Greek and Cypriot Pottery: A Review of Scientific Studies

485 Pages·1986·136.119 MB·English

by  Richard E. Jones

GREEK AND
CYPRIOT POTTERY
A REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
R.E.JONES
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY
J. BOARDMAN, H.W. CATLING, C.B. MEE,
W.W. PHELPS and A.M. POLLARD
THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS
FITCH LABORATORY OCCASIONAL PAPER 1
1986
© R.E. Jones 1986 CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface
Abbreviations
Catalogue of Figures, Tables and Plates
1. Purpose and Scope of the Review 1
2. A. Techniques and Methodology in Characterization and Provenance Work 15
1. Chemical (elemental) analysis 16
I. (a) analytical techniques 16
(b) calibration 22
(c) performance characteristics 23
II. Sampling and sample preparation 27
III. Choice of elements 31
IV. Effects of burial and other conditions on chemical composition 33
V. Inter-laboratory and inter-technique comparisons 38
VI. Some aspects of methodology 45
2. Petrological analysis 54
B. Data Analysis by A.M. Pollard 56
1. Previous methods of data analysis 57
2. General discussion of multivariate methods 58
3. Special considerations for multivariate analysis of pottery data 66
4. Description of the Oxford system 74
Conclusion 83
C. Techniques and Procedures in Technological Investigations 83
1. The potter's methods and raw materials 84
2. The firing process 85
3. The physical and chemical basis of pottery dec~ration 8 7
Notes to Chapters 3-8 91
3. Regional Survey of Pottery· Characterization Data
Introduction 99
Greece: Clays and Geology 103
A. Northern & Central Greece, the Ionian Islands and Euboea 106
1. Macedonia and Greek Thrace 107
2. Epirus, the Ionian Islands and Akamania 113
3. Thessaly and the Spercheios Valley 121
ISBN 0 904887 01 4 4. Phocis 132
5. Locris 133
6. Boeotia 134
Produced by Travintal Ltd 7. Euboea 141
Printed in Greece by Mitsialis Bros Co 8. Attica, Aigina and the Megarid 150
v
B. The Peloponnese and Kythera 169 B. The Late .Bronze III period in the Aegean
1. Carinthia, Argolid and Achaea 170 In traduction 458
2. Arcadia, Laconia and Kythera 208 1. Internal trade in Crete 460
3. Messenia 215 2. Connections between'Crete and the mainland 463
C. Crete 225 3. Trade on the mainland in LH III 468
D. The Cyclades 258 (a) Mycenaean pottery at Athens and on Aigina 470
E. The Eastern Aegean Islands and the Dodecanese 281 (b) Lefkandi 474
F. Asia Minor 299 (c) Linear B inscribed and other coarse ware stirrup jars 477
G. Cyprus 314 (d) The Mycenaean period in Macedonia 494
H. Libya 344 4. Trade in the Cyclades 495
I. Italy 347 5. Trade in the Dodecanese 501
J. Roumania 357 6. The Mycenaeans in the West 510
Conclusions 516
4. Characterization and Provenance Studies of Greek Neolithic and Early Bronze
Age Pottery 7. Cyprus, 2500-500 BC; the Aegean and the Near East, 1500-1050 BC
A. Archaeological background to the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age with H. W. Gatling
by W. W. Phelps 369 A. 1. (a) Some classes of prehistoric Cypriot pottery 523
B. Greek Neolithic pottery 376 (b) Iron Age pottery in Cyprus 530
1. Servia 378 2. Ala~iya of the Amama letters 534
2. Vasilika, Thessaloniki 382 3. Tell el-Yahudiyeh, Bichrome and other wheel-made wares
3. Corycian cave 382 found in Cyprus 534
4. Kitsos cave 384 4. Pottery of Aegean type in Cyprus, the Levant and Egypt 542
5. Thorikos and Karystos 386 5. Near Eastern pottery in the Aegean 571
6. Franchthi cave and Lema 386 B. Archaeological Comment 574
C. Early Bronze Age 402
The Corin thia and Argolid 402 8. Provenance Studies of Greek Pottery of the Historic Period with]. Boardman
In traduction 627
5. Provenance Studies of Aegean Middle Bronze Age Pottery with G.B. Mee A. Pottery of the Protogeometric, Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods
Introduction 411 1. The Aegean
A. Middle Bronze Age Aegean pottery studies 413 (a) The mainland of Greece 628
1. Minyan 414 ( 1) Iron Age pottery from Lefkandi 628
2. 'Minoanising' pottery at Ayios Stephanos and Lema 420 (2) Attic, Euboean, Boeotian and Corinthian pottery of the
3. 'Balkan' flasks at Lema 424 LG and Archaic periods with particular reference to BF 631
B. Middle Cycladic pottery studies 424 (3) Attic and Corinthian pottery at Thorikos and on Aigina 642
1. Suspected imported pottery at Akrotiri, Thera 425 (b) The Cyclades and Crete 643
2. Suspected Melian and Minoan pottery at Ayia Irini, Kea 428 ( 1) Island Orien tali sing groups from the Rheneia pit, Delos 644
3. Cycladic jugs and ewers 428 (2) 'Melian' pottery and Geometric pottery from Delos 652
C. A Kamares-type vase from Qubbet El-Hawa, Egypt 433 (3) 'Parian' pottery and Geometric pottery from Paros 658
Conclusions 434 (4) 'Siphnian' Archaic pottery 659
(5) The Cesnola crater and jug 659
6. Provenance Studies of Aegean Late Bronze Age Pottery with G.B. Mee ( 6) Cretan Geometric pottery 659
A. The Late Bronze I-II period in the Aegean 439 (c) East Greece in the Geometric and Archaic periods 659
Introduction 439 (1) Aeolis 662
1. Marine Style 441 (2) North Ionia 662
2. (a) Late Bronze I-II pottery from Knossos 454 (3) South Ionia 665
(b)-(c) Late Bronze I-II pottery from Ayia Irini, Kea 454 (4) Rhodes 667
(d) Late Bronze I-II pottery from Phylakopi, Melos 456 (d) 'East Greek' plastic vases and terracotta figurines 671
Conclusions 458
vi vii
2. The Greeks in the West
673
(a) Geometric pottery at Pithekoussai, Cumae and Veii 673 4. Historic period 795
(b) Thapsos class 681 (a) Black Gloss, (b) Accessory colours on Attic BF, (c) Red wash,
