Table Of Content

GREEK MILITARY SERVICE IN THE ANCIENT 401–330 bce NEAR EAST, ThisisthefirstmonographdedicatedtothehistoryofGreekmilitary service for the Achaemenid Persian Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt from the rebellion of Cyrus the Younger to the conquests of AlexandertheGreat.Throughcarefulanalysisofthepoliticalcontexts of their recruitment and detailed reconstructions of their perfor- mances as soldiers and generals on the battlefield, Jeffrey Rop over- turnsthetraditionalviewthattheGreekswhofoughtintheNearEast were mercenaries hired for their superior military skills as heavily armoredhoplites.ThepresenceofunprecedentednumbersofGreek infantry in the armies of Persia and Egypt is not evidence that the levies of these states were militarily inferior or deficient, but a clear sign of unprecedented foreign political influence among the most powerfulleadersandcitiesofGreeceformuchofthefourthcentury. jeffrey rop isanassistantprofessorintheDepartmentofHistory, Political Science, and International Studies at the University of Minnesota,Duluth.Hisresearchfocusesonthemilitaryandpolitical historyofClassicalGreeceandAchaemenidPersiaandhasappeared inseveralinternationaljournals. GREEK MILITARY SERVICE IN THE ANCIENT NEAR 401–330 bce EAST, JEFFREY ROP UniversityofMinnesota,Duluth UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108499507 doi:10.1017/9781108583350 ©JeffreyRop2019 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2019 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData names:Rop,Jeffrey,1982–author.|Rop,Jeffrey,1982–.AlltheKing’sGreeks. title:GreekmilitaryserviceintheancientNearEast,401–330BCE/JeffreyRop. description:NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2019.|“Thisbookisasubstantially revisedversionofmydissertation,itselfbasedonaresearchpaperIwroteattheendofmy firstyearofgraduateschoolinthespringof2007”–Author’spreface.|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. identifiers:lccn2019005968|isbn9781108499507 subjects:lcsh:Greece–History,Military–To146B.C.|Greekmercenaries.|Military history,Ancient. classification:lccdf89.r672019|ddc355.00938/09014–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019005968 isbn978-1-108-49950-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. To Ellie Jean Contents ListofFigures pageix ListofMaps x ListofTables xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Timeline xvii Maps xxi 1 TheGreekThesis 1 TheGreekThesisinAntiquityandthePresent 2 ReconsideringGreekMilitarySuperiority 9 ReconsideringtheGreekMercenary 19 MilitaryServiceandForeignImperialism:ANewThesis 26 2 TheBattleofCunaxa 30 GreekSplendorandBarbarianTerror 32 FramingClearchus:CyrusasaTragicAdvisor 39 TheRebelPlanatCunaxa 45 TheFeignedRetreatandtheDefeatofCyrus 52 3 GreeceandtheRebellionofCyrustheYounger 64 LoyaltyandBetrayalintheAnabasis 65 GreekClients,PersianRebels 70 TheHegemonyofCyrus 77 4 GreeksinPersiaandEgypt,ca.400–360 88 CononandPharnabazus 89 ChabriasandAcoris 98 IphicratesandPharnabazus 100 AgesilausandTachos 107 AgesilausandNectanebos 112 GreekMilitaryServiceintheNearEast:PreliminaryConclusions 115 vii viii Contents 5 TheRevoltofArtabazus 119 TheConventionalChronology 121 TheCampaignsofCharesandPammenes 129 TheMercenariesDecree 136 TheSo-CalledRevoltofArtabazus 140 6 ThePersianConquestofEgypt 148 RebellioninCyprusandtheLevant 150 ThePersianInvasionStrategy 158 NectanebosandtheDefenseofEgypt 165 InternationalPoliticsandGreekMilitaryServiceinEgypt 168 7 TheGreco-PersianDefenseofWesternAnatolia 176 ArtaxerxesIIIandPhilipII 178 TheFirstMacedonianInvasion 182 AdvisorFiguresduringtheMacedonianConquest 185 GreeksattheBattleoftheGranicusRiver 189 Memnon,theSiegeofHalicarnassus,andtheAegeanCounter-Offensive 196 Memnon,Arsites,andAthens 201 8 TheFalloftheAchaemenidPersianEmpire 207 TheStrategicContextoftheBattleofIssus 208 PersianTacticsandGreekHoplitesattheBattleofIssus 214 TheBattleofGaugamela 220 PersiaandtheStruggleforGreekIndependence 226 Conclusion:TheOtherPersianWars 231 References 236 Index 258 Figures 2.1 TheBattleofCunaxaaccordingtoXenophon’sfigures page40 2.2 ThebattlearraysatCunaxa 56 7.1 TheBattleoftheGranicusRiver 194 8.1 TheBattleofIssus 216 8.2 TheBattleofGaugamela 222 ix