Grammaticalization Scenarios: Volume 2 Grammaticalization Scenarios from Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific

512 Pages·2020·5.232 MB·English

by  Walter Bisang (editor), Andrej Malchukov (editor)

WalterBisangandAndrejMalchukov(Eds.)
GrammaticalizationScenarios:Cross-linguisticVariation
andUniversalTendencies
Vol.2
Comparative Handbooks
of Linguistics
Edited by
Edith Moravcsik and Andrej Malchukov
Volume 4.2
Grammaticalization Scenarios:
Cross-linguistic Variation
and Universal Tendencies
Volume 2: Grammaticalization Scenarios
from Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific
Edited by
Walter Bisang and Andrej Malchukov
ISBN978-3-11-071264-3(Vol.4.2)
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-071273-5(Vol.4.2)
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-071279-7(Vol.4.2)
ISBN978-3-11-071268-1(Setvolume4.1&4.2)
ISSN2364-4354
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2020942621
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2020WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
Coverimage:Jupiterimages/PHOTOS.com/thinkstock
Typesetting:MetaSystemsPublishing&PrintservicesGmbH,Wustermark
Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck
www.degruyter.com
Contents
Volume 2
WalterBisang,AndrejMalchukov,IrisRieder,andLinlinSun
MeasuringGrammaticalization:Aquestionnaire ix
MartineVanhove
15 GrammaticalizationinCushitic,withspecialreferencetoBeja 659
DenisCreissels
16 GrammaticalizationinMandinglanguages 695
RonaldP.SchaeferandFrancisO.Egbokhare
17 GrammaticalizationinEmai 729
DenisCreissels
18 GrammaticalizationinTswana 769
ChristianLehmann
19 GrammaticalizationinYucatecMaya 803
ZarinaEstrada-Fernández
20 GrammaticalizationinUto-Aztecanlanguagesfromnorthwestern
Mexico 853
JohannesHelmbrecht
21 GrammaticalizationsinHoocąk 903
MarianneMithun
22 Grammaticalizationandpolysynthesis:Iroquoian 943
WillemF.H.Adelaar
23 GrammaticalizationintheQuechuanandAymaranlanguagesoftheCentral
Andes 977
SebastianFedden
24 GrammaticalizationinMountainOk(PapuaNewGuinea) 1007
NikolausP.Himmelmann
25 GrammaticisationprocessesandreanalysesinSulawesilanguages 1043
vi Contents
WilliamB.McGregor
26 GrammaticalizationpatternsinNyulnyulanlanguage 1077
SusanneMariaMichaelisandMartinHaspelmath
27 Grammaticalizationincreolelanguages:Acceleratedfunctionalizationand
semanticimitation 1109
Languageindex 1129
Subjectindex 1137
Contents vii
Volume 1
Acknowledgements v
Listofauthors vii
WalterBisang,AndrejMalchukov,andtheMainzGrammaticalizationProjectteam
(IrisRieder,LinlinSun,MarvinMartiny,SvenjaLuell)
1 Positionpaper:Universalandarealpatternsingrammaticalization 1
WalterBisang,AndrejMalchukov,IrisRieder,andLinlinSun
2 MeasuringGrammaticalization:Aquestionnaire 89
DamarisNüblingandLuiseKempf
3 GrammaticalizationintheGermaniclanguages 105
MichelaCennamo
4 Mechanismsandpathsofgrammaticalizationandreanalysis
inRomance 165
BjörnWiemer
5 GrammaticalizationinSlavic 249
TimurMaisak
6 GrammaticalizationinLezgic(EastCaucasian) 309
JuhaJanhunen
7 GrammaticalizationinUralicasviewedfromageneralEurasian
perspective 361
AndrejL.Malchukov
8 GrammaticalizationinEwen(North-Tungusic)inacomparative
perspective 399
EdwardVajda
9 ArealfeaturesinYeniseiangrammaticalization 433
AgnesKorn
10 GrammaticalizationandreanalysisinIranian 465
AnnieMontaut
11 GrammaticalizationinstandardHindi/UrduandHindidialects 499
viii Contents
GuillaumeJacques
12 GrammaticalizationinJaphug 539
SeonghaRhee
13 GrammaticalizationinKorean 575
LinlinSunandWalterBisang
14 GrammaticalizationchangesinChinese 609
Walter Bisang, Andrej Malchukov, Iris Rieder, and Linlin Sun
Measuring Grammaticalization:
A questionnaire
1 Grammaticalization Parameters
1.1 Parameters: an overview
Our questionnaire measures grammaticalization in terms of eight parameters. The
first six parameters correspond to Lehmann’s (1995) parameters as summarized in
