Graphics and Visualization: Principles & Algorithms

776 Pages·2008·13.703 MB·\776

by  T. Theoharis (Author), Georgios Papaioannou (Author), Nikolaos Platis (Author), Nicholas M. Patrikalakis (Author)

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Graphics &
Visualization
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Graphics &
Visualization
Principles & Algorithms
T. Theoharis
G. Papaioannou
N. Platis
N. Patrikalakis
Withcontributionsby
P.Dutre´
A.Nasri,F.A.Salem,andG.Turkiyyah
AKPeters,Ltd.
Wellesley,Massachusetts
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CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20110714
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-6435-7 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 BriefHistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 GraphicsPipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 ImageBuffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 GraphicsHardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.7 Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 RasterizationAlgorithms 27
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 MathematicalCurvesandFiniteDifferences . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 LineRasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 CircleRasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5 Point-in-PolygonTests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6 PolygonRasterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.7 PerspectiveCorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.8 SpatialAntialiasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.9 Two-DimensionalClippingAlgorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
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3 2Dand3DCoordinateSystemsandTransformations 73
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2 AffineTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3 2DAffineTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.4 CompositeTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5 2DHomogeneousAffineTransformations . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.6 2DTransformationExamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.7 3DHomogeneousAffineTransformations . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.8 3DTransformationExamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
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3.9 Quaternions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.10 GeometricProperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.11 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4 ProjectionsandViewingTransformations 117
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2 Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.3 ProjectionExamples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.4 ViewingTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.5 ExtendedViewingTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.6 FrustumCullingandtheViewingTransformation . . . . . . 140
4.7 TheViewportTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5 CullingandHiddenSurfaceEliminationAlgorithms 143
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.2 Back-FaceCulling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.3 FrustumCulling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.4 OcclusionCulling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.5 HiddenSurfaceElimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.6 EfficiencyIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6 ModelRepresentationandSimplification 175
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.2 OverviewofModelForms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.3 PropertiesofPolygonalModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.4 DataStructuresforPolygonalModels . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
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6.5 PolygonalModelSimplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7 ParametricCurvesandSurfaces 191
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.2 Be´zierCurves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.3 B-SplineCurves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.4 RationalBe´zierandB-SplineCurves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.5 InterpolationCurves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.6 Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
8 SubdivisionforGraphicsandVisualization 249
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.2 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.3 SubdivisionCurves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
8.4 SubdivisionSurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
8.5 ManipulationofSubdivisionSurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
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8.6 AnalysisofSubdivisionSurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
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8.7 SubdivisionFiniteElements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
9 SceneManagement 301
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
9.2 SceneGraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
9.3 DistributedSceneRendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
9.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
10 VisualizationPrinciples 321
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
10.2 MethodsofScientificExploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
10.3 DataAspectsandTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
10.4 Time-TestedPrinciplesforGoodVisualPlots . . . . . . . . 328
10.5 ToneMapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
10.6 MattersofPerception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
10.7 VisualizingMultidimensionalData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
10.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
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11 ColorinGraphicsandVisualization 343
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
11.2 Grayscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
11.3 ColorModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
11.4 WebIssues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
11.5 HighDynamicRangeImages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
11.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
12 IlluminationModelsandAlgorithms 367
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
12.2 ThePhysicsofLight-ObjectInteractionI . . . . . . . . . . 368
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12.3 TheLambertIlluminationModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
12.4 ThePhongIlluminationModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
12.5 PhongModelVectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
12.6 IlluminationAlgorithmsBasedonthePhongModel . . . . . 390
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12.7 TheCook–TorranceIlluminationModel . . . . . . . . . . 398
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12.8 TheOren–NayarIlluminationModel . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
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12.9 TheStraussIlluminationModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
12.10 AnisotropicReflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
12.11 AmbientOcclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
12.12 ShaderSourceCode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
12.13 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
13 Shadows 429
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
13.2 ShadowsandLightSources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
13.3 ShadowVolumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
13.4 ShadowMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
13.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
14 Texturing 463
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
14.2 ParametricTextureMapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
14.3 Texture-CoordinateGeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
14.4 TextureMagnificationandMinification . . . . . . . . . . . 486
14.5 ProceduralTextures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
14.6 TextureTransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
14.7 ReliefRepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
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14.8 TextureAtlases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
14.9 TextureHierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
14.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
15 RayTracing 529
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
15.2 PrinciplesofRayTracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
15.3 TheRecursiveRay-TracingAlgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
15.4 ShootingRays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
15.5 SceneIntersectionTraversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
15.6 DeficienciesofRayTracing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
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15.7 DistributedRayTracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
15.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
16 GlobalIlluminationAlgorithms 565
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
16.2 ThePhysicsofLight-ObjectInteractionII . . . . . . . . . . 566
16.3 MonteCarloIntegration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
16.4 ComputingDirectIllumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
16.5 IndirectIllumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
16.6 Radiosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
16.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
16.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
17 BasicAnimationTechniques 615
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
17.2 Low-LevelAnimationTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
17.3 Rigid-BodyAnimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
17.4 SkeletalAnimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
17.5 Physically-BasedDeformableModels . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
17.6 ParticleSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
17.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
18 ScientificVisualizationAlgorithms 643
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
18.2 ScalarDataVisualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
18.3 VectorDataVisualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
18.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
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