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P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 GRABB AND SMITH’S PLASTIC SURGERY S I X T H E D I T I O N Editor-in-Chief Charles H. Thorne, MD AssociateProfessorofPlasticSurgery NYUMedicalCenter NewYork,NewYork Editors Robert W. Beasley, MD ProfessorofSurgery,NewYorkUniversity,NewYork,NewYork DirectorofNewYorkUniversityHandSurgeryServices,InstituteofReconstructive PlasticSurgeryandBellevueHospitalCenter,NewYork,NewYork HandSurgeryConsultant,Veteran’sAdministration,NewYork,NewYork ConsultingSurgeon,HackensackUniversityHospital,Hackensack,NewJersey andImpartialAdvisortoChairman,NewYorkStateWorkers’CompensationBoard Sherrell J. Aston, MD ProfessorofSurgery(Plastic) NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine Chairman,DepartmentofPlasticSurgery ManhattanEyeEarandThroatHospital NewYork,NewYork Scott P. Bartlett, MD ProfessorofSurgery,UniversityofPennsylvania MaryDownsEndowedChairinPediatricCraniofacialTreatmentandResearch, Children’sHospitalofPhiladelphia Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Geoffrey C. Gurtner, , MD FACS AssociateProfessorofSurgery,DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine Stanford,California Scott L. Spear, , MD FACS ProfessorandChief DivisionofPlasticSurgery GeorgetownUniversityMedicalCenter Washington,DC Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne. iii P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 AcquisitionsEditor:BrianBrown DevelopmentalEditor:CottonCoslettandKeithDonnellan,DovetailContentSolutions ManagingEditor:JuliaSeto ProjectManager:AliciaJackson SeniorManufacturingManager:BenjaminRivera AssociateDirectorofMarketing:AdamGlazer DesignCoordinatorandCoverDesigner:TerryMallon ProductionService:Techbooks Printer:EdwardsBrothers ©2007byLIPPINCOTTWILLIAMS&WILKINS,aWOLTERSKLUWERBUSINESS 530WalnutStreet Philadelphia,PA19106USA LWW.com 5thedition©1997ByLippincott-RavenPublishers All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, exceptforbriefquotationsembodiedincriticalarticlesandreviews.Materialsappearingin thisbookpreparedbyindividualsaspartoftheirofficialdutiesasU.S.governmentemployees arenotcoveredbytheabove-mentionedcopyright. PrintedintheUSA LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData GrabbandSmith’splasticsurgery.—6thed./editor-in-chief,CharlesH.Thorne...[etal.]. p. ; cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-7817-4698-4 ISBN0-7817-4698-1 1. Surgery, Plastic. I. Thorne, Charles, 1952- II. Grabb, William C. III. Title: Plastic surgery. [DNLM: 1. Surgery, Plastic. 2. Reconstructive Surgical Procedures. WO 600 G7265 2007] RD118.G6882007 617.9(cid:2)5—dc22 2006033593 Carehasbeentakentoconfirmtheaccuracyoftheinformationpresentedandtodescribe generallyacceptedpractices.However,theauthors,editors,andpublisherarenotresponsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this bookandmakenowarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothecurrency,completeness, oraccuracyofthecontentsofthepublication.Applicationoftheinformationinaparticular situationremainstheprofessionalresponsibilityofthepractitioner. Theauthors,editors,andpublisherhaveexertedeveryefforttoensurethatdrugselection anddosagesetforthinthistextareinaccordancewithcurrentrecommendationsandpractice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations,andtheconstantflowofinformationrelatingtodrugtherapyanddrugreactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications anddosageandforaddedwarningsandprecautions.Thisisparticularlyimportantwhenthe recommendedagentisaneworinfrequentlyemployeddrug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in the publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibilityofthehealthcareprovidertoascertaintheFDAstatusofeachdrugordevice plannedforuseintheirclinicalpractice. To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800)638-3030orfaxordersto(301)223-2320.Internationalcustomersshouldcall(301) 223-2300. Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: at LWW.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkinscustomerservicerepresentativesareavailablefrom8:30amto6pm,EST. 10987654321 Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne. iv P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 C O N T R I B U T I N G A U T H O R S ValerieJ.Ablaza,MD,FACS BruceS.Bauer,MD,FACS,FAAP AssistantProfessor ProfessorofSurgery DepartmentofSurgery DepartmentofSurgery ColumbiaUniversity DivisionofPlasticSurgery CollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeons TheFeinbergSchoolofMedicineNorthwesternUniversity NewYork,NewYork Chief DivisionofPlasticSurgery AlAly,MD,FACS Children’sMemorialHospital Chicago,Illinois Attending DepartmentofPlasticSurgery JohnD.Bauer,MD IowaCityPlasticSurgery Coralville,Iowa AssistantProfessor,DivisionofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofSurgery UTMBatGalveston P.G.Arnold,MD Galveston,Texas ProfessorofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery RobertW.Beasley,MD MayoClinic ProfessorofSurgery,NewYorkUniversity Rochester,Minnesota DirectorofNewYorkUniversityHandSurgeryServices, InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgeryandBellevue ChristopherE.Attinger,MD HospitalCenter Professor HandSurgeryConsultant,Veteran’sAdministration DepartmentofPlasticSurgery ImpartialAdvisortoChairman,NewYorkStateWorkers’ GeorgetownUniversity CompensationBoard,NewYork,NewYork MedicalDirector ConsultingSurgeon,HackensackUniversityHospital, TheLimbCenter Hackensack,NewJersey GeorgetownUniversityHospital Washington,DistrictofColumbia MichaelS.Beckenstein,MD,FACS Birmingham,Alabama AlbertoAviles,MD ResidentinPlasticSurgery SeanBoutros,MD DepartmentofPlasticSurgery AttendingSurgeon MedicalCollegeofWisconsin HoustonPlasticandCraniofacialSurgery Milwaukee,Wisconsin HermannHospitalandChildren’sMemorialHermann Hospital StephenB.Baker,MD,DDS,FACS Houston,Texas AssociateProfessor AssociateProgramDirector JamesP.Bradley,MD DepartmentofPlasticSurgery AssociateProfessor,SarnatCraniofacialChair GeorgetownUniversityHospital DivisionofPlasticSurgery Washington,DistrictofColumbia UCLADavidGeffenSchoolofMedicine Co-Director,CraniofacialClinic ChiefPediatricPlasticSurgery InovaFairfaxHospitalforChildren DivisionofPlasticSurgery FallsChurch,Virginia MattelChildren’sHospital LosAngeles,California ScottP.Bartlett,MD ProfessorofSurgery LawrenceE.Brecht,DDS UniversityofPennsylvania ClinicalAssistantProfessorofSurgery MaryDownsEndowedChairinPediatric DepartmentofSurgery CraniofacialTreatmentandResearch NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine Children’sHospitalofPhiladelphia Co-DirectorofCraniofacialProsthetics Philadelphia,Pennsylvania InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgery NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter StevenJ.Bates,MD ClinicalAssociateProfessorofProsthodontics ChiefResident DirectorofMaxillofacialProsthetics DivisionofPlasticSurgery AdvancedEducationPrograminProsthodontics StanfordUniversityMedicalCenter NewYorkUniversityCollegeofDentistry Stanford,California NewYork,NewYork vii Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne. P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 viii ContributingAuthors ArnoldS.Breitbart,MD,FACS MihyeChoi,MD AssistantProfessorofClinicalSurgery AssistantProfessor AdjunctAssistantProfessorofSurgery DepartmentofSurgery ColumbiaUniversityCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeons NewYorkUniversity WeillCornellUniversityMedicalCollege NewYork,NewYork NewYork,NewYork MarkA.Codner,MD DucT.Bui,MD ClinicalAssistantProfessor DepartmentofSurgery DepartmentofPlasticandReconstructive StonyBrookUniversityMedicalCenter Surgery StonyBrook,NewYork EmoryUniversity Atlanta,Georgia CharlesE.Butler,MD AssociateProfessor SydneyR.Coleman,MD TheUniversityofTexas AssistantClinicalProfessor M.D.AndersonCancerCenter, DepartmentofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofPlasticSurgery,Houston,Texas NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine NewYork,NewYork PeterE.M.Butler,MB,BSc(Hons) ConsultantPlasticSurgeon PeterG.Cordeiro,MD RoyalFreeHospital ProfessorofSurgery UniversityCollegeLondon DepartmentofSurgery London,England WeillMedicalCollegeofCornellUniversity Chief,Plastic&ReconstructiveSurgeryService GrantW.Carlson,MD DepartmentofSurgery Professor MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter DepartmentofSurgery NewYork,NewYork EmoryUniversity ChiefofSurgicalServices AlfredCullifordIV,MD CrawfordW.LongHospital DivisionofPlastic,ReconstructiveandHandSurgery Atlanta,Georgia StatenIslandUniversityHospital StatenIsland,NewYork BenjaminChang,MD,FACS AssociateProfessorofClinicalSurgery CourtCutting,MD DivisionofPlasticSurgery ProfessorofSurgery-PlasticSurgery UniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicine Director,CleftLipandPalateProgram AttendingSurgeon InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgery DivisionofPlasticSurgery NYUMedicalCenter HospitaloftheUniversityofPennsylvania NewYork,NewYork Philadelphia,Pennsylvania GenevievedeBese,MD JamesChang,MD GeneralManagerandDirectorofResearch AssociateProfessor AmericanHandProstheses DivisionofPlasticSurgery NewYork,NewYork StanfordUniversityMedicalCenter AttendingSurgeon MarkDeLacure,MD LucilePackardChildren’sHospitalatStanford StanfordUniversityMedicalCenter AssociateProfessorofOtolaryngologyandSurgery PaloAlto,California (PlasticSurgery) NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter NewYork,NewYork RaymondR.Chang,MD AssistantProfessorofSurgery JosephJ.Disa,MD,FACS DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery GeorgeWashingtonUniversity AssociateAttendingSurgeon Attending PlasticandReconstructive DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery SurgeryService GeorgeWashingtonUniversityHospital MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter Washington,DistrictofColumbia NewYork,NewYork JamesJ.Chao,MD,FACS MatthiasB.Donelan,MD AssociateProfessorofPlasticSurgery AssociateClinicalProfessorofSurgery DepartmentofSurgery HarvardMedicalSchool UniversityofCalifornia, ChiefofPlasticSurgery SanDiegoSchoolofMedicine ShrinersBurnsHospital SanDiego,California Boston,Massachusetts Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne. P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 ContributingAuthors ix IvicaDucic,MD,PhD RobertD.Galiano,MD AssociateProfessor InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgery Chief–PeripheralNerveSurgey NewYorkUniversity DepartmentofPlasticSurgery NewYork,NewYork GeorgetownUniversityHospital Washington,DistrictofColumbia RoyG.Geronemus,MD,PC LaserandSkinSurgeryCenterofNewYork GregoryA.Dumanian,MD,FACS ClinicalProfessor AssociateProfessorofSurgery DepartmentofDermatology DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery NewYorkMedicalCenter FeinbergSchoolofMedicine,NorthwesternUniversity NewYork,NewYork AssociateProfessorofSurgery DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery GiulioGherardini,MD,PhD NorthwesternMemorialHospital Rome,Italy Chicago,Illinois CharlesJ.Eaton,MD MaryK.Gingrass,MD,FACS HandSurgeon AssistantClinicalProfessor DepartmentofSurgery DepartmentofPlasticSurgery JupiterMedicalCenter VanderbiltUniversitySchoolofMedicine Jupiter,Florida ChiefofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofPlasticSurgery BaptistHospital CharlesR.Effron,MD Nashville,Tennessee RochellePark,NewJersey CorneliaN.Golimbu,MD L.FranklynElliottII,MD ProfessorofRadiology AtlantaPlasticSurgery,P.C. DepartmentofRadiology Atlanta,Georgia NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter NewYork,NewYork GregoryR.D.Evans,MD,FACS ProfessorofSurgeryandBiomedicalEngineering ArunK.Gosain,MD ChiefAestheticPlasticSurgery UniversityofCaliforniaIrvine Professor ProfessorofSurgeryandBiomedicalEngineering DepartmentofSurgery ChiefAestheticPlasticSurgery CaseWesternReserveUniversity UCIMedicalCenter