Gravity Anomalies: Unsurveyed Areas

150 Pages·5.657 MB·English

Geophysical Monograph Series
A(cid:127)ncrican Geophysical
GeophysicaMl onographS eries
American GeophysicalU nion
WALDO E. SMITH, Man((cid:127).qi.g E,til.J'
1. Antarctica in the International Geophysical Year
Ed,(cid:127).
2. Geophysicsa nti the IGY
Hugh Oclishaw.. d F(cid:127)a(cid:127)tley] llttlcnbew,E d,(cid:127).
3. AtmospheriCc hemistryo f Chlorinea nd Sulfur Compounds
J.me,(cid:127)'P . Lodge, Jr., Ed.
4. Contemporary Gcodesy
Ch.rle,(cid:127)' A. lYhitlen (tnd K't,(cid:127)tcth II. l),'t(cid:127).(cid:127)m,,nd, Ed,s.
5. Physics of Precipitation
Helm(cid:127) t 'Weicl(cid:127);m.. n, Ed.
6. The Crust of the Pacific Basin
(/ordon A. 3[((cid:127)tcttottalda ,td Hi,(cid:127)'.,s'hiK (cid:127)tno, Ed,s.
7. Antarctic liesearch
H. WexlevM', . J. R(cid:127)tbin,, ,d d. E. (/u,skeyd, r.,E d(cid:127).
8. Terrestrial Heat Flow
William H. K. Lee, Ed.
9. Gravity Anomalies: UnsurveyedA reas
Hyman Orlin,
Gravity Anomalies: Unsurveyed
Geophysical Monograph Series
Number 9
GRAVITY ANOMALIES- UNSURVEYED AREAS
Hyman Orlin, Editor
Papers presented at the symposium
'Extension of Gravity Anomalies to Unsurveyed Areas,'
at Ohio State University, Colunfims, November 18-20. 1964
P.bli(cid:127)hed with the aid of a gra(cid:127)t from the Churles F. Ketteri(cid:127)tg Fo't(cid:127)'ndation
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Dedicated to
Weikko A. Heiskanen
Professor Heiskanen lectures (1956) at the Rensselaer(cid:127) nsfitute of
Curriculum Vitae of Weikko A. Heiskanen
Persorrel Data Hotto,'.s a't'(cid:127)..dA wards
Weikko Alcl_santeri Heiskancn, born 1895 in The Grand Prix of the Government of Finlaml
Finhind. B.A. 1917, M.A. 1919, Ph.D. 1924, all for the period 1948-1951; Grand Award of Antti
fi'om State University, Helsinki. State Geedesist, Wihuri Foundation, 1953; William Bowie Medal
1921-1(,)28. Professor of Geodesy at Finhmd's In- of the American Geophysical Union, 1956; Hon-
stitute of Technology, 1928-1949; Chairman of orary doctor's degree, Bonn University, Germany,
the Surveying Dep(cid:127)rtment, 1935-1949; Director 1956; Honorary doctor's degree, Finland's Insti-
of the Finnish Geodetic Institute, 1949-1961 (œrom tute of Technology, 1958; Honorary doctor's de-
1951 mostly in (cid:127)bsenfia); Director of the Inter- gree, Uppsala University, Sweden, 1960; Com-
m(cid:127)tional Isostatic Institute of the Intcrnatiomfi marudero f White Star, Estonia, 1938; Commander
Association of Geodesy since its founding in 1936 of St. Stephan, Hungary, 1941; Commander of
(now in absentia); Professor of Geodcsy, Ohio White Rose, Finland, 1948; Commander of first
St(cid:127)te University, since 1951; Scientific Director class, Order of Lion, Finland, 1957.
of the Institute of Geodesy, Photogramn(cid:127)elry,
:red Cartography of Ohio State University, 1951-
1953, Director since 1953; Establisher (1950) and Rcsearch Fields
Supervisor of the Worldwide Gravity Project of
Formerly, astronomy, isostasy, inner structure
Ohio State University since 1952. of the Earth, size and shape of the Earth, tri-
angulation, city surveying.
O/rices Held Presently, physical geodesy, dimensions of the
President, Finnish Astronomical Society 1932- Earth and of the sphere- and geepotential sin'face
1948; President, Finnish Geographic Society, 1942; above it, gravity anomaly field on the Earth and
President, Society of Finnish Surveyors, 1948; at any elevations above it, geometric and gravi-
President, Finnish Society of Christian Culture, metric constants of the Earth.
