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188 Pages·2010·4.483 MB·English
by  OECD
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Jobs for Youth Jobs for Youth greece greece Improving the performance of youth on the labour market is a crucial challenge in OECD countries facing persistent youth unemployment. As labour markets become more and more selective, a lack of relevant skills brings a higher risk of unemployment. Whatever Des emplois pour les jeunes the level of qualification, first experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. Getting off to a good start facilitates integration and lays the foundation for a good career, while a failure can be difficult to make up. Ensuring a good start will require co-ordinated policies to bring the education system closer to the labour market, to help disadvantaged young people to find a job or participate in a training course and to facilitate the hiring of young people by firms. OECD has launched a series of reports on the school-to-work transition process in sixteen countries including Greece. Each report contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school to work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners. The report is based on the proceedings of a seminar and is published in English only. However, a French translation of the summary and main recommendations has been included in this volume. Already published in the same series: New Zealand Australia Norway Belgium (in French) Canada Poland Denmark Slovak Republic J o France Spain b s Japan United Kingdom f o Korea United States r Y Netherlands o u t h g The full text of this book is available on line via these links: r www.sourceoecd.org/employment/9789264082083 e www.sourceoecd.org/socialissues/9789264082083 e c Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: e www.sourceoecd.org/9789264082083 SourceOecD is the OECD online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases. For more information about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us at [email protected]. -:HSTCQE=U]WU]X: iSbn 978-92-64-08208-3 81 2010 05 1 P www.oecd.org/publishing Jobs for Youth (Des emplois pour les jeunes) Greece 2010 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. ISBN 978-92-64-08208-3 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-08210-6 (PDF) DOI 10.1787/9789264082106-en ISSN 1997-6836 (print) ISSN 1997-6844 (online) Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2010 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD – 3 FOREWORD The OECD’s Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee has decided to carry out a thematic review of policies to facilitate the transition from school to work and improve the employment prospects of youth. This review is a key part of the implementation of the Reassessed OECD Jobs Strategy. Sixteen countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Greece, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Slovak Republic, Spain, United Kingdom and United States) have agreed to participate in the review, which began in 2006 and is now complete. Drawing from all the country reviews, a synthesis report will be prepared highlighting the main issues and policy recommendations which will be discussed subsequently by OECD Employment and Labour Ministers. In this thematic review, the term youth encompasses “teenagers” (i.e. in statistical terms, youth aged 15/16-19), as well as “young adults” (aged 20-24 and 25-29). This report on Greece was prepared by Glenda Quintini, with the statistical assistance of Sylvie Cimper and Thomas Manfredi. It is the 16th and final country report prepared in the context of this thematic review supervised by Stefano Scarpetta (Head of Division) and Anne Sonnet (Project Leader). A draft of this report was presented at a seminar held in Athens on 18 December 2009. The seminar, which was organised by the Employment Observatory (PAEP) for the Ministry for Employment and Social Security, brought together representatives of the public authorities and the social partners, as well as academic experts. JOBS FOR YOUTH: GREECE © OECD 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS – 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary and main recommendations ................................................................ 11 Résumé et principales recommandations ............................................................ 27 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 1. THE CHALLENGES AHEAD ............................................. 49 1. Demographic projections ......................................................................... 49 2. Youth labour market outcomes................................................................ 51 3. Labour market performance of specific socio-demographic groups ....... 56 4. Key steps in school-to-work transitions: leaving education and finding the first job ........................................................................... 64 5. The quality of entry jobs .......................................................................... 68 6. Key points ................................................................................................ 