Grammar Express (with Answer Key) (Grammar Plus)

428 Pages·2003·131.89 MB·English

by  Marjorie Fuchs

M a r j o r i e Fuchs & M a r g a r e t B o n n e r
with Kenna Bourke
Education L' 't d
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Authorised adaptation from the American
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xposure New York/Stephen
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Grammar Express, First Edition by
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=ments on the material:
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drea - St Giles College,
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LoD.ndo ; Pippa Sutcliffe - ILA Cambridge' 146, 172, 190, 300.
lane Naught C . ,
M d on - entro de Lenguas
S.o ernas, Universidad de Granada"
Text
r'(!mandez-Camunas '
~foro.so Information on page 136 is based on the
en
ll1g English School, Madrid.
Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global
- p
Consumer Study
PUrls of
Grammar E
from th . arc adapted
4xpreSS
interme~~:~~mediate and Cover by Raven Design
high
:;;:;._ _ _ _ _ . evels of
Focus 011 Gram
a n d I m p e
I:
PART
Present Continuous 2
tlleJy/flg)
(I dill
Present Simple 6
T
(I tudv
I
Stetlve Verbs 10
tm
r
I)
(I Ulld
Present Continuous and Present Simple 14
~~T
(I m studying /1 study.)
Imperetlve 18
(6'tudyl / Don't studyl)
I 22
II:
PART
Past Simple: Affirmative Statements 24
,lea )
.. ' ·.u
Past Simple: Negative Statements and Questions 28
, ala., . study / Did you study?)
Used to 32
T
Ised study)
."0
Past Continuous 36
studYing)
,.'dS
Past Continuous and Past Simple 40
T
, ias srudylng. I I studied.)
SelfTest II
44
III:
PART P e r f e c t a n d c t
46
Present Perfect: Since and For
5cudled since ,1ay ria' e d;ed'o' a month.)
laile
<-..
Present Perfect: Already, Just and Yet 50
... Ire. Idy Iidied ',. e ,S"Ad studied ye,
S LJ'" ~aven't
F
54
Present Perfect: Indefinite Past
1,
'f" UdleL)
58
Present Perfect and Past Simple
,udie,
I f I "Udll,J("")
1;i VI"
62
Present Perfect Continuous
'InL '
I
-.!!:~- ; (. ,.
I C
66
• '\ Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
.. ~ II n, /Jdi< ,; /1. . . . . . . I &tudYlIlg )
I
Ul
70
Past Perfect
c'
',,-1;( J}
,J
Past Perfect ContinuouS 74
':':" """-::'T
tue1ying)
(/ U '€ 1 ~
78
SeltTest III
a n d F u t u r e
IV:
PART
Future: Be going to and Will 80
(I gOlflq co study / I will study.)
"'lm
Future: Contrast 84
~:-;'T
Be going to, Will, Present Simple, Present Continuous
Future nme Clauses 88
( will study hard before I take the test.)
Future Continuous 92
(I will be studymg.)
Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous 96
(, will have studied. / I will have been studying.)
SelfTest IV 100
V:
Wh- Q u e s t i o n s , T a g Q u i o n , A d d i t i o n s
PART
Wh- Questions: Subject and Predicate 102
T
(Who studied? / Who did you study?)
Question Tags 106
-::..T;
(You studied, didn't you? / You didn't study, did you?)
Additions with So, Too, Neither and Not either 110
(I studied, and so did she. / I didn't study, and neither did she. )
SelfTest V 114
VI:
M o d a l s
PART (I)
Ability: Can, Could, Be able to 116
T
can C'tudy tor hours)
(I
Permission: May, Can, Could, 00 you mind if . . . ? 120
T
I tudyon my own?)
(Me},
Requests: Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . .. ? 124
T
(Will you "tudy with mE'?)
Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 128
(You "hould study LngIJ8h )
Suggestions: Could, Why don't . . . ?, Why not . .. ?, 132
Let's, Shall we . . . ?, How about . . . ?
(Why nOltudy Lnqli-;h)
Preferences: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather 136
would pr " r to ,tud ,p, Ini-
(I
,11 )
SelfTest VI 140
iv
( I I )
VII:
PART
Necessity: Have (got) to and Must 142
(I've qot to study harder. I I mllst study harder.)
Choice: Don't have to; No Choice: Must not and Can't 146
to
(/ dOll't Ie We>. I I must not loave.)
11L1VP
to
Expectations: Be supposed 150
(/ m d tudy)
<,uppo to '
Future May, Might, Could 154
nr ,
(/ mLlY tudy til n;, Y r )
Deduction: May, Might. Could, Must, 158
H a ve (got) to , Can't
t
( fle> mu b (', .tud(mt.)