(c) Subgeometric craters from Megara Hyblaea 683 (d) Intentional Red, (e) Polychrome decoration on White-ground
(d) 'Chalcidian' and pseudo-'Chalcidian' BF 686 lekythoi, (e) Manganese Black technique, (g) Etruscan Bucchero,
(e) Caeretan and 'Campana' hydriae and the Northampton amphora 688 (h) decoration in tin and gold, (i) Red Gloss and U) Terracotta
(f) Sixth-fourth cent. Attic imports and imitations at Locri and figurines and Canosa ware
Metapontum D. Concluding remarks
689 816
3. T(ah) e GArIe Mekisn ain the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea 690 10. Thermoluminescence Dating and Archaeomagnetism
(b) N aucratis 691 A. Thermoluminescence dating
(c) Is tria 698 B. Archaeomagnetism 821
702 829
(d) Tocra and Cyrene
4. Amphorae 703 11. · Identification of Materials carried by Ceramic Vessels 839
(a) SOS amphorae
(b) Corinthian Type B amphorae 771036 12. Traditional Potters of Contemporary Greece and Cyprus 849
(c) Punic amphorae at Corinth
720
5. Sixth-fourth cent. coarse wares from Thorikos, the Athenian Agora
and Aigina
B. Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and later pottery 724
727
1. Black Glaze pottery
727
2. Clay-ground Hadra hydriae
734
3. Hellenistic and Roman amphorae
737
4. Eastern Terra Sigillata
742
5. Byzantine and allied pottery
743
9. Aspects of Pottery Technology
Introduction
749
A. The firing of clays: processes and properties
751
1. The effect of heat on clay minerals and potter's clay 751
2. The presence of iron, calcium and organic material in clays 751
3. The microstructure of pottery
754
4. The colour of pottery and clays
757
B. Decoration of pottery
760
1. Nature and morphology of the decorated layer 760
2. Type of surface
761
3. Colouring agents
761
4. Techniques of painting
(a) monochrome, (b) bichrome and (c) polychrome 761
C. Results
766
1. Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age
Urfirnis, Graphite-painted, Vasiliki and East Cretan
White-on-Dark wares
766
2. Middle .Bronze Age
784
(a) Crete, (b) Mainland, (c) Firing temperatures
3. Late Bronze Age
788
(a) Fine, decorated pottery, (b) polychrome decoration in Crete,
(c) decoration in tin and lead and (d) firing temperatures
viii
ix
PREFACE
The initial intention of this hook, which arose out of discussion with H.W. Catling in 1979,
was to discuss the progress made in the rapidly advancing science-based research that had
since the 1950s been attempting to relate pottery composition to provenance in Greece and
Cyprus. Some of the background work for such a book having been completed at the Research
Laboratory for Archaeology at Oxford in 1980, it became evident, however, that a review of
Appendices much wider scope was called for which would cover most or all aspects of the application of
A. Optical emission spectroscopy: scientific techniques to ceramics from Greek lands including Cyprus. The present review re
analytical procedures and calibrations adopted by the RLAHA and FL presents, therefore, a synthesis of this broader enquiry.
B Chronological tables The preparation of the book owes much to the creation of the British School's Labora
c List ofMVAs tory through the Marc and Ismene Fitch benefaction which gave me the opportunity for a
D Chemical composition data on Microfiche prolonged period of research in Greece. It has also been made possible by the close relations
Composition characteristics of pottery groups for sites in: existing between the Fitch Laboratory and the Research Laboratory for Archaeology at
I North and Central Greece, Corfu and Euboea Oxford, in a sense its parent foundation; I am greatly indebted to Professor E.T. Hall and
II Peloponnese and Kythera Professor M.J. Aitken, F.R.S. for hospitality in Oxford extended to me over many years.
III Crete The Oxford University Computing Service not only provided access to the University's com
IV Cyclades puter but prepared the microfiche.
v
Eastern Aegean Islands and Dodecanese My greatest thanks throughout the writing and preparation of this book are owed to
VI Asia Minor Hector Catling for consistent help and encouragement. I also acknowledge similar support
VII Cyprus from John Boardman. To them and the three other contributors, Christopher Mee, Bill
VIII Roumania Phelps and Mark Pollard, I offer thanks for their patient and valued collaboration. I am in
debted to the Managing Committee of the British School at Athens and its successive Chair
Bibliography men - the late V.R. d'A. Desborough, N.G.L. Hammond, R.A. Higgins, P.M. Warren and
Index I: Sites R.M. Cook -not only for their consistent support for the work of the Laboratory and, in
Index II: Ceramic style, ware, class and decorative type particular, its ceramic research, but for the sustained encouragement for the publication of
Index III: General this book. The School's Library has proved indispensable in its writing. Financial support
Microfiche for publication has been gratefully received from the Marc Fitch Fund.
One of the pleasures of writing a book of this kind has been the assistance received
from many scientists and archaeologists, as well as institutions, in Greece, Britain and else
where. I acknowledge in particular J.F. Cherry,J.N. Coldstream, S. Diamant,R.S. Merrillees,
M.S. Tite and K.A. Wardle, each of whom read and commented on one or more chapters of
the book. The author is, of course, responsible for the errors that remain. R.D. Evely and
Y. Maniatis kindly suggested changes and improvements to the early drafts of Chapter 9,
and Prof. Dr. W. Noll generously provided the illustration in PLATES 9.2, 9.6-9.8.