Table1:
Tab.1:Parametersformeasuringautonomy(Lehmann1995).
Paradigmatic Syntagmatic
Weight 1.Semanticintegrity Structuralscope
2.Phoneticreduction
Cohesion 3.Paradigmaticity 4.Bondedness
Variability 5.Paradigmaticvariability 6.Syntagmaticvariability
TheparametersastheyareshowninTable1andastheyareusedinourquestion-
nairedeviatefromLehmann’s(1995)parametersinthefollowingway:
– WesplitParadigmaticWeightintothetwologicallyindependentparametersof
SemanticIntegrity(reductionofsemanticweight,desemanticization)andPho-
neticReduction(lossofphoneticintegrity,phoneticattrition).
– Wedonotusestructuralscopebecauseitprovedtobetheoreticallyandempiri-
cally most challenging (cf. Tabor and Traugott 1998; Lehmann 2004; Diewald
2010;Norde2012).
Weaddthefollowingtwoparameters,whicharefrequentlydiscussedinthelitera-
tureongrammaticalization:
– Parameter7:Decategorization(cf.HopperandTraugott2003)
– Parameter8:Allomorphy(thus,wesingleoutallomorphyfromparadigmaticity,
parameter3)
Additionalremarksonourmethodology:
1. Theaboveeightparametersarelogicallyindependent.Evenifalloftheminstan-
tiatelossofautonomy inLehmann’s(1995)framework,theredoes notseemto
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110712735-203
x WalterBisang,AndrejMalchukov,IrisRieder,andLinlinSun
becovariationinthesensethatthechangeofoneparameterautomaticallyen-
tailsthechangeofallotherparameters.Infact,thisprojectexpectsinteresting
cross-linguistic variation. Thus, the extent to which there are correlations and
the extent to which these correlations are subject to cross-linguistic variation
willbeoneoftheresultsofourdatabase.
2. Therearefourvaluesforeachparameter,startingfrom1for“lowestvalue”to4
for“highestvalue”.Thedetailswillbeexplainedseparatelyforeachparameter
insection1.2).
3. Inprinciple,thesevaluescanbeassignedtoalinguisticsigninanabsoluteand
inarelativeway:
– Absolute assignment: Here, the value refers to the value of that sign in its
targetfunction.
– Relative assignment: Here, we look at whether the value of the sign has
changedfromsourcetotarget.
Thisdistinctionisrelevantforfindingoutifagiventargethaschangeditsvalue
intheprocessofchangefromsourcetotargetbutitisirrelevantforthedefini-
tionoftheparameters.Whilethedefinitionofparametersmightsuggestdiffer-
entperspectives(6and7definedrelatively,otherparametersinabsoluteterms),
actually, the binary values (‘+/-‘) represent the binary perspective while ‘level’
values(1,2,3,4)representtheabsoluteperspective,asexplainedbelow.
Thevalueswhichweneedforourstatisticsconsistoftwoparts,avalue(1,2,3
or4)plus‘+’ora‘–’sign.
(i) The assignment of the value is absolute. We look at the properties of the
targetandweassignitoneofthepossiblevaluesasdefinedforeachparam-
eter. If a linguistic sign is an agglutinative affix, it will get the value 3 for
parameter4‘bondedness’.
(ii) Theassignmentofthe‘+’/‘–’signdependsonwhethertherewasachange
of value between the source and the target. Thus, the assignment of the
‘+’/‘–’signisbasedonarelativeperspective:
– If there is no change from source to target, the ‘–’ sign is written in
frontoftherelevantvalueofthetarget:e.g.,–3forparameter4‘bond-
edness’, if the source is an agglutinative affix and the target remains
anagglutinativeaffix.
– Ifthereisachangeinvalue,a‘+’signwillbeaddedtothevalueofthe
target,e.g.,+4.Thismeansthattheparametervalueforthetargetis4
and that the value for the source was lower than 4. Notice that we do
not indicate a concrete value for the source concept in our statistics.
Weareonlyinterestedinwhetherthereisachangefromsourcetotar-
get(+)ornot(–).
4. Ifmarkersdevelopdifferentvaluesindifferentslotsofaparadigm,themarker
with the highest value will be selected. This can be illustrated by an example
from Beja (Cushitic): Table 2 shows the perfective (pfv) forms of ‘say’ and the
suffixesfortheimperfectivederivedfromit: