion (2000). Since 2006, Professor Buxton has been President of the Fondation pour le Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. CLAUDE CALAME is Director of Studies at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris and Honorary Professor of Greek Language and Literature at the University of Lausanne. In English, he has published The Craft of Poetic Speech in Ancient Greece (1995), The Poetics of Eros in Ancient Greece (1999), Choruses of Young Women in Ancient Greece (second edition 2001), Myth and History in Ancient Greece (2003), Masks of Authority. Fiction and Pragmatics in Ancient Greece (2005), and, on Greek mythology, Thésée et l’imaginaire athénien. Légende et culte en Grèce classique (second edition 1996) and Poétique des mythes dans la Grèce antique (2000). DISKIN CLAY is professor of classical studies at Duke University. His interests have focused on the intersection of ancient poetry and phi- losophy. He is the author of many studies of the Platonic dialogues, Lucretius and Epicurus (1983), Platonic Questions: Dialogues with the Silent Philosopher (2000), and Archilochos Heros: The Cult of Poets in the Greek Polis (2004). At present he is working on a study of The Art of Hell: Reflections of Dante’s Inferno in the Religious Art of Tuscany from the Early Trecento to 1579. ADA COHEN is an associate professor of art history at Dartmouth Col- lege. She has written essays on various aspects of Greek art, including gender and sexuality, myth, and landscape. She is author of The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of History and Defeat (1997) and coeditor of and contribu- tor to Constructions of Childhood in the Greek and Roman Antiquity (2007). She recently completed a book on masculinity and power in late Clas- sical and Hellenistic art titled Paradigms of Manhood: Art and Culture in the Times of Alexander the Great and is working on a study of feminine beauty in ancient Greece. JONATHAN M. HALL is the Phyllis Fay Horton Professor in the Humanities, professor and chair of classics, and professor of history at the University of Chicago. He is the author of Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity (1997), Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture (2002), and A History of the Archaic Greek World (2007). x Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contributors CAROLYN HIGBIE is professor of classics at the University of Buffalo (The State University of New York). Her scholarly work includes the book The Lindian Chronicle and the Greek Creation of Their Past and the recent articles “The Bones of a Hero, the Ashes of a Politician: Athens, Salamis, and the Usable Past” (Classical Antiquity 16 (1997) 279–308) and “Craterus and the Use of Inscriptions in Ancient Scholarship” (TAPA 129 (1999) 43–83). GREGORY NAGY has been the Director of the Harvard Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington, DC, since 2000, while continuing to teach half-time at the Harvard campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts as the Francis Jones Professor of Classical Greek Literature and professor of comparative literature. Among the books he has authored are Greek Mythology and Poetics (1990), Pindar’s Homer: The Lyric Possession of an Epic Past (1990), Poetry as Performance: Homer and Beyond (1996), Homeric Questions (1996), The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry (2nd ed., with new Introduction, 1999), Homeric Responses (2003), Homer’s Text and Language (2004), and Homer the Classic (2007). Forthcoming in 2008 is Homer the Preclassic. JENIFER NEILS is the Ruth Coulter Heede Professor of Art History and Classics at Case Western Reserve University. She is the author of The Youthful Deeds of Theseus (1987) and The Parthenon Frieze (2001) and has organized two major exhibitions of Greek art: Goddess and Polis: The Panathenaic Festival in Ancient Athens (1992) and Coming of Age in Ancient Greece: Images of Childhood from the Classical World (2003, with John Oakley). Professor Neils has contributed several major entries to the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae and recently edited The Parthenon from Antiquity to the Present (2005). MARTIN M. WINKLER is professor of classics at George Mason Uni- versity. He has published books and articles on Roman literature, the classical tradition, and classical and medieval mythology in film. He has edited the essay collections Classical Myth and Culture in the Cinema (2001), Gladiator: Film and History (2004), Troy: From Homer’s Iliad to Hollywood Epic (2006), and Spartacus: Film and History (2007). ROGER D. WOODARD is the Andrew V. V. Raymond Professor of the Classics and professor of linguistics at the University of Buffalo (The State University of New York). Among his more recent publications are Greek Writing from Knossos to Homer: A Linguistic Interpretation of the Origin xi Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Contributors of the Greek Alphabet and the Continuity of Ancient Greek Literacy (1997), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages (2004), Ovid: Fasti (with A. J. Boyle, revised edition, 2004), and Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult (2006). VANDA ZAJKO is senior lecturer in classics at the University of Bristol, UK. She has wide-ranging interests in the reception of classical myth and literature, particularly in the twentieth century. Recent publications include “Homer and Ulysses” in The Cambridge Companion to Homer (2004), “Narratives of Tragic Predicaments: Frankenstein and Prometheus Bound” in The Blackwell Companion to Tragedy (2007), and “What Dif- ference Was Made? Feminist Models of Reception” in A Companion to Classical Receptions (2007). She is coeditor of Laughing with Medusa: Classical Myth and Feminist Thought (2006). xii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Acknowledgments S The editor would like to express his appreciation first and foremost to the contributors to The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology, distinguished scholars all, without whose dedicated and expert efforts this volume could not have taken shape. I wish too to thank Beatrice Rehl and her staff at the New York office of Cambridge University Press for their characteristic efficiency and professionalism. Thanks go also to Professor Amy Graves for assisting Calame and Woodard in producing an English translation of Chapter 8. xiii Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 xiv Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 P1: JzG 9780521845205pre CUFX147/Woodard 978 0521845205 Printer: cupusbw July 28, 2007 1:25 Abbreviations S ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts. See Pritchard 1969 AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJP American Journal of Philology Ant. Class. L’Antiquité Classique BA See Nagy 1979 BABesch Bulletin Antieke Beschaving BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Cl. Ant. Classical Antiquity CJ Classical Journal C Phil. Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CVA Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum EH See Nagy 2005 ETCSL The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk) FGrH Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker GM See Nagy 1990b Harv. Stud. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology HC See Nagy 2007 HPC See Nagy 2008 HQ See Nagy 1996b HR See Nagy 2003 HTL See Nagy 2004b JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (Zurich 1981–1997) PCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society PH See Nagy 1990a PP See Nagy 1996a xv Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009