Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period: 900-480 BC

478 Pages·2011·10.227 MB·English

by  Rune Frederiksen

Title Pages
Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period, 900–480
BC
Rune Frederiksen
Print publication date: 2011
Print ISBN-13: 9780199578122
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2015
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199578122.001.0001
Title Pages
(p.i) Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period
(p.ii) Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology
(p.iii) Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period 900–480 BC
The series includes self-contained interpretative studies of the art and
archaeology of the ancient Mediterranean world. Authoritative volumes cover
subjects from the Bronze Age to late antiquity, with concentration on the central
periods, areas, and material categories of the classical Greek and Roman world.
Other titles in the series include:
The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace
Orpheus Unmasked
Z. H. Archibald
Hellenistic Engraved Gems
Dimitris Plantzos
Naukratis
Trade in Archaic Greece
Astrid Möller
The Late Mannerists in Athenian Vase-Painting
Thomas Mannack
Page 1 of 4
Title Pages
Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World
Kenneth D. S. Lapatin
Approaches to the Study of Attic Vases
Beazley and Pottier
Philippe Rouet
The Protogeometric Aegean
The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC
Irene S. Lemos
Brickstamps of Constantinople
Volume 1: Text
Volume 2: Illustrations
Jonathan Bardill
Roman Theatres
An Architectural Study
Frank Sear
Late Classical and Hellenistic Silver Plate from Macedonia
Eleni Zimi
Komast Dancers in Archaic Greek Art
Tyler Jo Smith
(p.iv)
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,
scholarship,
Page 2 of 4
Title Pages
and education by publishing worldwide in
Oxford New York
Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi
Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi
New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto
With offices in
Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece
Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore
South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam
Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press
in the UK and in certain other countries
Published in the United States
by Oxford University Press Inc., New York
© Rune Frederiksen 2011
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
Database right Oxford University Press (maker)
First published 2011
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means,
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the
appropriate
reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning
reproduction
outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights
Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover
and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Data available
Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
Page 3 of 4
Title Pages
MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn
ISBN 978–0-19–957812–2 (Hbk.)
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Page 4 of 4
Dedication
Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period, 900–480
BC
Rune Frederiksen
Print publication date: 2011
Print ISBN-13: 9780199578122
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2015
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199578122.001.0001
Dedication
(p.v) For Mogens (p.vi)
Page 1 of 1
Preface
Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period, 900–480
BC
Rune Frederiksen
Print publication date: 2011
Print ISBN-13: 9780199578122
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2015
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199578122.001.0001
(p.vii) Preface
This book has been ten years in the making counting from the first year of my
PhD studentship at the Copenhagen Polis Centre at the University of
Copenhagen in 2000. Archaic Greek City Walls was the topic of my dissertation,
suggested to me by Mogens Herman Hansen, then director of the Copenhagen
Polis Centre and my supervisor. My warmest thanks go first of all to him. As a
supervisor Mogens was simply every PhD student’s dream, by his way of
creating an ultimate academic environment, with a positive, friendly, and
humoristic atmosphere, and by always being ready to help in every possible way
to clarify my ideas, and to help me during the hard work of producing a text
from my original manuscript: there was hardly a sentence in the submitted
dissertation which he did not help me to improve, in one way or the other. Next,
I owe many thanks to my former colleague at the Centre, Thomas Heine Nielsen,
with whom I have discussed many aspects of the dissertation, and countless
other aspects of the ancient Greeks, and with whom I have shared many good
moments. Both Mogens and Thomas acted as my teachers in ancient Greek and
as consultants in matters of ancient Greek history and literature, areas in which
I, as a Classical Archaeologist, did not have formal training. The Copenhagen
Polis Centre was also in this sense a great environment, an opportunity to
receive monastic training in a modern university environment. I would never
have been able to produce the original dissertation without an environment like
the Copenhagen Polis Centre or without its people.
I would also like to thank the examiners of the submitted dissertation, John
Camp, Lars Karlsson, and Annette Rathje, for a lot of corrections and
suggestions in connection with the viva in March 2004, all of which improved
the discussions, the quality of the Catalogue, as well as the text itself. Camp has
also been a great support during the process of revising the text, with his huge
knowledge of city walls and Greek and Turkish topography.