UniversityHospital(Lakeside) Orange,California Chief SectionofCraniofacialandPediatricPlasticSurgery RainbowBabiesandChildrensHospital MaryamFeili-Hariri,PhD Cleveland,Ohio AssistantProfessor SurgeryandImmunology BarryGrayson,DDS UniversityofPittsburgh AssociateProfessorofSurgery(Orthodontics) Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgery NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine DerekT.Ford,MD,FRCSC TischHospital PrivatePractice NewYork,NewYork Toronto,Ontario,Canada ArinK.Greene,MD,MMSc M.FelixFreshwater,MD CraniofacialFellow Miami,Florida DepartmentofPlasticSurgery Children’sHospitalBoston,HarvardMedicalSchool DavidW.Friedman,MD Boston,Massachusettes AssistantProfessor DepartmentofSurgery-Plastic GeoffreyC.Gurtner,MD,FACS NewYorkUniversity FellowshipDirector AssociateProfessorofSurgery HandSurgery DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine NewYork,NewYork Stanford,California JeffreyD.Friedman,MD J.JorisHage,MD,PhD AssistantProfessor Chief DepartmentofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofPlasticandReconstructiveSurgery BaylorCollegeofMedicine NetherlandsCancerInstitute-AntonivanLeeuwenhoek TheMethodistHospital Hospital Houston,Texas Amsterdam,TheNetherlands Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne. P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 x ContributingAuthors ElizabethJ.Hall-Findlay,MD,FRCSC JohnN.Jensen,MD PlasticSurgeon DepartmentofPlasticSurgery MineralSpringsHospital MedicalCollegeofWisconsin BanffAlberta,Canada Milwaukee,Wisconsin DennisC.Hammond,MD NeilF.Jones,MD,FRCS CenterforBreast&BodyContouring Professor GrandRapids,Michigan DivisionofPlastic&ReconstructiveSurgery MichaelHausman,MD DepartmentofOrthopedicSurgery UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles AssistantProfessor ChiefofHandSurgery DepartmentofOrthopaedics UCLAHandCenter Chief,HandServiceMountSinaiHospital UCLAMedicalCenter NewYork,NewYork LosAngeles,California RobertJ.Havlik,MD Professor MichaelA.C.Kane,MD,BS DepartmentofSurgery-SectionofPlasticSurgery AttendingSurgeon IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine DepartmentofPlasticSurgery ChiefSectionofPlasticSurgery ManhattanEye,Ear&ThroatHospital RileyHospitalforChildren NewYork,NewYork Indianapolis,Indiana AlexesHazen,MD NolanS.Karp,MD Attending,PlasticSurgery AssociateProfessorofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofPlasticSurgery NYUSchoolofMedicine NYUMedicalCenter NewYork,NewYork ChiefPlasticSurgery ManhattanVeteransAdministrationHospital ArmenK.Kasabian,MD NewYork,NewYork AssistantProfessorofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofPlasticSurgery DavidA.Hidalgo,MD NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter NewYork,NewYork Chief,SectionofMicrosurgery LarryHollier,Jr.,MD InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgery NewYork,NewYork AssociateProfessor/ResidencyProgramDirector DepartmentofPlasticSurgery BaylorCollegeofMedicine HenryKawamoto,Jr.,MD,DDS TexasChildren’sHospital ClinicalProfessor BenTaubGeneralHospital DepartmentofSurgery,Division Houston,Texas ofPlasticSurgery UCLA RichardA.Hopper,MD,MS LosAngeles,California AssociateProfessor DepartmentofSurgery UniversityofWashington PatrickKelley,MD SurgicalDirector MedicalDirector TheCraniofacialCenter CraniofacialCenter SeattleChildren’sHospital Children’sHospitalofAustin Seattle,Washington Austin,Texas ChristopherJ.Hussussian,MD AmyKells,MD,PhD PlasticSurgeryAssociates MicrosurgeryFellow Waukesha,Wisconsin DepartmentofPlasticSurgery AlamgirIsani,MD UniversityofMississippi Jackson,Mississippi ClinicalAssistantProfessor PlasticSurgery NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter KarenH.Kim,MD NewYork,NewYork DirectorofResearch LaserandSkinSurgeryCenterofNewYork JeffreyE.Janis,MD NewYork,NewYork AssistantProfessor ChiefofPlasticSurgery ParklandHealth ArnoldWilliamKlein,MD HospitalSystemCo-Director ProfessorofMedicineandDermatology PlasticSurgeryResidencyProgram