78 CHAPTER 2. INITIAL EDUCATION AND LEARNING ON THE JOB .. 81 1. Performance of the Greek secondary education system .......................... 81 2. General measures to improve outcomes of Greek secondary education .... 89 3. Raising the profile and quality of vocational education and work-based learning .......................................................................... 93 4. Drop-out remedy strategies ................................................................... 100 5. The main challenges facing the tertiary education system .................... 103 6. Work and study...................................................................................... 120 7. On-the-job training ................................................................................ 123 8. Key points .............................................................................................. 124 CHAPTER 3. REMOVING DEMAND-SIDE BARRIERS ..................... 127 1. Economic growth and youth employment ............................................. 127 2. Wages and labour costs ......................................................................... 133 3. Employment protection is strict in Greece ............................................ 140 4. Labour shortages and the skill deficit of Greek university graduates .... 145 5. Key points .............................................................................................. 146 JOBS FOR YOUTH: GREECE © OECD 2010 6 – TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 4. WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT: REMEDIAL EDUCATION AND EMPLOYABILITY MEASURES ... 149 1. The role of passive labour market measures for youth .......................... 149 2. The role of active labour market policies for youth............................... 153 3. Activation of unemployed youth through training ................................ 158 4. Activation through subsidised employment .......................................... 161 5. Better support to unemployed youth: drawing from the experiences of other OECD countries ....................................................................... 167 6. Key points .............................................................................................. 173 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 175 Boxes Box 2.1. The role of early-childhood and preschool programmes in reducing school difficulties of children from disadvantaged families .................................................... 90 Box 2.2. Raising the age of compulsory participation in learning in England ................................................................................ 93 Box 2.3. The Finnish and New Zealand experiences with improving the quality of tertiary vocational education ............................ 117 Box 2.4. The impact of students’ work on future labour market performance: evidence from a number of OECD countries ... 120 Box 3.1. The minimum wage and youth employment: international evidence ................................................................................. 137 Box 4.1. Active labour market policies for youth ................................ 156 Box 4.2. Training programmes that work ............................................. 160 Box 4.3. The flexible New Deal in the United Kingdom ..................... 169 Box 4.4. The US Job Corps programme ............................................... 171 Figures Figure 1.1. Share of youth in the working-age population in OECD countries, 1975-2025 ................................................ 50 Figure 1.2. Youth employment and unemployment indicators, Greece, Europe and OECD, 1985-2008 ................................... 52 Figure 1.3. Youth unemployment and employment indicators, OECD countries, 2008 ............................................................. 53 Figure 1.4. Share of NEET youth, OECD countries, 1997 and 2007 ......... 54 Figure 1.5. NEET dynamics, selected OECD countries, late 1990s to early 2000s.......................................................... 55 JOBS FOR YOUTH: GREECE © OECD 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS – 7 Figure 1.6. Incidence of long-term unemployment among youth, OECD countries, 1998 and 2008 ............................................. 56 Figure 1.7. Youth labour market indicators by gender, Greece and OECD, 1998 and 2008 .......................................... 57 Figure 1.8. Main reasons for inactivity among out-of-school Greek youth and exit rates to education and employment, by gender, 2004-05 .. 58 Figure 1.9. Labour market indicators for out-of-school youth, by qualification, Greece and OECD, 1997 and 2007 ............... 60 Figure 1.10. Youth labour market and education indicators for teenagers and young adults, Greece and OECD, 1984-2008 ................... 61 Figure 1.11. Unemployment rate of youth aged 15-29 by years since leaving education and population density in the area of residence, Greece, 2006-07 ................................ 62 Figure 1.12. Unemployment rate of youth aged 15-29 by population density in the area of residence, Europe, 2006-07 ..................................... 63 Figure 1.13. Activity status of youth aged 15-29, Greece, 2007 and 1997 .... 