I
'i l
Expressing Regret about the Past: Should have, 162
1
to
Ought have, Could have, Might have
w"'o"
,;tucfif'ci I younq.)
hdrcilH W;]',
I" I), (il,! Il.1H'
166
Deduction in the Past: May have, Might have,
s
Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have
good 'jtudcnt his youth . )
(Ic r1).j~ i'.llrc:l l1€'en.l Iii
170
I
SelfTest VII
VIII:
A d j e c t i v e s a n d
PART
112
Adjectives and Adverbs
•
quiCK· quickly)
176
Participles used as Adjectives
•
Interesting I interested)
180
Adjectives and Adverbs: As . . . as . . .
J
(as qUick as I as quickly as)
184
Adjectives: Comparatives
qUicker than)
188
Adjectives: Superlatives
(the quickest)
192
Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives
more quickly chan / rhe mos. qUlckl}
196
SelfTest VIII
IX:
G e r u n d s a n d Infinitives
PART
198
,
Gerunds: Subject and Object
(S.udvlng imporia, r e."o) <;rudymg.)
IS
•
202
f
Gerunds after Prepositions
Ir r ."O:::°u in or t: ' -lying)
SCUd.' rlnq If RC.
206
I Infinitives after Certain Verbs
,. '." II : - " Udl .
210
f,
Infinitives after Certain Adjectives and Nouns
:if''''' ,,,'
I ( , . (( ·tU(] I
v
214
Infinitives with Too and Enough
n wi} 'nouqh rudy)
t(
(it /
CO
~
218
Infinitives of Purpose
tc> [tJd})
11
(1 I(
222
Gerunds and Infinitives
(!;;;cor:. study,ng 'cop co study)
226
Make, Let, Help and Get
(r 1AKe him srud} / qet him co ~tudy)
230
SeltTest IX
I V e r b s
X: P h r a
PART
232
Phrasal Verbs: Inseparable
a
(run into classmate)
236
Phrasal Verbs: Separable
a
(look word up)
240
SeltTest X
, R e f l e x i v e
XI:
N o u n s , Q u a n t i A r t i e
PART
a n d p r o e a l P r o n o u
Nouns 242
(college. Boston College, chalk. students)
Quantifiers 246
(some. any, a lot of, a few. a little)
icles: Indefinite and Definite 250
(a / the)
" (No Article) and The 254
(students / the students)
Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns 258
(ourselves / each other)
XI 262
X I I
T h e P a
PART
264
The Passive: Overview
done / wa" donC' / h b. efl done)
(Ic Ie
268
The Passive with Modals
(must bp done)
272
The Causative
(hi/vf" thmg done)
'jOmf
276
SelfTest XII
I
XIII:
1 , .
Zen) Conditionals
I study. I get good grades.)
(If
282
First Conditionals
I tudy. I will g t nood gr des)
(If
Conditionals
I "'tudlc eI. I would (7('t good grdcies.)
(If
290
Third Conditionals
w 'lot
I h tUeil d I )(lld quod Hmciec;.)
1 11 V('I
(If
294
WIsh: Present a nd Past
I ·,tudl d hi r '. / I II II! ld .tudied here.)
(/~, 11 WI.
298
SelfTest XIII
XIV:
R e l a t i v e
PART CI
Relative Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns 300
( om one who'
'11Idl ".)
304
Relative Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns
1
or When and Where
I / the school where' study)
,'1 '! ,n ''.ll ~tudy
I'::' l,'
Relative Clauses: Defining and Non-Defining 308
;end who studies here, /
I ' ; . l',. i.'
My best friend. who knows you, studies here.)
SelfTest XIV 312
XV:
I n d i r e c t S p e e c h
PART
Direct and Indirect Speech: Imperatives 314
to
. 'S':udy' She told me study.)
Indirect Speech: Statements (1) 318
to
S/"e said .hat she was going study.)
Indirect Speech: Statements (2) 322
(She said she had studied.)
Indirect Questions
326
's
1e me if , was studying.)
aS~tJd
Embedded Questions
330
SI II? ,, 'A.r' ,~ed rr:> krlOW whaL I studied.)