I am grateful to Rosemary Robertson, Penny Mountjoy and Lili Papageorgiou who pro
duced many figures and diagrams, to Emma Faull for the drawings in Chapter 12 and to
Rosey Aston for the cover design. Ian Whitbread and Sheila Raven gave much help with the
photographic illustrations; Mrs A. Brown provided the photographs of the sherds now in the
A~hmolean Museum, Helen Lostrom typed a long and difficult manuscript, and Eleni Louka,
Fitch Laboratory Assistant, has given help in many ways, not least with the many clerical
tasks involved in a project of this complexity. Finally, I thank all members of the Fitch
Laboratory, both past and present, and Mr and Mrs N. Moselund ofTravintal Ltd.
X xi
ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
PCA Principal components analysis
SMED Squared mean euclidean distance
(a) Laboratories
WMCA Ward's method cluster analysis
Berlin Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University, Berlin
BMRL British Museum Research Laboratory, London (d) Chronological and other archaeological terms
BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York A Archaic
Bradford School of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford BA Bronze Age
Demokritos Nuclear Research Centre 'Demokritos', Athens Byz Byzantine
FL Fitch Laboratory, British School at Athens c Classical
GANOS Grouped' Archeologie Nucleaire d'Orsay-Saclay, Paris C-A Cypro-Archaic
Gent Rijks University, Gent, Belgium C-C Cypro-Classical
HU Department of Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem C-G Cypro-Geometric
IGME Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploitation, Athens Cor Corinthian
LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California DA Dark Age
Louvre Laboratoire de Recherche des Musees de France, Louvre, Paris E Early
Lyon Laboratoire de Ceramologie, Centre de Recherches Archeologiques, U.R.A. no. 3, Lyon EB Early Bronze
Manchester Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester EC Early Cypriot
McGill Department of Chemistry, McGill University EH Early Helladic
RLAHA Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University EIA Early Iron Age
(OC) Old calibration (pre-19 7 0) EM Early Minoan
(NC) New calibration (post-1970) EPG Early Protogeometric
Southampton Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton F Final
HL Hellenistic
(b) Scientific techniques and scientific terms L Late
AAS Atomic absorption spectrophotometry LBA Late Bronze Age
DTA Differential thermal analysis LC Late Cypriot
GC Gas chromatography LH Late Helladic
HMA Heavy mineral analysis LM Late Minoan
IR Infra-red spectroscopy LPG Late Protogeometric
MS Mossbauer spectroscopy MBA Middle Bronze Age
NAA Neutron activation analysis MC Middle Cypriot
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy MH Middle Helladic
OES Optical emission spectroscopy MM Middle Minoan
PE Petrological examination MPG Middle Protogeometric
PIXE Proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy Myc Mycenaean
QSF Quadrupole splitting factor N Neolithic
TE Thermal expansion n.p. No provenance
TL Thermoluminescence PC or Proto corinthian
TLC Thin layer chromatography PG Protogeometric
SEM Scanning electron microscopy R Roman
TRM Thermoremanent magnetism SM Submycenaean
TS Thin section
SPG Sub-Protogeometric
WCA Wet chemical analysis
SubG Subgeometric
XPS (ESCA) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) No"te also:
XRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometry BSA British School at Athens
CDA Cyprus Department of Antiquities
(c) Data analysis cs
Cyprus Survey
ALCA Average link cluster analysis
SCE Swedish Cyprus Expedition
CA Cluster analysis
SM, Knossos Stratigraphical Museum, Knossos
DA Discriminant analysis
cv
Canonical variate or canonical variable (e) Pottery types and styles
DF Discriminant function B Bichrome
ESS Error sum of squares BF Black Figure
HOTEL Hotelling's T2 test BG Black Glaze or Black gloss
MVA Multivariate analysis BL Black Lustrous
PC Principal component B-on-R Black-on-Red
BR Base Ring
xii xiii
ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS
BS Black Slip
NSc Notizie degli Scavi d' Antiquidt
DLC III Decorated Late Cypriot III OpArch Opuscula Archaeologica
ISJ Inscribed stirrup jar OpAth Opuscula Atheniensia
PS Pictorial Style
OpRom Opuscula Romania
PW Plain White
PWWM Plain White Wheel-made PACT Journal of the European Study Group on physical, chemical and mathematical
techniques applied to archaeology
PRWFS PRreodt oF-Wiguhriete Slip PAE Praktika tes en Athenais Archaiologikes Hetairias
PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly
RL Red Lustrous
RP Red Polished PPPZS PPrroahceisetdoirnisgcsh oef Z tehiet sPcrherhifist toric Society
R-on-B Red-on-Black
R-on-R Red-on-Red QDAP Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine
RS Rude Style RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus
Rsl Red Slip RomMitt Mitteilungen des deutschen archaologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung
SMEA Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici
SJ Stirrup jar
StEtr Studi Etrusci
WMB Wheel-made Bichrome (alias 'Palestinian Wheel-made Bichrome')
WP White Painted
(g) Books, Series and Papers
WS White Slip
AANCL Attas, Ma., 1980, Analyse par activation neutronique de !a ceramique de Lerne
(f) Periodicals (Grece) !'age du bronze ancien, unpublished these de troisieme cycle, University
AA Archaologischer Anzeiger of Paris, Omiy-Saclay.
AAA Athens Annals of Archaeology AEI Stager, L.E., Walker, A. and Wright, G.E., (Eds.) 1974, American Excavations at
AD Arkhaiologikon Deltion !dation: first preliminary report, Cambridge, Mass.