DepartmentofMedicineandDermatology UniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenter DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicineatUCLA Dallas,Texas BeverlyHills,California Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne. P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 ContributingAuthors xi MatthewB.Klein,MD OtwayLouie,MD AssistantProfessor HouseStaff DepartmentofPlasticSurgery InstituteofReconstructiveandPlasticSurgery UniversityofWashington NYUMedicalCenter AssociateDirector NewYork,NewYork UniversityofWashingtonBurnCenter HarborviewMedicalCenter Seattle,Washington DavidW.Low,MD AssociateProfessorofSurgery DivisionofPlasticSurgery DavidM.Knize,MD UniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicine AssociateClinicalProfessorofPlasticSurgery Philadelphia,Pennsylvania DepartmentofSurgery UniversityofColoradoHealthSciencesCenter Denver,Colorado SusanE.Mackinnon,MD FormerChiefofPlasticSurgery ShoenbergProfessorandChief DepartmentofSurgery DivisionofPlasticandReconstructiveSurgery SwedishMedicalCenter WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis Englewood,Colorado Barnes-JewishHospital St.Louis,Missouri JamesKnoetgen,III,MD ConsultantinPlasticSurgery JohnS.Mancoll,MD DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery FortWayne,Indiana MayoClinic Rochester,Minnesota RalphT.Manktelow,MD,FRCS(c) HowardN.Langstein,MD ProfessorofSurgery UniversityofToronto DepartmentofPlasticSurgery StaffSurgeon TheUniversityofTexas DepartmentofSurgery M.D.AndusonCancerCenter TorontoGeneralHospital Houston,Texas Toronto,Ontario,Canada W.P.AndrewLee,MD StephenJ.Mathes,MD ProfessorofSurgery UniversityofPittsburgh InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgery Chief NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter DivisionofPlasticSurgery NewYork,NewYork UniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania JosephG.McCarthy,MD SalvatoreC.Lettieri,MD LawrenceD.BellProfessorofPlasticSurgery InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgery Instructor NYUSchoolofMedicine DepartmentofPlasticSurgery Director MayoGraduateSchool InstituteofReconstructivePlasticSurgery Rochester,Minnesota NYUMedicalCenter Chief NewYork,NewYork DepartmentofPlasticSurgery MaricopaMedicalCenter Phoenix,Arizona BabakJ.Mehrara,MD AssistantProfessor JamieLevine,MD DepartmentofSurgery AssistantProfessor ColumbiaUniversityNewYorkHospital-Cornell DivisionofPlasticSurgery MedicalCenter NewYorkUniversity AssistantAttending ChiefPlasticandMicrosurgery MemorialSloan-KetteringCancerCenter DepartmentofSurgery NewYork,NewYork BellevueHospital NewYork,NewYork FrederickJ.Menick,MD AssociateClinicalProfessor J.WilliamLittler,MD DivisionofPlasticSurgery ProfessorEmeritusofClinicalSurgery UniversityofArizona ColumbiaUniversityDepartmentofSurgery;andRetired StaffSurgeon SeniorAttendingPhysician,ChiefofPlasticand DivisionofPlasticSurgery ReconstructiveSurgery St.Joseph’sHospital St.Luke’s-RooseveltHospitalCenter Tucson,Arizona NewYork,NewYork Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne. P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 xii ContributingAuthors TimothyA.Miller,MD JohnA.Perrotti,MD ProfessorandChiefPlasticSurgery ClinicalAssistantProfessor UniversityofCaliforniaSchoolofMedicine DepartmentofSurgery DavidGeffenSchoolofMedicineatUCLA NewYorkMedicalCollege DepartmentofSurgery Valhalla,NewYork UCLAMedicalCenter AttendingSurgeon LosAngeles,California DepartmentofPlasticSurgery ManhattanEye,EarandThroatSurgery NewYork,NewYork BlakeA.Morrison,MD PrivatePractice JohnA.Persing,MD NorthTexasHandSurgery ProfessorandChiefPlasticSurgery,Professorof Dallas,Texas Neurosurgery YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine HannanMullett,MD,FRCS(TR&ORTM) Chief ConsultantOrthopaedicSurgeon PlasticSurgery DepartmentofOrthopaedicSurgery Yale-NewHavenHospital BeaumontHospital NewHaven,Connecticut Dublin,Ireland LindaG.Phillips,MD TrumanG.BlockerDistinguishedProfessorandChief