Page 1 of 4
Preface
The original dissertation was revised and turned into the present book during
2005–9, mainly because the architectural analysis needed to be stronger, and the
Catalogue to be changed and updated. Due to full-time employment in museums
and universities throughout that period, this work of course took much longer
than I would have wanted. I would like to emphasize, however, that as much care
as possible has been taken in updating the information and bibliography, in
particular of the Catalogue, until the stage when such updating became
practically impossible because of the process of producing the book.
In this process of revision I have received help from a number of people, without
whom, as well, needless to say, this book would never have issued. I would like
to single out Jim Coulton, who read my manuscript twice. His broad and deep
knowledge of ancient Greek archaeology, topography, and of course
architecture, generated hundreds of corrections and suggestions, from detail to
the overall picture, and have been of immense importance, and his advice
crucially improved, in particular, the architectural parts of the original text. Jim
also gave me detailed feedback on illustrations, the final quality of which, I am
sure, is still far below what he would have been happy to sign off his own desk. I
am also indebted to Bert Smith and Andrew Lintott, both of whom read early
drafts and responded with suggestions, corrections, and encouragement.
(p.viii)
In the summer of 2002 — in the middle of my work on the dissertation — I had
the opportunity to excavate at the upper fortification wall of the acropolis at
Kalydon, which we, as it happened, were able to date to the late sixth century
BC. I learned a lot from that campaign and from Søren Dietz, the director of the
Danish-Greek excavations at Kalydon.
Alexandra Alexandridou (Athens) was a great support for me, academically as
well as personally. With Sylvian Fachard (Athens) I have been able to discuss
matters of Greek fortification in great depth, and Gojko Barjamovic
(Copenhagen) was always ready to draw my attention to the Near East.
Invaluable, too, were the translations from Russian by Thomas Olander
(Copenhagen) and from Turkish by Anders R. Rasmussen (the then Klokker in
Regensen, Copenhagen). I owe many thanks as well to Martin Skrydstrup, Bobbo
Krabbe Magid, and Tobias Magid (all Copenhagen) for suggestions, and, not the
least, cooking and good company in times of despair. Mr Fritz Saabye Pedersen
(Odense and Copenhagen) has saved me on a number of occasions when, at
Christmas or Easter time when the University was devoid of people (except him
and myself), I left my office with the keys on the wrong side of the door. His
computer skills, moreover, have saved me often as well.
An additional number of colleagues and friends have helped me as well in one
way or the other. I would like to state in general that excavators and
investigators of individual sites and other scholars working with ancient Greek
Page 2 of 4
Preface
fortifications have been extremely generous and helpful when approached with a
letter, an email, or a phone call from me with questions about their excavations
or publications. I thank the following people in alphabetical order: Prof. N.
Allegro (Palermo), Dr E. Carando (Athens), Prof. N. Ceka (Tirana), C. Dengate
and the Halieis team, Prof. A. J. Dominguez (Madrid), Prof. P. Ducrey (Lausanne),
Dr Y. Ersoy (Izmir), Dr R. Felsch (Hannover), Mr T. Fischer-Hansen
(Copenhagen), Dr P. Gaber (Chicago), Prof. Dr V. Gassner (Vienna), Dr L. Grasso
(Catania), Ms A.-S. Hjermov (Copenhagen), Prof. Dr H. P. Isler (Zurich), Dr M.
Kerschner (Vienna), Prof. I. Lemos (Oxford), Dr J. Ley (Berlin and Aachen), Prof.
Dr F. G. Maier (Zurich), Dr Y. Moschos (Patras), Mrs A.-M. Nielsen
(Copenhagen), Dr P. Ørsted (Copenhagen), Dr P. Pachidis (Athens), K. S.