AE Arkhaiologike Ephemeris Agora VI Grandjouan, C., 1961, Terracottas and Plastic Lamps of the Roman period: The
A]A American Journal of Archaeology Athenian Agora VI, Princeton.
AAnMa tSt MAnitatteoilluianng eSntu ddeise sd eutschen archaologischen Instituts: athenische Abteilung Agora VIII VBrIaIIn,n P, rEin.Tc.eHto.,n .1 962, Late Geometric and Protoattic Pottery: The Athenian Agora
Ant] Antiquaries Journal Agora XII Sparkes, B.A. and Talcott, L., 1970, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and
AR Archaeological Reports 4th cents. BC: The Athenian Agora XII, Princeton.
ARCA Annual Report of the Curator of Antiquities, Cyprus Agora XIII Immerwahr, S.A., 1971, The Neolithic and Bronze Ages: The Athenian Agora XIII,
Princeton.
Arch Archaeologia
BACRHD A ABunlnluetailn Rdeep coorrtr eosfp tohned Denirceec htoerl loefn iAqnutei quities, Cyprus BAMRCVT HBeigagzilnesy,, RJ..DA..,, 11996534, Aanttdi c1 R9e5d9-,F Cigautarleo gvausee opfa itnhtee rTs eIr-rIaIIc,o 2ttnads eind .,t hOex Bfroirtdis.h Museum
I and II, London.
Ber. dtsch.
BBkeSSrARam . Ges. APBaneprneiutrcash lo toef f dt htehere Bd Beriurtititssischhh S eScnch hKoooeolr laa mat tiR sAcothmheeenn Gs esellschaft CCCCBAPMHPW GBCaoatmulicbnhrgai,dr Hdg,e. W AA..,n, c11i9e96n74t1 ,H, CiCsytoporrrriyeol ta Btioronns zeenwtorer kI ain ctohme pMoysciteinoane acnh imWioqrulde, eOt x!fao prdro. venance
DCORAP I CDoummpbtaerst ornen Oduakess Pdea ple'Arsc ademie des inscriptions et belles lettres CGAEMP dBeise bpeort, eAri.eMs .a, ntBiqrouoeks,s ,u Dnp.Wub.,l iHshaerdb oPthtl.eD G. .t heasnisd, USnaiyvreer,s Eit.yV o.,f C1l9e7rm6,o nCt-oFmeprroasnitdi.o nal
IE] Israel Exploration Journal groupings of some ancient Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean pottery, in Proc.
]IsAtOMSit t JMoiutrteniallu nogfe tnh ed eAsm deeruitcsacnh eOnr iaerncthaalo Sloogciisectyh en Instituts, Abteilung Istanbul CGOAI CDounpf.o notn, APp.,p l1i9ca83ti,o nCsl aosfs iNfiuccalteioanr Mete tdheotdesr mtoi nAartito, nR odme ep, r1o1v-e4n3a.n ce des ceramiques
]fdAlS JJaohurrbnuacl ho fd Aesr cdheauetosclohgeinc aalr Schcaieonloceg ischen Instituts Corinth !Vi HOirlile, nIt.aTl.e s aAnrdc haKiiq)1uge, sL d.S'I.s,t ro1s9, 2D9a, ciDa e2c7o,r a1t9e-d4 4A. rchitectural Terracottas: Corinth,
JMMM]JORNEAIAEACFSISRICRB AAAe i bl JJJJMMUaooonehiuuusilrrrrcavennnenesaaalgrhllslleae isnoootf yetfffde a 'oNtt ahhGdfreeee crPa shaMRre ee onEoocuenyaalssso asetygetluel rimvAerrane nenAi tcStih phatdru pio'sdhlpciiiehoesdetlsoo n Cig raeiercn cadthrle eaI o!nf'lEsootrcgi otAiuslerctec hfh eraanne cIo;n:lasoitgsieyt u,d tUes ,nR Bioveemirbseli atytt Museum, GCCooorrriiinnn ttthhh XVVIVIII iii vii SASSHEEcctmxdeihhclwrelooabwraooveirelaclrd l tatloo,si, n,o fSf A n G CC.S,.s c,l.l a Raho1ss.1o9sfs,i9 oi 7tcch4l71aa e8l,o9l ,7SSATf 5 ttChmTuu,elh ddea CeirisRee isocessiPrc da iaoVXn-nlFtt VI thSSIie g itcriiauu,vhs nd,r'Po eiPorQeH irlPsnuei oncoalVlectrfeIttet CnIeeot irrolnisa:iyn.ti s :,i.s c C iPC corPaoirlnori nSictnttethetuth,rod ,yni E:eE. x sxCc cIaoVavrv iaina,t ttiPhioo,rn nisEns c xooecftafo v ttnhah.et ei oAAnmms eeorrfiicc taahnne
MonAnt Monumenti Antichi Corinth XV ii Stillwell, A., 1962, The Potters' Quarter: The Terracottas: Corinth, Excavations of
N.jahrb. the American School of Classical Studies XV ii, Princeton.
