Grammar and Usage, Naturally PDF
Preview Grammar and Usage, Naturally
“I feel more prepared for “I felt the paragraph editing exercises my other classes because not only does the book in the Components at Work were teach me what I didn’t the most helpful because they gave know, but also teaches me not only simple sentences to fix me what I will see ahead but also paragraphs to check my of me as well.” —Aimee Loza, Student revising skills.” “This textbook is the —Jeanette Torres, reason for my success Student in my other classes. My writing improved and so did my grades.” —Krystal Segura, What Students Are Saying About Lawrence Barkley / Christine Sandoval Student Grammar and Usage, Naturally “The book is detailed, helpful, informative, and well-organized. This book “Working through this book has made me a better writer allows a person to gain a strong and teacher of writing.” understanding of vocabulary —Joshua Thomas, and concepts, then builds upon Supplemental Instructional that knowledge, which allows for “The information in the Leader and Student a complete understanding and textbook I found to be very removes many of the mysteries clear and accessible. What of the grammatical structure.” I found most helpful —Donnadee Waibel, ASL/ were the examples. They English Interpreter and demonstrated clearly Student the concepts we were supposed to be learning.” —Jazmin Torres, Student Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Lawrence Barkley / Christine Sandoval G r a m m a r and Usage, Naturally Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Grammar and Usage, Naturally © 2015, Cengage Learning Lawrence Barkley, WCN: 02-200-203 Christine Sandoval ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Product Director: Annie Todd herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by Associate Content Developer: Elizabeth Rice any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited Product Assistant: Luria Rittenberg to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except Marketing Manager: Lydia Lestar as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Content Project Manager: Dan Saabye Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructor- specific resources. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13 Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. From Larry Barkley To my colleagues in the Menifee English Department—Michelle Stewart, Ricki Rycraft, Yvonne Atkinson, Lorrie Ross, and Ted Blake—and my colleague in Anthropology, Erik Ozolins: Thank you for your continual support and encour- agement. Y’all are truly wonderful people. To my mother and father: Thank you for being my role models, people I am proud to emulate. To Christine: The wait was truly worthwhile. Thank you. To Susan: I dedicate this book to you, darlin’. Thank you for overlooking all the weekends I spent working on it; your patience would embarrass Job. From Christine Sandoval To Mom and Dad: Thank you for always making it clear that you expected I could accomplish anything I put my mind to. Mom, I wish you were here to see the final product, but I have a feeling you’re bragging to your celestial friends. To Alec and Toby: Thank you for allowing me the time to work and for cheering me on. A mother could never ask for better sons. To Victor: Thank you for being my best friend and my greatest support. This book is for you. And to Larry: Thank you for seeing in me what I had not noticed, and thank you for inviting me on this wild ride. I have enjoyed every minute of it. Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents ChapTer 6 Verbs 74 Action Verbs 75 Linking Verbs 76 Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs 81 To Be, To Have, and To Do 82 I Components at Work 85 The FundamenTals 1 ChapTer 7 Irregular Verbs 90 ChapTer 1 Your Grammatical Roots: Principal Parts of a Verb 91 Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs 2 Three Pairs of Troublesome Verbs 99 Nouns 3 Lie and Lay 99 Common and Proper Nouns 4 Sit and Set 99 Pronouns 7 Rise and Raise 100 Subject and Object Pronouns 8 Components at Work 103 Verbs 10 Action Verbs 10 ChapTer 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 108 Subject-Verb Agreement 109 Linking Verbs 11 Thirteen Rules for Subject-Verb Agreement 109 Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs 13 Components at Work 15 Components at Work 120 ChapTer 2 Cultivating Your Grammatical Roots I: ChapTer 9 Clauses 125 Adjectives and Adverbs 19 Clauses 126 Adjectives 20 Adjective and Adverb Subordinate Clauses 127 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 21 Punctuating Adverb Clauses 132 Less and Fewer 21 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Subordinate Possessive as Adjectives 22 Clauses 134 Adverbs 24 Sentence Combining and Adjective and Adverb Subordinate Good and Well 27 Clauses 138 Components at Work 29 Components at Work 143 ChapTer 3 Cultivating Your Grammatical Roots II: InTerIm Reviewing Your Growth 149 Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Interjections 32 Parts of Speech 150 Conjunctions 33 Subjects and Verbs 153 Coordinating Conjunctions 33 Subjects That Don’t Look Like Subjects 156 Correlative Conjunctions 34 Clauses 158 Subordinating Conjunctions 35 Demonstrating Your Growth 162 Adverbial Conjunctions 36 II Prepositions 38 The elemenTs oF ComposITIon 165 Interjections 45 Components at Work 46 ChapTer 10 Writing Paragraphs 