Greek: An Essential Grammar of the Modern Language (Essential Grammars)

297 Pages·2005·2.24 MB·English

by  David Holton

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the Modern Language
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12111 Greek: An Essential Grammar of the Modern Language is a concise and
3 user-friendly reference guide to the most important aspects of Modern
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It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language in short, read-
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able sections. Explanations are clear and supported by examples throughout.
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8 The Grammar is ideal for learners of all levels and is suitable for those
9 involved in independent study and for students in schools, colleges, univer-
20111 sities and adult classes of all types.
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Features include:
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• Variety of examples
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• Clear explanations of grammatical terms
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• Discussion of points which often cause problems
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• Highlighted Greek/English comparisons and contrasts
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9 Greek: An Essential Grammar of the Modern Languagewill help you read,
30111 speak and write with greater confidence.
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David Holton is Reader in Modern Greek at the University of Cambridge
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and a Fellow of Selwyn College. Peter Mackridge is Professor of Modern
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Greek at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of St Cross College. Irene
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Philippaki-Warburton is Professor of Linguistics at Reading University.
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Routledge Essential Grammars 1111
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Essential Grammars are available for the following languages: 3
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Chinese 5
Danish 6
Dutch 7
English 8
Finnish 9
Hungarian 1011
Modern Hebrew 1
Norwegian 12111
Polish 3
Portuguese 4
Swedish 5
Thai 6
Urdu 7
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Other titles of related interest published by Routledge: 9
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Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language 1
By David Holton, Peter Mackridge and Irene Philippaki-Warburton 2
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Colloqual Greek 4
By Niki Watts 5
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An Essential Grammar of
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David Holton,
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First published 2004 12111
by Routledge 3
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 5
by Routledge
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29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2004 David Holton, Peter Mackridge and Irene Philippaki-Warburton
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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. 20111
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s 1
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, 4
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including 5
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
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retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested 30111
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ISBN 0-203-64521-9 Master e-book ISBN 2
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ISBN 0-203-67303-4 (Adobe eReader Format) 4
ISBN 0–415–23210–4 (pbk) 5
0–415–23209–0 (hbk)
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Contents
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12111 Preface xi
3 Abbreviations and symbols xiii
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Chapter 1 The alphabet and pronunciation 1
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7 1.1 The Greek alphabet 1
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Pronunciation 3
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1.2 Vowels 3
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1.3 Combinations of vowels 4
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1.4 Consonants 4
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1.5 Combinations of consonants 7
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1.6 Phonological phenomena across word boundaries 9
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5 Stress and intonation 10
6 1.7 Word stress 10
7 1.8 Enclisis 11
8 1.9 Intonation 11
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Chapter 2 The writing system 14
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2 2.1 Accents (the monotonic system) 14
3 2.2 Other diacritics 15
4 2.3 The use of capital and lower-case letters 15
5 2.4 Punctuation 16
6 2.5 The transcription of foreign names 18
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Chapter 3 The noun and the noun phrase 19
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40 3.1 Constituents of the noun phrase 19
41111 3.2 Functions of the noun phrase 20 v
Gender, number and case 22 1111
Contents
3.3 Gender 22 2
3.4 Number 24 3
3.5 Case 24 4
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The articles 25
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3.6 The forms of the definite article 25
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3.7 The forms of the indefinite article 26
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Nouns 27
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3.8 Declensions: an overview 27
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Masculine nouns 28 1
3.9 Nouns in -a~(parisyllabic) 28 12111
3.10 Nouns in -h~(parisyllabic) 31 3
3.11 Nouns in -o~ 31 4
3.12 Nouns in -eva~ 34 5
3.13 Imparisyllabic nouns in -av~,-a~,-hv~,-h~,-ev~,-ouv~ 34
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Feminine nouns 36 7
3.14 Nouns in -a(parisyllabic) 36 8
3.15 Nouns in -hwith plural -e~ 38 9
3.16 Nouns in -o~ 39 20111
3.17 Nouns in -hwith plural -ei~ 40 1
3.18 Imparisyllabic nouns in -avand-ouv 40 2
3.19 Nouns in -w 41 3
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Nouns of common gender 42
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3.20 Nouns which may be either masculine or feminine 42
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Neuter nouns 44
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3.21 Nouns in -o 44
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3.22 Nouns in -iv 45
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3.23 Nouns in -i 46
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3.24 Nouns in -o~ 47
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3.25 Nouns in -ma 47
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3.26 Nouns in -imo 48
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3.27 Other neuter nouns in -~ 49