Min. Abh. N. J ahrbuch fiir Mineralogie. Abhandlungen Corinth XI Morgan, C.H.; 1942, The Byzantine Pottery: Corinth, Excavations of the American
N. jahrb. School of Classical Studies XI, Cambridge, Mass.
Min. Mh. N. J ahrbuch fiir Mineralogie. Monatschefte CPMM Gatling, H.W., Richards, E.E. and Blin-Stoyle, A.E., 1963, Correlations between
composition and provenance of Mycenaean and Minoan pottery, BSA 58, 94-115.
xiv
XV
ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS
CVA Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Pylos I Blegen, C.W. and Rawson, M., 1966, The Palace of Nestor at Pylos in Western
Cyclades Pittinger,]., 1979, H erpapJ.I.O'Yil e11'W7T/J.I.OVLKi/<: avaMaeo<; K.epaJ.J.etKwv erliwv 5L' Messenia /: The Buildings and their contents, Princeton.
apxawA.O')'tKa<: J.I.A€ 7€ U<;: opvK.TOAO')'tKat' epevvat et<: 7T/V XP1Jotv 707rLKwv anoOeaewv Pylos III Blegen, C.W. and others, 1973, The Palace of Nestor at Pylos in West"ern Messenia
ap"'f{Aov et<: vr'ma<: K.VK.A.a5a<: om m a')'')'ewnA.aaTtKa apxawroTo<:: rlitatrepo<: III, Princeton.
an6 7T/<: veoA.LffT/K.i/<: enoxfJ<: J.I.X€ PL 7T/<: vmepa<; 1€1'0X1J<: 70V xaA.K.OV, Ph.D. thesis RCC Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium 'The Relations between
University of Athens; to be published. Cyprus and Crete circa 2000-500 BC', Nicosia, 1979.
DPCCA Courtois, L., 19 71, Description physico-chimique de Ia ceramique de Chypre au RT Persson, A. W., 1931, The Royal Tombs at Dendra near Midea, Lund.
bronze ancient, These polycopiee de l'U.E.R. des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles SCE I-III Gjerstad, E. and others, 1934-193 7, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Finds and
de l'Universite de Clermont. Results of the excavations in Cyprus 192 7-1931 I-III, Stockholm.
DPK Popham, M.R., 1970, The destruction of the Palace of Knossos: Pottery of the SCE IV, 1a Dikaios, P. and Stewart, J.R., 1962, The Stone Age and the Early Bronze Age in
LM IliA period (SIMA 12), Goteborg. Cyprus, Lund.
EADelos XV Dugas, C. and Rhomaios, C., 1934, Les Vases Prehelleniques et Geometriques, SCE IV, 1b Astrom, P., 1972, The Middle Cypriot Bronze Age, Lund.
Exploration archeologique de Delos XV, Paris. SCE IV, 1c Astrom, P, (with a contribution by M.R. Popham), 1972, The Late Cypriot Bronze
EA Delos XVII Dugas, C., 1935, Les Vases Orientalisants de style non-Me!ien, Exploration archeo Age, Lund.
logique de Delos XVII, Paris. SCE IV, 2 Gjerstad, E., 1948, The Cypro-Geometric, Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical
Euboea Sackett, L.H., Hankey, V., Howell, R.j., Jacobsen, T.W. and Popham, M.R., 1966, Periods, Stockholm.
Prehistoric Euboea: contributions towards a survey,BSA 61,33-112. SCE IV, 3 Vessberg, 0. and Westholm, A., 1956, The Hellenistic and Roman Periods in
Festos I Levi, D., 1976, Festos e la Civilta Minoica I (Inc. Graeca 60), Rome. Cyprus, Stockholm.
Festos II Pernier, L. and Banti, L.; 1951, Il Palazzo Minoico di Festos II, Rome. SG Karo, G., 1930, Die Schachtgriiber von Mykenai, Miinchen.
GAG Hope Simpson, R. and Dickinson, O.T.P.K., 1979, A Gazeteer of Aegean Civilisa SIMA Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology
tion in the Bronze Age,/: The Mainland and Islands (SIMA 52), Goteborg. Tarsus I Goldman, H., {Ed.), 1950, Excavations at GozlU Kule, Tarsus /: The Hellenistic
GGP Coldstream,J.N., 1968, Greek Geometric Pottery, London, and Roman periods, Princeton.
GPP Cook, R.M., 1972, Greek Painted Pottery (2nd edn.), London. Tarsus II Goldman, H., 1956, Excavations at Gozlii Kule, Tarsus II: From the Neolithic
HBG Prag, AJ.N.W., Schweizer, F. and Williams,J.Ll.E., 1974, Hellenistic glazed wares through the Bronze Age, Princeton.
from Athens and southern Italy: analytical techniques and implications, Archaeo Tarsus Ill Goldman, H., {Ed.), 1963, Excavations at Gozlii Kule, Tarsus Ill: The Iron Age,
metry 16, 153-87. Princeton.
Histria IV Alexandrescu, P., 1978, Histria IV, La Ceramique d'epoque archaique et classique, Thera I-VII Marinatos, S., 1968-73, Excavations at Thera I-VII, Athens.
Bucharest. T/SG Hampe, R. and Winter, A., 1965., Bei Topfern und Zieglern in siid/talien, Sizilien
Histria V Coja, M. and Dupont, P., 1979, Histria V, Ateliers Ceramiques, Paris (Ed. CNRS) and Griechenland, Mainz.
and Bucharest. TKMZ Hampe, R. and Winter, A., 1962, Bei Topfern und Topferinnen in Kreta, Messenien
Keos II Caskey, M., forthcoming, Keos II, The Terracotta Statues, Princeton. '"und Zypern,' Mainz.
Keos III Cummer, W.W. and Schofield, E., 1984, Keos Ill, Ayia /rini: House A, Mainz. To era I Boardman,]. and Hayes,J., 1966, Excavations at Tocra 1963-65: The Archaic
Lefkandi I Popham, M.R., Sackett, L.H. and Themelis, P.G., (Eds.), 1980, Lefkandi /: The Deposits I (BSA supp. vol. 4), London.
Iron Age Settlement, The Cemeteries, London. Tocra II Boardman,]. and Hayes,J., 1973, Excavations at Tocra 1963-65: The Archaic
LKA Pieridou, A.G., 1960, KV7TPtaK.i/ Aaiki] A')'')'W€ 7rA.aanK.i/, Kypriakai Spoudai KA, Deposits II and later deposits {BSA supp. vol. 10), London.