64 Figure 1.14. Incidence of temporary work among youth aged 15-24, by reason, selected European countries, 2007 ......................... 69 Figure 1.15. Incidence of temporary work among new hires and overall, selected European countries, 2007 ........................................... 70 Figure 1.16. Transition probabilities from temporary work, by age and educational attainment, Greece, Italy and Spain, 2004-05 .... 71 Figure 1.17. Incidence of temporary work by years since leaving education, 15-24-year olds, Europe, 2007 ....................................................... 73 Figure 1.18. Incidence of part-time work, 15-24-year olds, selected European countries, 2007 ........................................... 73 Figure 1.19. Incidence of part-time work by age and gender, selected European countries, 2007 ........................................... 74 Figure 1.20. Incidence of low-paid work by age, selected European countries, 2006 ........................................... 75 Figure 1.21. Low-pay persistence by educational attainment, Greece, 2004-06 .................................................................................... 76 Figure 1.22. Over-qualification by age and gender, selected European countries, 2007 ........................................... 77 Figure 2.1. Greek students’ performance, based on PISA 2003 and 2006 ..... 84 Figure 2.2. Estimated difference in performance between vocational and academic students in selected OECD countries, 2006 ...... 85 Figure 2.3. School drop-outs in OECD countries, 1997 and 2007 ............. 86 Figure 2.4. Level and timing of early school leaving in Greece, by educational stream, 2003 cohort ......................................... 87 Figure 2.5. Lower secondary drop-out rates in Greece, 1980-2003 ........... 88 Figure 2.6. Enrolment rates in early-childhood education and care programmes by age, selected OECD countries, 2004 .... 91 JOBS FOR YOUTH: GREECE © OECD 2010 8 – TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 2.7. Share of enrollees in general and vocational education, OECD countries, 2007 ............................................................. 94 Figure 2.8. Activity status seven years after graduation, by upper secondary stream, Greece, 2007 ............................... 96 Figure 2.9. Inflows into apprenticeships by gender, Greece, 1990-2009 ... 99 Figure 2.10. Tertiary educational attainment rates in OECD countries, 2007 ....................................................................................... 104 Figure 2.11. Survival rates in tertiary education, selected OECD countries, 2004 ............................................................................................... 105 Figure 2.12. Share of university students studying abroad, OECD countries, 2007 ................................................................. 108 Figure 2.13. Time needed to find the first significant job, Greece, 1998-2000 graduates .............................................................. 109 Figure 2.14. Youth employment and unemployment rates, by time since graduation and qualification, Greece, 1999 graduates .... 110 Figure 2.15. Job stability, by time since graduation and qualification, Greece, 1999 graduates .......................................................... 111 Figure 2.16. Hourly wages by gender and qualification, Greece, 2004-07 .................................................................................. 114 Figure 2.17. Internal rate of return to tertiary education, by gender, selected OECD countries, 2001 ............................................. 115 Figure 2.18. Work and study across OECD countries by age, 2007 .......... 121 Figure 2.19. Incidence of job-related training by duration of the training course, European countries and United States, 18-22-year olds, early 2000s ........................................................ 124 Figure 3.1. Youth employment rates and GDP, 1986-96 and 1997-2007 .... 128 Figure 3.2. Youth and adult employment rates and economic cycles, Greece, Spain, United Kingdom and United States, 1985-2007 .............................................................................. 129 Figure 3.3. Quarterly GDP growth, Greece and OECD, 2004-09 ............ 130 Figure 3.4. Youth employment share, selected industries, Greece and Europe, 2007 ....................................................... 132 Figure 3.5. Median wages of full-time workers by age, Greece and selected OECD countries, 2006 .......................... 133 Figure 3.6. Labour costs for full-time minimum-wage workers, selected OECD countries, 2006 ............................................. 140 Figure 3.7. Overall strictness of employment protection and its three main components, OECD countries, 2008 ........ 141 Figure 3.8. Trial-period length, selected OECD countries, 2008 ............. 142 Figure 3.9. Incidence of non-agricultural self-employment among employed youth, selected European countries, 2008 ... 144 Figure 4.1. Registered unemployed and benefit recipients, by age, selected European countries, 2006/07 .................................... 150 JOBS FOR YOUTH: GREECE © OECD 2010

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