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3.28 Other neuter nouns ending in vowels 50
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3.29 Nouns in -n 51
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Special types of noun 52
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3.30 Nouns with a change of gender in the plural 52
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3.31 Indeclinable nouns 53
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Adjectives 54 40
vi 3.32 Adjectives in outline 54 41111
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Contents
2 3.33 Adjectives in -o~,-h,-o 54
3 3.34 Adjectives in -o~,-a,-o 55
4 3.35 Adjectives in -o~,-ia,-o 56
5 3.36 Adjectives in -uv~,-iav,-uv 56
6 3.37 Adjectives in -hv~,-iav,-iv 57
7 3.38 The adjective (quantifier) poluv~ 57
8 3.39 Adjectives in -h~,-e~ 59
9 3.40 Adjectives with neuter in -iko 60
1011 3.41 Adjectives in -wn,-ousa,-on 62
1 3.42 Indeclinable adjectives 63
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Comparison of adjectives 63
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3.43 Overview 63
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3.44 The comparative 63
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3.45 The relative superlative 64
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3.46 The absolute superlative 65
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3.47 Irregular comparatives and superlatives 65
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9 The use of noun phrases and of adjectives 67
20111 3.48 Agreement within the noun phrase 67
1 3.49 The use of the cases: introduction 68
2 3.50 The use of the nominative 69
3 3.51 The use of the accusative 69
4 3.52 The use of the genitive 72
5 3.53 The use of the vocative 77
6 3.54 The use of the definite article 77
7 3.55 The use of the indefinite article 81
8 3.56 Absence of article 81
9 3.57 The use of adjectives 83
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Chapter 4 Pronouns and determiners 87
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3 4.1 Personal pronouns: weak (clitic) forms 87
4 4.2 Personal pronouns: emphatic forms 91
5 4.3 Demonstrative pronouns and determiners 92
6 4.4 Possessive pronouns and determiners 94
7 4.5 Interrogative pronouns and determiners 95
8 4.6 Indefinite pronouns and determiners 96
9 4.7 Relative and correlative pronouns and determiners 99
40 4.8 The universal pronouns kaqevna~andkaqetivand the
41111 distributive determiner kavqe 101 vii
4.9 Other pronouns and determiners 101 1111
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4.10 Quantifiers 103 2
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Chapter 5 Numerals 105
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5.1 Table of cardinal and ordinal numerals 105 6
5.2 The declined forms of cardinal numerals 108 7
5.3 Multiplicative numerals 109 8
5.4 Collective numerals 110 9
5.5 Numerals in expressions of time, space and quantity 110
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Chapter 6 The verb and the verb phrase 112 12111
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6.1 Introduction to the verb phrase 112
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6.2 Preliminary notes on the verb system 116
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6.3 Person and number 117
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6.4 Tense, aspect, voice and mood 118
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6.5 The use of the tenses and other verb forms 120
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6.6 Defective, impersonal and deponent verbs 125
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The basic forms 125 20111
6.7 The verb ‘to be’ 126 1
6.8 First-conjugation verbs 126 2
6.9 Second-conjugation verbs (type A) 130 3
6.10 Second-conjugation verbs (type B) 134 4
6.11 Second-conjugation verbs with passive only 137 5
6.12 Verbs with contracted active present forms 138 6
6.13 Verbs with irregular form of active dependent 140 7
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The formation of active and passive perfective stems 141
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6.14 Perfective stems of first-conjugation verbs 141
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6.15 Perfective stems of second-conjugation verbs 146
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6.16 The passive perfect participle 147
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The formation of other tenses and verb forms 149
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6.17 The perfective and imperfective futures 149
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6.18 The perfect tenses and the auxiliary verb evcw 150
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6.19 The conditional and perfect conditional 151
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6.20 The subjunctive forms 151
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Augment 152 8
6.21 Syllabic augment 152 9
6.22 Vocalic augment 152 40
viii 6.23 Internal augment 153 41111
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Contents
2 6.24 Definition of an irregular verb 154
3 6.25 Table of irregular verbs 154
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Chapter 7 The adverb and the adverbial phrase 169
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7 7.1 Types of adverb: manner, place, time, quantity, etc. 169
8 7.2 The use of adverbs and adverbial phrases 173
9 The formation of adverbs from adjectives 177
1011 7.3 Adverbs in -a 177
1 7.4 Adverbs in -w~ 178
12111 7.5 Other adverbs formed from adjectives 179
3 7.6 Comparison of adverbs 179
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Chapter 8 The preposition and the prepositional
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phrase 181
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8 8.1 Introduction to prepositions and prepositional phrases 181
9 8.2 The uses of individual prepositions 182
20111 8.3 Compound prepositions; adverbs used as prepositions 189
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2 Chapter 9 Conjunctions and particles 193
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9.1 Co-ordinating conjunctions 193
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9.2 Subordinating conjunctions 194
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9.3 Particles 195
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8 Chapter 10 The clause 203
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10.1 Types of clause 203
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Main clauses 203
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10.2 Statements 203
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10.3 Suggestions, wishes, requests, promises etc. 204
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10.4 Commands and prohibitions 204
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10.5 Yes/no questions 205
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10.6 Wh- questions 206
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10.7 Negation 207
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10.8 Exclamations 211
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9 Subordinate clauses 212
40 10.9 Relative clauses 212
41111 10.10 Indirect questions 216 ix