166 The Paragraph 167 ChapTer 4 Subjects 51 The Topic and Topic Sentence 167 Subjects 52 Direct and Climactic Paragraphs 168 Single Subjects 52 Unity 170 Either . . . Or and Neither . . . Nor and Or 53 Support 173 Compound Subjects 55 Coherence 175 As Well As and Along With 55 Audience and Audience Analysis 177 Subject Pronouns 57 The Purpose or Intent of the Paragraph 179 Components at Work 60 Narration 179 ChapTer 5 Subjects That Don’t Look like Subjects 62 Description 180 Indefinite Pronouns 63 Explanation 181 The Understood You of Imperatives 65 Illustration/Example 181 Verbals: Gerunds and Infinitives 66 Cause and Effect 182 Gerunds 66 Comparison and Contrast 184 Infinitives 67 Division 184 Components at Work 70 Classification 185 iv Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ChapTer 6 Verbs 74 Action Verbs 75 Linking Verbs 76 Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs 81 To Be, To Have, and To Do 82 Components at Work 85 ChapTer 7 Irregular Verbs 90 Principal Parts of a Verb 91 Three Pairs of Troublesome Verbs 99 Lie and Lay 99 Sit and Set 99 Rise and Raise 100 Components at Work 103 ChapTer 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 108 Subject-Verb Agreement 109 Thirteen Rules for Subject-Verb Agreement 109 Components at Work 120 ChapTer 9 Clauses 125 Clauses 126 Adjective and Adverb Subordinate Clauses 127 Punctuating Adverb Clauses 132 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Subordinate Clauses 134 Sentence Combining and Adjective and Adverb Subordinate Clauses 138 Components at Work 143 InTerIm Reviewing Your Growth 149 Parts of Speech 150 Subjects and Verbs 153 Subjects That Don’t Look Like Subjects 156 Clauses 158 Demonstrating Your Growth 162 II The elemenTs oF ComposITIon 165 ChapTer 10 Writing Paragraphs 166 The Paragraph 167 The Topic and Topic Sentence 167 Direct and Climactic Paragraphs 168 Unity 170 Support 173 Coherence 175 Audience and Audience Analysis 177 The Purpose or Intent of the Paragraph 179 Narration 179 Description 180 Explanation 181 Illustration/Example 181 Cause and Effect 182 Comparison and Contrast 184 Division 184 Classification 185 v Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi Contents Definition 186 Process Analysis 186 Persuasion 188 ChapTer 11 Inventing and Organizing 190 The Writing Process 191 Step 1: Inventing 192 Brainstorming 193 Freewriting 193 Journalistic Questioning 195 Clustering 197 Cubing 198 Step 2: Organizing 200 General to Specific 201 Specific to General 201 Order of Importance 201 Order of Familiarity 202 Chronological Order 203 Spatial Order 203 Outline 204 ChapTer 12 Drafting, Revising, and Editing 207 Step 3: Drafting 208 Step 4: Revising 209 Micro and Macro Revisions 211 Step 5: Editing/Proofreading 213 Submitting Your Paper 214 III enhanCIng The FundamenTals 217 ChapTer 13 Verb Phrases: Infinitive and Participial Phrases 218 Infinitive Phrases 219 Participial Phrases 221 Sentence Combining and Sentence Variety 226 Components at Work 229 ChapTer 14 Noun Phrases: Prepositional, Absolute, and Appositive Phrases 232 Prepositional Phrases 233 Absolute Phrases 235 Appositive Phrases 239 Components at Work 242 ChapTer 15 Simple and Compound Sentences 246 Simple Sentences 247 Compound Sentences 250 Compound Sentences and Coordinating Conjunctions 250 Compound Sentences and Semicolons 251 Compound Sentences and Adverbial Conjunctions 253 Compound Sentences and Coordination 255 Simple and Compound Sentences and Sentence Combining 257 Components at Work 260 ChapTer 16 Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences 264 Complex Sentences 265 Complex Sentences and Subordination 267 Complex Sentences and Commas 268 Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents vii Compound-Complex Sentences 269 Compound-Complex Sentences and Coordination and Subordination 270 Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences and Sentence Combining 272 Components at Work 275 ChapTer 17 Verb Tenses and Mood 281 Twelve Active Verb Tenses 282 Simple Tenses: Present, Past, Future 282 Perfect Tenses: Present, Past, Future 284 Progressive Tenses: Present, Past, Future 286 Perfect Progressive Tenses: Present, Past, Future 288 Verbs and Mood 294 Components at Work 300 ChapTer 18 Active and Passive Voice and Parallel Structure 302 Active and Passive Voice 303 Parallel Structure 305 Components at Work 310 ChapTer 19 Punctuation Marks 317 Comma ( , ) 318 Commas and Items in a Series 319 Commas between Coordinate Adjectives 320 Commas and Direct Quotations 323 Commas with Dates, Addresses, and Other Material 325 Commas and Parenthetical Expressions 326 Semicolon ( ; ) 329 Semicolons and Independent Clauses 329 Semicolons and Items in a Series 329 Colon ( : ) 331 Apostrophe ( ’ ) 332 Contractions 332 Possessives 333 Possessives with Singular Nouns 334 Possessives with Singular Nouns That End in S 334 Possessives with Plural Nouns 334 Dash (—) 336 Quotation Marks ( “ ” ) 338 Direct Quotation of Spoken Words 338 Indirect Quotation of Spoken Words 338 Paraphrase of Spoken Words 338 Direct Quotation of a Written Work 339 Paraphrase of a Written Work 339 Titles of Short Works 339 Other Uses for Quotation Marks 339 Hyphen ( - ) 340 Exclamation Mark ( ! ) 342 Components at Work 344 appendICes 347 A Capitalization 348 B Pronouns 354 glossary 359 Index 365 Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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