153-65. Troy I Blegen, C.W. and others, 1950, Troy/: General Introduction, The First and Second
MCWP Frankel, D., Hedges, R. and Hatcher, H., 1976, Chemical analysis of Middle Cypriot Settlements, Princeton.
White Painted ware in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, RDAC, 35-42. Troy II Blegen, C.W. and others, 1951, Troy II: The Third, Fourth and Fifth Settlements,
MEM Acts of the Archaeological Symposium 'The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediter Princeton.
ranean', Nicosia, 19 7 3. Troy III Blegen, C.W. and others, 1953, Troy /II: The Sixth Settlement, Princeton.
NAACC Bieber, A.M., 1977, Neutron activation analysis of archaeological ceramics from Troy IV Blegen, C.W. and others, 1958, Troy IV: Settlements VIla, V/Ib and VIII, Princeton.
Cyprus, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, University Microfilms ( 198 3), vw Betancourt, P.P., 1979, Vasilike ware: an Early Bronze pottery style in Crete
Michigan, Ann Arbor. (SIMA 56), Goteborg.
PCEG White, S.R., 1981, The provenance of Bronze Age pottery from Central and Eastern WCIS] Catling, H.W., Cherry,J.F., Jones, R.E. and Killen,j.T., 1980, The Inscribed
Greece, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bradford. Stirrup jars and West Crete, BSA 75,49-113.
PM Evans, A., 1921-28, 1930, 1935, 1936, The Palace of Minos at Knossos I-IV,
London.
PMS Mountjoy, P-A., Jones, R.K. and Cherry,J.F., 1978, Provenance studies of LM
IB/LH IIA Marine Style,BSA 73, 143-71.
PS Popham, M.R. and Sackett, L.H., 1968, Excavations at Lefkandi 1964-6, Prelimi
nary Report, London.
PSG Catling, H.W., 1962, Patterns of settlement in Bronze Age Cyprus, OpAth 4,
129-69.
PSMP Asaro, F. and Perlman, I., 1973, Provenience studies of Mycenaean pottery employ
ing neutron activation analysis, in Acts Arch. Symp. 'The Mycenaeans in the
Eastern Mediterranean, Nicosia, 213-24.
xvii
xvi
FIGURES
FIGURES
3.15 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the RLAHA and FL's Athenian/Attic composi-
tions. 155
FIG. PAGE 3.16 Discriminant analysis plot of BNL's Attic pottery composition groups. Adapted from
1.1 The distribution of element content, E, in samples of pottery made at sites A and B. 6 Fillieres et al (1983) Fig. 2. 157
2.1 A Mossbauer spectrum of pottery. 21 3.17 Geological map of the Laurion. 161
2.2 Frequency distributions of the Cr-Ni, Mg-Cr, Mg-Ni and Fe-Ti correlations in the 3.18 Map of the Megarid, Carinthia and Argolid. 170
range 0.5-1.0 obtained as the numerical variable correlation in CLUSTAN Procedure 3.19 Map of ancient Corinth and vicinity. 174
RESULT. 32 3.20 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the FL's Corinthian pottery and clay compositions
2.3 The cycle of formation and decomposition of gehelenite in pottery as a function of tem (see TABLE 3.8). 180
perature and burial conditions, according to Heimann and Maggetti ( 1981) Fig. 7. 35 3.21 Geological map of the Argolid. 190
2.4 Frequency distributions of sodium oxide contents in the local pottery from Phylakopi 3.22 CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's (OC) Mycenae (1), Megara (2), Korakou
Franchthi cave, Mycenae and Knossos. ' 37 (3), Aigira (4) and Ayios Stephanos (5) groups. 191
2.5 Frequency distributions of magnesium and chromium oxide contents in Byzantine pot 3.23 CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's (OC) Mycenae (1), Berbati (2), Zygou-
tery from the Pelagonnisos wreck and Constantinople. 37 ries (3), Araxos (4), Pylos (5) and Mirou (6) groups. 191
2.6 Frequency distributions of (a) iron, (b) chromium and (c) nickel oxide contents in pot 3.24 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the FL's Mycenae pottery compositions. 197
tery from Mycenae (Argos for WCA) and Knossos as determined by OES, NAA and 3.25 CV plot resulting from the FL's Ayios Stephanos (1), Menelaion, Sparta {2) and My-
WCA. 41 cenae LH IliA-C (3) groups. 198
2.7 Comparison of the classifications by PCA of the compositions determined by OES and 3.26a Mossbauer spectra of .samples from Mycenae and Archanes; adapted from Kostikas
AAS of Attic and Taranto HL BG wares. Adapted from Hatcher et al (1980) Fig. 3. 44 et al {1974) Fig. 5. 198
2.8 Frequency distributions of chromium and nickel oxide contents in pottery from Athens 3.26b The distribution of the quadrupole splitting factor values in the Mossbauer spectra of
and Corinth as determined by OES, XRF and WCA. 45 pottery from Mycenae and Archanes; adapted from Kostikas et al {1974) Fig. 6. 198
2.9 Frequency distributions of (a) eight element oxide contents in c. 200' sherds from sites 3.27 The distribution of Cr and Ni oxide contents in pottery from Athens, Corinth, Argos
in the Peloponnese and K ythera and (b) nine element oxide contents in c. 417 sherds and Knossos. Adapted from CCPP. 202
from sites in Crete. OES data, natural and log transformed. 70 3.28 Map of central and western Peloponnese. 207
2.10 Dendrograms resulting from (a) ALCA and (b) WMCA of the compositions of 53 sam 3.29 Map of Laconia and Kythera. 209
ples from Franchthi cave. 74 3.30 Map of Messenia. 215
2.11 Dendrograms resulting from (a) WMCA and (b) ALCA of the compositions of 50 sam 3.31 The distribution of tempering materials in the coarse pottery from sites in Messenia. 217
