Greek East and Latin West: The Church, AD 681-1071

422 Pages·2007·11.459 MB·English

by  Andrew Louth

THE CHURCH IN HISTORY
Volume III
East
Latin Wes
The Church 681-1071
AD
THE CHURCHI N HISTORYSE RIESo f St Vladimir's Seminary Press balances the
approaches of the abundance of church histories written from a Western Christ
ian point of view. Series authors-in the unique position of being Orthodox schol
ars conversant with Western scholarship-have taken on the task of analyzing
complicated primary sources and thoroughly critiquing modem scholarly litera
ture to guide readers through the maze of centuries of church formation and life.
Through fresh eyes, they chronicle the past with fairness, objectivity, and sympa
thy, and add equilibrium to the annals of Christendom.
SeriesE ditor
ANDREWL OUTH
PreviousS eriesE ditors
JOHNM EYENDORF(tF1 992),J OHNH . ERICKSON
volume I
Formationa nd StrugglesT: he ChurchA D 33-450
PartI : TheB irth of the ChurchA D 33-200
by Veselin Kesich
volume II
ImperialU nitya nd ChristianD ivisions:T he ChurchA D 450-680
by John Meyendorff
volume III
GreekE ast and Latin West:T he ChurchA D 681-1071
by Andrew Louth
volume N
The ChristianE ast and theR ise of theP apacy:T he ChurchA D 1071-1453
by Aristeides Papadakis
THE CHURCH IN HISTORY, VOLUME III
GreekE asta nd
Latin i\lest
THE CHURCH AD 681-1071
ANDREW LOUTH
ST VLADIMIR'S SEMINARY PRESS
CRESTWOOD, NEW YORK
2007
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Louth, Andrew.
Greek East and Latin West: the church, AD 681-1071/ by Andrew Louth
p. cm. - (The church in history ; v. 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-88141-320-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-88141-320-8 (alk. paper)
1. Church history-Middle Ages, 600-1500. 2. Schism-Eastern and Western
Church. I. Title.
BRi:62.3.L682 007
270.2-dc22
2007014395
ST VLADIMIR'S SEMINARY PRESS
575 Scarsdale Road, Crestwood, NY 10707
1-800-204-2665
www.svspress.com
Copyright© 2007
by Andrew Louth
ISBN 978-0-88141-320-5
ISSN 1938-8306
All Rights Reserved
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Arts & Humanities
ResearchC ouncil
This research is supported by
the Arts and Humanities Research Council

CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS X
FOREWORD Xlll
PREFACE XV
ABBREVIATIONS XVll
INTRODUCTION I
PART I: AD 681-800
r. The Church at the End of the Seventh Century 13
In the West 13
UnderI slam 20
In Byzantium 29
2. Iconoclasm: First Phase and Aftermath 41
Backgroundt o theI conoclasCt ontroversy 42
Leo III and the OrthodoxR eaction 48
ConstantineV and the Synod of Hiereia 54
Nicaea II and theR eigno f Eirene 60
3. The Church in the West 67
TheR ise of the Carolingjans 67
The Churchu ndert he Carolingjans 71
TheP apaq in theE ighth Century 75
Iconoclasma nd the West 82
PART II: THE NINTH CENTURY
4. Introduction 95
5. Monastic Reform in East and West IOI
St Benedicto f Aniane and the West IOI
St Theodoreo fStoudios and theE ast I08
6. Iconoclasm: Second Phase and the Triumph of Orthodoxy n9
History efE vents n9
TheI ssues 127
The West 130
The Triumphe fO rthodoxy 132
The Outsidersto Byzantine Orthodoxy 134
7. Renaissance of Leaming: East and West 139
The CarolingjanR enovatio 139
TheN inth-centuryB yzantineR enaissance 152
Palestinea nd theB egjnningse fA rab Christianity 163
8. Pope, Patriarch and Christian Mission 167
ByzantineM issionsa mongt he Slavs 171
WesternM issionst o the Slavs and Others 176
Khan Boris and the Conversione fB ulgaria 179
Photiosa nd theA rmenians 189
9. Changing Patterns of Worship 193
PART III: THE TENTH CENTURY
ro. Introduction 207
n. Monastic Renewal 217
The West 219
TheE ast 227
12. Christian Mission 241
Scandinavia 241
EasternE urope:B ohemia,P oland,H ungary 243
Russia 253
Nikon the "Metanoeite"P: reachingth e Gospel
within theB yzantine Empire 259
13.A pproaching the End of the First Christian Millennium 263
PARTI V:A D 1000-1071
14. Introduction 271
15. Monastic Developments 275
TheQ uestf or Solitude 275
TheR eformM ovement in Byzantium 281
TheB egi,nningosj Russian Monasticism:
TheM onasterye ft he Cavesi n Kiev 287
16. Reform and the Papacy 291
17. ro54 and the "Schism" 305
TheE vents 305
TheI ssues 3n
TheS ignificancee ft heE ventsa nd Issues 316
18. Spiritual and Intellectual Life in Byzantium 319
"InnerL earning"a nd "OuterL earning" 319
St Symeont heN ew Theologi,an 322
Niketas Stethatos 333
MichaelP sellos 334
19. Turks, Normans and the Collapse of the Byzantine Empire 345
BIBLIOGRAPHY 353
INDEX 367
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Illustration to Psalm n5 of the Utrecht Psalter, which dates from AD 820-
35. Library of Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht (MS 32, fol. 67 recto). Photo
credit: University Library of Rijksuniversiteit.
2. Madonna and child. Mosaic from the apse, shortly after 834 CE. Hagia
Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/A rt Resource, NY.
3. Christ and saints, apse mosaic, AD 817-24. S. Prassede, Rome, Italy. Photo
Credit: Scala/ Art Resource, NY.
4. Lamb of God (Mystic Lamb). Ceiling mosaics. Early Christian. S. Vitale,
Ravenna, Italy. Photo Credit: Scala/A rt Resource, NY.
5. Messengers of the Moravian prince Rostislav ask Emperor Michael III to
send missionaries speaking a Slav language; he sends to Saloniki for Con
stantin and Method. From the Radziwill Chronicle, an early history of
Russia. Page 13.6 12m iniatures, late 15th century. Academy of Science, St.
Petersb urg, Russia. Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/A rt Resource, NY.
6. Interior view of Palatine Chapel with the octagon. Carolingian. Before
800 CE. Cathedral (Palatine Chapel), Aachen, Germany. Photo Credit:
Vanni/ Art Resource, NY.
7. Christ Pantocrator. Romanesque fresco, early 12th c. Chapelle des
Moines, Berze-la-Ville, France. Photo Credit: Giraudon/ Art Resource,
NY.
8. Abbey of Cluny. Early Cloister Church. Photo Credit: Art Resource, NY.
9. Ivory Plaque Representing the Coronation of Emperor Otto II and the
Byzantine Princess Theophano. Ottonian, 982-983 CE. Germany. Ivory
book cover, 18.5x 10.6 cm. Inv. Cl.392. Musee national du Moyen Age
Thermes de Cluny, Paris, France. Photo Credit: Reunion des Musees
Nationaux/ Art Resource, NY.
10. Chalice (Chalcedony cup in gilt silver mount). Byzantine, nth century.
S. Marco, Venice, Italy. Photo Credit: Giraudon/ Art Resource, NY.
X