1948-1951; General Reporter on Isostasy of Professor Heiskanen has published about 150
IAG since 1930; President of Section 5, 'Physical scientific papers, mostly on isostasy, dimensions
Geodesy' of the IAG, 1957-1963; Vice President, of the Earth, physical geodesy and astronomy;
International Union of Gcodesy and Geophysics, ten textbooks on astronomy and geodesy; and
1957-1960; Supervisor of Solar Eclipse Project, about 15 geodetic articles in different encyclo-
February 1953-March 1955; Member of Working pedias.
Group on Tracking and Computation of the I-Ie has contributed the 'root of the mountains'
USNC-IGY Tcchnictfi Panel on the Earth Satel- isostatic system, called the Airy-Heiskanen sys-
lite Program, 1.955-1958. t,e m, to gravimetric geodesy and geophysics.
He derived the gravity formula, which the In-
ternational Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
Memberships
accepted in 1930 (with a correction of 0.6 sin(cid:127) (cid:127)
Finland's Parliament, 1933-1936; Finnish Acad- regal to tim second-order term and 1.1 sine 2 (p
emy of Science, 1928; Foreign Member, Nor- mgal to tim third-order term) as the International
wegian Academy of Science, 1947; German Aca(t- Gravity Formula and which is still in use.
emy of Science, 1950; Accademia Nazion,'fie The International Association of Geodesy estab-
Lincei, 1950; Institute Lombardo Accademia di lished the Isostatic Institute in 1936 in Hel-
Szie(cid:127)tze e Letter, 1950; Geological Society of sinki. Professor Heiskanen has been Director since
London, 1958; Feliow, American Academy of Arts 1936; since 1950 mostly by 'remote control.'
and Sciences,1 959; Fellow, American Geophysical He founded physical geodesy in a modern sense
Union, 1962; Pontifical Academy of Science, in 1932 in Finland.
Vatican, 1964. In 1950 he brought physical geodesy on a
worldwide scale to America (Columbus, Ohio).
Honorary Memberships
Dutch Geographical Society, 1938; Association
Prb(cid:127)cipal Publications
for the Advancement of Finnish Culture, 1949;
Finnish AstronomicalS ociety, 1949; Ohio Epsilon i.(cid:127)ber den Einfluss der Gezeiten auf die s(cid:127)kui(cid:127)ire
Chapter, Phi Beta Kappa Society, 1956; Finnish Acceleration des Mendes, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fen-
Society of Christian Culture, 1957; Society of nicae, Set. A., XVIII(2), 84 pp. and 2 maps,
Finnish Surveyors, 1962; Geographical Society of Helsinki, 1921.
Finland, 1963. Untersuchungen fiber die Schwerkraft und
ix
x C(cid:127)Ui(cid:127)RICULUM VITAIœ: W. A. HEISK.(cid:127).N
dissertation), VerS]Y d. Finn. Geodetic lust. 4, 25, I(cid:127)ostutic In.st. lAG, Helsinki, 1951; Publ. 1,
93 pp. and 1 map, Helsinki, 1924. (Translated Inst. Geodesy Photogrammetry, Cartography,
into English by V. Pelts, Survey of India, 1928.) Columbus, Ohio; Interr(cid:127). Hydrographic Rev.,
Die Erddimensionen nach den Europkkischcn 25 pp., 1953.
Gradmessungen, VerS]] d. Finn. Geodetic Inst. Ttm geodetic significanceo f the worldwide gravity
6', 26 pp., Helsinki, 1926. studies, MCRL, Columbus, Ohio, Tech. Paper
Ist die Erde ein dreiachsigesE llipsoid, Getlands 124, November 1950.
Beitr. Geophys., B, XLX, (cid:127), 356-377, 1(.)28. On the isostatic structure of the Earth's crust,
Tables isostatiquesa pr&sl 'hypothSsed 'Airy, Bull. Publ. 2J, Isostatic Inst. IAG, 60 pp., Helsi(cid:127)i,
Geodesy, $0, 87-153, 1931. (Also translated into 1950.
English.) Columbus geoid, Trans. Am. Geophy. s. Union,
[nvestig'ationso n the gravity formula, Publ. 1, (cid:127)8(6), 842-848, 1957.
Isostatic Inst. lAG, 22 pp., Helsinki, 1938. The Earth and Its Gravity Field, McGraw-hill,
New isostatic tables for the reduction of gravity, New York, 1958 (with Professor F. A. Vening
Publ. 2, Isostatic Inst. JAG, 42 pp., Helsinki, Meinesz).
1938. Physical Geodesy (wit.h Helmut Moritz), about
On the figure and struct;ureso f the Earth, Publ. 3, 450 pp., sub(cid:127)nitte{t for p(cid:127)fi)lication.
Isostatic Inst. IAG, 47 pp., Helsinki, 1941. Activity of the Columbus Geodetic Group in
On the determination of the geoid, VerSff d. I'(cid:127)hysical geodesy since 1960, Publ. (cid:127)1, Isostatic
Finn. Geodetic Inst. 36, 10 pp., Helsinki, 1949. Inst. IAG, 26 pp., Helsinki, 1964.
On the world geodetic system, VerSf] d. Fin',,. Present problems of physical geodesy, Publ. 49,
Geodetic Inst. 39, 25 pp., I-Ielsinki, 1951; Publ. Isostatic Inst. lAW, 36 Iq'(cid:127)., Helsinki,
Contents
Preface .................. xiii
Hymar(cid:127) Orlin
OpeningA ddress. .............. 1
Chairman' W. A. Heiskanen
SessionI Existing Surface Gravity Material ....... 3
Reporter: U. A. Uotila
The Status of the World Gravity Standardizationa nd First-Order Net. . 12
Beta Szabo
Gravity Surveysa t, Seab y the Institute of Geophysicast UCLA . . . 23
Michele Caputo
The State of Gravity Mapping in Canada, November 1964 ß . . 26
M. J. S. Innes
Advances in Aerial Gravity 1963-1964
Lloyd G. D. Thompsona nd
Charles $. Hawkins
SomeR ecent Developmentsi n Gravity MeasurementsA board Surface Ships 31
Manik Talwani
Session 2 The Extension o(cid:127) the Gravity Net to the Unsurveyed Areas o(cid:127)
the Earth: Statistical Methods ........ 49
Reporter: Richard H. Rapp
On Linear RegressionP redictiono f Mean Gravity Anomalies. . 53
Erwin Groten
Global Harmonic and Statistical Analysis of Gravimetry. . . 58
W. M. Kaula
Extrapolationo f Gravity Anomaliesb y AstrogeodetiDce flections. . .
xi
Accuracy Aspects of Gravity Prediction f,'o(cid:127)n Gravi,(cid:127)et.ie and Astrogeodetic
Data ......... 71
Erwl;n Oroten
Session, 3 The Extension o[ the Gravity Net to the Unsurveyed Areas o(cid:127)
the Earth: Geophysical Methods ...... 75
Reporter: W. A. Ilei,skanen
The Anomalies of Potential A'g at Surface Points of llegio(cid:127)s (;r(cid:127)tvitationally
Surveyed ............ 78
J. de
The Isostatic Reduction of Gravity Data and Its India'cotE, ffeet,. . 81
Wc(cid:127)Iter D. La,mt(cid:127)ert
Geophysical Correlations. .... 85
Willitem P. l;urbin, Jr.
Free-Air Gravity Anomalies Cause{t by the Gravitational Att(cid:127)ra(.'i.ot,n of
Topographic,B athymetrie Features, and T}mir !sostatie Cm(cid:127)'(cid:127)l(cid:127)enstttingiX l(cid:127)tsses
and CorrespondingG eoid Undulations ......... 89
Lassi A. Kivioja a(cid:127)(l
Albert I). 3.[. Lewis
The Prediction of Gravity ...... 96
(J.P. Wooll,rd and IV. E. Strrt'ng,e
Session 4 External Gravity Field o[ the Earth ..... 11,5
Relyotter: Ivan I. ,1I(cid:127),c,1Ier
Review of Formulas for the Space Non(cid:127)al Gravity Fi(,l{! of tl(cid:127)e EitrtI(cid:127) . 121
3,[i(:h(cid:127)clc
The Computationo f the External Gravity Field and the Geo(letiel ]o(cid:127)nrl(cid:127)u'y-
Value Problem ............... ! 27
Helmut Moritz
On the Influence of Gravity Anomalies on Satellite ()rbits. . . 137
K. Arnold