ples from Athens and Megara Hyblaea. 76 3.32 Map of Crete. 225
2.12 Flow chart of the Oxford system using the POTPROG program. 79 3.33 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Chania pottery compositions (see TABLE
3.1a Geological map of Greece (courtesy Dr. G. Koukis and M. Kinigalaki, IGME). 104 3.12). 231
3.1b The geotectonic zones in Greece (after Aubouin et al, 1963). 105 3.34 CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's (OC) Chania (1), Knossos (plain wares)
3.2 Map of Macedonia and Greek Thrace. 108 (2), Ayia Triadha-Phaistos (combined) (3) and Kato Zakro {plain wares) ( 4) groups. 233
3.3 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Assiros and Chrysavyi pottery, and the Langadas 3.35 CV plot resulting from the DA of the FL's Chania (White, Red and LM IIIC wares) (1),
brick, compositions (see TABLE 3.2). 111 Knossos (LM IB and LM IIIB) (2), Pyrgos (3), Kommos (MM III) (4), Palaikastro (5)
3.4 Map of western Greece. 114 and Armenoi-Pygi (combined) (6) groups. 233
3.5 The distribution of the quadrupole splitting factor values in the Mossbauer spectra of 3.36 The linear discriminant function resulting from the DA of the FL's Chania and Palai-
the Corcyra and Corinth controls, and the Corinthian Type B amphorae found on kastro groups. Adapted from WCIS] Fig. 3. 233
Corfu and at Corinth. 117 3.37 Geological map of north-central Crete (adapted from Creutzberg et al, 1977). 235
3.6a PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Corinth (1-22) and Corcyra (23-45) semi-coarse 3.38 The locations of the clay samples from the vicinity of Knossos. 237
compositions (see TABLE 3.3). 118 3.39 The linear CV resulting from the DA of the FL's Knossos (LM IB) and Mycenae (LH I-II)
3.6b PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Corinth (1-4, 6-22) and Corcyra (23, 24,26-39 groups. 238
and 42) compositions. 118 3.40 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the RLAHA's (OC) East Cretan pottery composi-
3.7 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Corinth and Corcyra compositions determined by tions. 248
NAA at LBL (Farnsworth et al, 1977) (see TABLE 3.4). 119 3.41 CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's (OC) Palaikastro (1), Pseira (2), Gour-
3.8 Map of Thessaly. 122 nia (3), Piskokephalo (4), Mochlos (5), Kato and Epano Zakro (6), Knossos (7) and
3.9 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the compositions of pottery from Marmariani, Karphi (8) groups. 251
Argyropoulis, Velestino and Platania. 123 3.42 Map of the Aegean. 259
3.10 CV pl?t resulting from the DA of the Marmariani (1), Volos (2), Argyropoulis (3), 3.43 CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's (OC) Mycenae (1), Knossos (2), Kea,
Velestmo ( 4) and Platania (5) composition groups. 125 Ayia Irini (3) and Melos, Phylakopi (4) groups. Al contents deleted. 260
3.11 Th~ distribution of the composition groups, 1-6, among the Myc pottery examined by 3.44 Map of Siphnos. 264
Whtte (PCEG) at eight Thessalian sites. 127 3.45 Map of Paras and Naxos. 264
3.12 Map of Locris, Phocis and Boeotia. 133 3.46 Map of Amorgos. 267
3.13 CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's Volos (1), Thebes (2), Amarynthos (3) 3.47 Map of Melos. 268
and Athens (4) composition groups. 137 3.48 Map of the Phylakopi district of Melos showing the location of the clay samples. Adapted
3.14 Map of Euboea and Attica. 142 from Renfrew and Wagstaff (1982) Fig. 8.1. 272
xviii xix
FIGURES FIGURES
3.49 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Phylakopi, Kapari amd Ayios Spiridon pottery 5.8a CV plot resulting from the DA of the Thera (1), Melos (2), Knossos (LM IB) (3), Pyrgos
and clay compositions. 272 (LM IB) (4) and Kommos (MM III) (5) groups. 431
3.50 Geological map of Thera (adapted from Pichler and Kussmaul, 19 7 2). 273 5.8b CV plot resulting from the DA,of the Thera (A), Melos (B), Knossos (C), Pyrgos (D)
3.51 Map of Lesbos. 281 and Kommos (E) groups with the addition of the test samples 1-26 (TABLE 5.2A). 431
3.52 Map of Chios. 281 6.1 The distribution of Marine Style (map by J.F. Cherry). 444
3.53 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the compositions of LBA pottery from Emporio. 284 6.2 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Marine Style compositions (diagram by J .F.
3.54 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the compositions of Chiot pottery from Naucratis, Cherry). 447
Zagazig and Emporio and of Chiot modern clays. 286 6.3 The results of the Marine Style data showing the scores of the 54 Marine Style samples
3.55 Map of Samos. 288 on the first and second discriminant functions (diagram by J .F. Cherry). 447
3.56 Map of Kalymnos and Kos. 293 6.4 CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's Kea group (1) and the Mycenae (2),
3.57 Map of Rhodes. 293 Knossos (3) and Melos (Phylakopi) (4) control groups with the addition of the test
3.58 Geological map of western Asia Minor. 306 samples from Ayia Irini, Kea (MMP Part I; TABLES 6.3 and 6.5). 455
3.59 Map of the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. 312 6.5 The distribution of the 'Mycenaean' samples from Knossos between the RLAHA's