SelfTest XV
334
vii
Appendi
Irregul a r Ve rb s
APPENDIX
Com mo n S t.a t.ive Verbs
APPENDIX
Co mmon Verbs Followed by the Gerund
APPENDIX
(Base Form of Verb + -ing)
Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive
APPENDIX
Base Form of Verb)
(To +
Verbs Followed by Objects and the Infinitive
APPENDIX 5
338
Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive
APPENDIX 6
338
Common Verb + Preposition Combinations
APPENDIX 7
338
Common Adjective Preposition Combinations
+
APPENDIX 8
338
Common Adjectives that Can Be Followed by the Infinitive
APPENDIX 9
338
Irregular Comparisons of Adjectives, Adverbs and Quantifiers
APPENDIX 10
339
Common Participles used as Adjectives
APPENDIX 11
339
Some Adjectives that Form the Comparative and Superlative
APPENDIX 12
339
in Two Ways
Com mon Reporting Verbs
APPENDIX 13
340
Common Time Word Changes in Indirect Speech
APPENDIX 14
340
Common Phrases Introducing Embedded Questions
APPENDIX 15
340
Verbs and Expressions Commonly Used Reflexively
APPENDIX 16
340
Some Common Phrasal Verbs
APPENDIX 11
341
Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns
APPENDIX 18 343
Spelling Rules for the Present Continuous
APPENDIX 19 343
I
Spelling Rules for the Present Simple:
APPENDIX 20 343
Third Person Singular (he, she,
it)
Spelling Rules for the Past Simple of Regular Verbs 344
APPENDIX 21
Spelling Rules for the Comparative and 344
APPENDIX 22 (-er)
Superlative (-est) of Adjectives
344
APPENDIX 23 Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -ly
345
Contractions with Verb Forms
APPENDIX 24
347
Punctuation Rules for Direct Speech
APPENDIX 25
347
I
Pronunciation Table
APPENDIX 26
348
APPENDIX 21 Pronunciation Rules for the Present Si mple:
Third Person Singular (he, she,
it)
348
Pronunciation Rules for the Pas t Simple of Regular Verbs
APPENDIX 28
349
Used to or would?
APPENDIX 29
349
,
Hav e or have got?
APPENDIX 30
349
Compound Nouns
APPENDIX 31
350
British and American English
APP . IX 32
351
A p p e n d i x Q u i z
352
K e y
413
I n d e x
•••
VIII
elcome to Grommar Exp' ess
Grommar ExP'fiS features
• Short, easy-to-use four-page units
through cartoons, photos
• Grammar points presented and
and other illustrations
• Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the grammar point
• Chart Checks to help you use the grammar charts
• Clear Grammar Explanations and Examples
Usage Notes telling you how English speakers use the grammar point
• careful! Notes showing typical mistakes students make
• Pronunciation Notes to help you pronounce words correctly
• A variety of exercise types to practise the grammar points
• Selffests to check your progress
• Appendices with helpful lists and information
• An Answer Key so you can check your answers
• An Index to help you find grammar points quickly
UNITS
Grammar Express has 76 units. Each unit has four pages - two pages of grammar
presentation and two pages of practice. This is how a typical unit works:
The grammar point is presented in three steps.
1. II us ration
Each unit begins with an illustration - a cartoon, comic strip, photo with
speech bubbles or a newspaper headline - which introduces the grammar
point in context. I t also introduces the topic of the unit. (For example, in
Unit 8 the cartoon introduces the grammar point used to, and the unit topic.
fashion.)
A Check Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar point in
the illustration.
2. Charts
Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point. (In Unit 8 you can see
llsed to ill statements, questions, and short answers.)
Chart Checks ask questions about the grammar charts. They help you notice
important information about the forms and uses of the grammar point you are
tudying.
An Express Check follows the Grammar Charts. This is a quick and easy way
for you to tryout the forms in the charts.
3.
Grammar Notes present Grammar Explanations on the left and Examples on
the right. Timelines show the meaning of verb forms. (For example, in Unit 8
the timeline for used to shows that you can use it only for the past.)
Usage Notes tell you how English speakers use the grammar point. (In Unit 8
the Usage Note for used to explains that this form is more common in affirmative
statements than in negative statements or questions.)
Be careful! Notes point out typical mistakes that students make.
(One of the Be careful! Notes in Unit 8 warns you not to confuse used to with
be used to or get used to.)
Pronunciation Notes tell you how to pronounce the grammar point correctly
in everyday speech. These notes use easy pronunciation spellings.
Check it out! tells you where to look in the book (appendices or other units) to
find more information about the grammar point.
Two pages of exercises give you practice in understanding and using the
grammar point. A typical unit has four exercises.
E ercise 1
The first exercise is always a 'for recognition only' exercise. This means that
you will have to find or understand the grammar point but you will not have
to use it yet. (For example, in Unit 8 you will read a short magazine article
about fashion, and find and underline all the examples of used to which refer
to past habits.)
2
In these exercises, you actively practise the grammar point. There are a
variety of exercise types, including multiple choice, fill-in-the-blanks,
describing pictures, sentence combining, and asking and answering questions.
The exercises always show the grammar point in a context that is related to
the unit topic. (In Unit 8, Exercise 2, you will complete sentences about
fashion in the past while you describe pictures
x