Pedersen MA (Copenhagen), Dr P. Pedersen (Odense), Prof. Dr K. Randsborg
(Copenhagen), Dr P. Roos (Lund), Dr P. Scherrer (Vienna), Dr E.-L. Schwandner
(Berlin), Dr A. Schwartz (Copenhagen), Dr A. Sokolicek (Vienna), Dr S. Solovyov
(St Petersburg), Dr B. Tang (Copenhagen), F. Theilgaard (Danish Embassy,
Tirana), Dir E. Tréziny (Marseilles), Dr A. Wilson (Oxford). In the process of
getting a printable book out of my manuscript I am indepted to Diana Davies,
London, for having revised my English (at an early stage) and Niels Grotum,
Copenhagen, for having spotted a great number of errors and typos in the
ancient Greek. Publishing with Oxford University Press has been a first class
experience, and the following people contributed in various ways to the final
product: Rowena Anketell (copy-editor), Amy Cusden, Kathleen Fearn, Helen
Hill, Dorothy McCarthy (assistant commissioning editor), Abhirami Ravikumar
and Hilary O‘Shea (editor). Paul Simmons in Oxford drew the maps for which I
am grateful.
It should be clear, however, despite all the generous help I have received, that all
shortcomings fall back on myself alone.
I would, finally, like to thank the Royal Library of Copenhagen which in fact
possessed or was able to bring in from abroad most of the literature I needed;
the recent cuts in its budget have — so far — only had a limited effect on the
possibility to conduct a piece of research like the present one with Copenhagen
as a base. I do fear that a similar investigation will not be possible in ten years
time. However, I would like to stress that the splendid book delivery service of
the Royal Library has saved me innumerable hours and without it there would
have been a great temptation to move the working base to for example Athens,
Berlin, or Rome.
A study like the present one faces the challenge of constantly trying to keep up
with the output of new publications, in particular of excavated remains of walls.
The ambition of presenting a completely up-to-date Catalogue in this book is,
accordingly, part of the reason why it issues six years after the viva of the PhD.
Some works came to my attention too late for them to be incorporated,
sometimes fully, at other times only partly so (for example F. G. Maier’s excellent
Page 3 of 4
Preface
publication on the walls of Old Paphos). A modest attempt has been made to
compensate for this in an Addendum at the back of the book.
Page 4 of 4
List of Figures
Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period, 900–480
BC
Rune Frederiksen
Print publication date: 2011
Print ISBN-13: 9780199578122
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2015
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199578122.001.0001
(p.x) List of Figures
I would like to express my gratitute to colleagues and other copyright holders
for allowing me to use their illustrations in this book. Whenever it is not
indicated whether permission has been obtained to reproduce a figure, such a
permission has either been granted or been sought.
1. Phigaleia, trace of the Classical walls (city-side on right hand side of
wall). Author’s photo 1998 2
2. François Vase, Florence, Museo Archeologico, inv. 4209. Reproduced
with the kind permission of the Museo Archeologico in Florence 39
3. Section of socle of double-faced or two-shelled wall (R. Frederiksen) 51
4. Section of socle of terrace wall (R. Frederiksen) 52
5. Reconstruction of stone socle with superstructure in mudbrick
(Eleusis). Orlandos, Les Matériaux de construction 1, 60 fig. 36 55
6. Stone socle with mudbrick superstructure of wall, Eleusis (W. Wrede,
Attische Mauern (Athens 1933), fig. 11) 56
7. Stagiros, relief-decorated and inscribed lintel at gate. Archaeological
Museum of Thessaloniki, cat. nos. 3180 (left fr) and 3181. The figure is
composed by two individual photographs; the left fragment is not
photographed at a 90° angle. Courtesy of the Archaeologial Museum of
Thessaloniki 64
8. Venn diagram with intersection of sets, showing numbers of fortified
towns and poleis according to type of source (R. Frederiksen) 112
9. Bar chart of geographical distribution of types of source for Archaic
city walls (R. Frederiksen) 113
10. Abai, gate with lintel. Author’s photo 1998 122
11. Abdera, general plan of the site and fortifications. Suggested trace of
circuit indicated (dotted line) (D. Triandaphyllos, ‘Abdera: The Classical
Page 1 of 9