3.60 Map of Cyprus. 314 Knossos and Mycenae control groups according to their scores on the CV of the DA.
3.61 Sources of clay and earth used in recent times by potters and tile and brick makers on AI deleted. 464
Cyprus. Adapted from DPCCA. 315 6.6 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the 109 compositions of pottery and clay from
3.63 CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's (OC) Enkomi LC PW, Kouklia PW and Chania. 466
DLC III, and Arpera Chiflik Myc imitations, BRand WS groups. 326 6.7 CV plot resulting from the DA of the Knossos (LM IB and LM IIIB) (1), Ayios Stepha-
3.64 Map of Italy and Sicily. 347 nos (MH III-LH IIA) (2), Mycenae (LH IliA, Band C) (3) ahd Chania (White, Red and
3.65 The distribution of Ni, Cr and Mn oxides in (a) Etrurian Bucchero, pottery from (b) LM IIIC wares) (4) contro.l groups with the addition of the test samples from Chania. 468
Etruria, (c) Ischia, (d) Taranto and (e) Syracuse and Megara Hyblaea. 348 6.8 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the FL's compositions of Mycenaean pottery from
3.66 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the compositions of the HL BG wares from Athens, Athens. 472
Heraclea, Cozzo Presepe, Taranto, Egnatia, Gravina clays, Botromagno clay and Dogana 6.9 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the FL's compositions of MH and Mycenaean pottery
clay. 350 from Aigina. 472
3.67 Map of the vicinity of !stria (right), and one of the loess banks that was sampled in 6.IO CV plot resulting from the DA of the FL's Aigina (1), Athens (2) and Mycenae (LH
section (left). 357 I-II, LH IliA, B and C) (3) groups. 473
3.68 The distribution of iron oxide contents in local and imported (East Greek) pottery 6.11 CV plot resulting from the DA of the FL's Aigina (I) and Athens (2) groups and 'Ar-
found at !stria. 358 golid' imports from Aigina and Athens (3). 473
3.69 Results of PCA of the composition data from !stria: domestic wares, 'autochthonous' 6.I2 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the compositions of Bronze Age pottery from tef-
ware, local imitations of East Greek types, clays and kiln debris and probable East kandi. 477
Greek imports. 360 6.13 The distribution of ISJs on the mainland and Crete (adapted from WCISJ, Fig. I). 478
3.70 Results of PCA of the compositions of the imported pottery at !stria: East Greek, 6.I4 Plot of the first two discriminant functions in the DA of the Thebes (I), Knossos (2),
Ionian amphorae (?Chiot) and Uncertain. 360 Athens (3), Sparta, Menelaion (4), Mycenae (5) and Palaikastro (6) and Chania (7)
4.1 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Servia pottery and clay compositions. 381 control groups. 485
4.2 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the pottery compositions from the Franchthi cave. 39I 6.I5 Results of the DA of the Alpha and Beta (ISJ) groups from Chania showing the indivi-
4.3 PC plot resulting from the PCA of pottery and clay compositions from the Franchthi dual sample scores on the single DF (adapted from WCISJ Fig. 5 ). 487
cave. All nine elements log transformed. 39I 6.I6a CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's (OC) Mycenae (I), Knossos (2), Melos
4.4 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the pottery and clay compositions from Lerna. 393 (3) and Kos (4) control groups with the addition of the Kea and Melos test samples. 497
4.5 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the combined Franchthi cave and Lerna data. 394 6.I6b Same as FIG. 6.I6a but with the addition of the Naxos and Delos test samples. 497
5.1 The development of Minyan wares. Reproduced by courtesy of O.T.P.K. Dickinson and 6.I6c Same as FIG. 6.16a but with the addition of the Kos and Kalymnos test samples. 499
P.Astrom from Dickinson (I977) Fig. 2. 4I5 6.I7 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the RLAHA's (OC) Phylakopi, Melos composi-
5.2 The distribution of (a) calcium oxide and (b) chromium oxide contents in the (Grey) tions. 499
Minyan from Lerna IV and V, Yellow Minyan from Lerna V and Dark Burnished from 6.I8 CV plot resulting from the DA of the FL's Ialysos-Trianda (I), Mycenae (LH IliA-C)
Lerna V. 418 (2), Thebes (LH IIIB) (3), Knossos (LM IIIB) (4), Palaikastro (LM IIIC) (5) and Naxos
5.3 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the compositions of pottery and clays from Phylako- (MC-LC) (6) control groups. 506
pi, Kapari and Ayios Spiridon on Melos. 419 6.I9 Same as FIG. 6.18 but with the addition of the test samples from Ialysos. 507
5.4 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the compositions of pottery from Ayios Stephanos 6.20 The relative proportions of Rhodian products and imports from the Argolid and.else-
(I-75 as described in TABLE 5.1). 422 where during the 'LH IIIA2 -C periods among the samples from Ialysos analysed by
5.5 CV plot resulting from the DA of the AyiosStephanos (I), Kythera (2), Chania (LM I-III) Jones and Mee (I978). 508
(3), Knossos (LM IB) (4) and Mycenae (LH I-II) (5) groups. 423 6.21 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the Aigira, Ialysos and Aigion pottery composi-
5.6a CV plot resulting from the DA of the Thera (Akrotiri) (1), Naxos (Rizocastelia) (2), tions. 512
Melos (Phylakopi) (3), Knossos (LM IB) (4) and Mycenae (LH I-II) (5) control groups. 428 7.I Map of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. 543
5.6b CV plot resulting from the DA of the Thera (A), Naxos (B), Melos (C), Knossos (D) 7.2a CV plot resulting from the DA of the RLAHA's (OC) Mycenae (I), Knossos (2), En-
and Mycenae (E) groups with the addition of the test samples 27-39 (TABLE 5.2A). 428 komi (Myc imitations and LC PW- 30 samples) (3), Arpera Chiflik (4) and Kouklia (5)
5.7 PC plot resulting from the PCA of the pottery compositions from Akrotiri, Thera control groups. 548
(RLAHA (OC). 43I 7.2b Same as FIG. 7 .2a but with the addition of the PS samples. 548
XX xxi