JohnB.Mulliken,MD DivisionofPlasticSurgery ProfessorofSurgery UTMBGalveston HarvardMedicalSchool Galveston,Texas DirectorCraniofacialCentre DepartmentofPlasticSurgery MichaelL.Reed,MD Children’sHospital AssociateClinicalProfessor Boston,Massachusetts DepartmentofDermatology NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine ThomasA.Mustoe,MD AttendingPhysician DepartmentofDermatology Professor NewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery NewYork,NewYork FeinbergSchoolofMedicine,NorthwesternUniversity Chief RodJ.Rohrich,MD,FACS DepartmentofPlasticSurgery NorthwesternMemorialHospital ProfessorandChairman Chicago,Illinois DepartmentofPlasticSurgery TheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenter ChiefofPlasticSurgery TerenceM.Myckatyn,MD,FRCSC DepartmentofPlasticSurgery AssistantProfessor UniversityHospital–ZaleLipshy DepartmentofPlasticandReconstructiveSurgery Dallas,Texas WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine St.Louis,Missouri HarveyM.Rosen,MD,DMD ClinicalAssociateProfessor RandallNacamuli,MD DepartmentofSurgery Resident UniversityofPennsylvania DivisionofPlasticandReconstructiveSurgery Chief OregonHealthSciencesUniversity DivisionofPlasticSurgery Portland,Oregon PennsylvaniaHospital Philadelphia,Pennsylvania JamesD.Namnoum,MD GeorgeH.Rudkin,MD,FACS AtlantaPlasticSurgery,P.C. ClinicalAssociateProfessor Atlanta,Georgia DepartmentofPlasticSurgery UCLAMedicalCenter PeterC.Neligan,MB,FRCSC,FACS Chief,PlasticSurgery WhartonChairinReconstructivePlasticSurgery DepartmentofPlasticSurgery ProfessorandChair,DivisionofPlasticSurgery VAWestLosAngeles UniversityofToronto LosAngeles,California Toronto,Canada PierreB.Saadeh,MD MartinI.Newman,MD AssistantProfessor ActiveStaff AttendingPhysician DepartmentofPlastic&ReconstructiveSurgery DepartmentofSurgery,PlasticSurgery ClevelandClinicFlorida NewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicine Weston,Florida NewYork,NewYork Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne. P1:OSO/OVY P2:OSO/OVY QC:OSO/OVY T1:OSO Thorne-FM Thorne-2245G Thorne-v6.cls November10,2006 11:32 ContributingAuthors xiii HrayrK.Shahinian,MD,FACS AlisaC.Thorne,MD Director ProfessorofClinicalAnesthesiology SkullBaseInstitute WeilCornellSchoolofMedicine Cedars-SinaiMedicalOfficeTowers DirectorofAmbulatoryAnesthesia LosAngeles,California MemorialSloanKetteringCancerCenter NewYork,NewYork SheelSharma,MD Faculty CharlesH.Thorne,MD DepartmentofPlasticandReconstructiveSurgery AssociateProfessor Hackensock,NewJersey DepartmentofPlasticSurgery NYUSchoolofMedicine JosephH.Shin,MD NewYork,NewYork AssociateProfessorofSurgery DirectorYaleCraniofacialCenter JohnT.Tymchak,MD,FACS DepartmentofPlasticSurgery ClinicalAssistantProfessor YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine DepartmentofSurgery AttendingPhysician SUNYHealthScienceCenteratBrooklyn YaleNewHavenHospital Director,DivisionofPlasticSurgeryandHandSurgery NewHaven,Connecticut Services DepartmentofSurgery,DivisionofPlasticSurgery SumnerA.Slavin,MD TheBrookdaleUniversityHospitalandMedicalCenter DivisionofPlasticSurgery Brooklyn,NewYork BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter HarvardMedicalSchool LokHueiYap,MD Brookline,Massachusetts DepartmentofPlasticSurgery TheUniversityofTexas HoomanSoltanian,MD,FACS M.D.AndersonCancerCenter Attending Houston,Texas SpecialtiesofPlasticSurgery Hartford,Connecticut MichaelJ.Yaremchuk,MD ScottL.Spear,MD ClinicalProfessor Chairman DepartmentofSurgery DepartmentofPlasticSurgery HarvardMedicalSchool GeorgetownUniversity ChiefofCraniofacialSurgery ProfessorandChairman DepartmentofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofPlasticSurgery MassachusettsGeneralHospital GeorgetownUniversityHospital Boston,Massachusetts Washington,DistrictofColumbia PaulZidel,MD,MS,FACS HenryM.Spinelli,MD ClinicalFaculty ClinicalProfessorofSurgery DepartmentofSurgery DepartmentofSurgery NovaSoutheasternUniversity WeillMedicalCollegeofCornellUniversity FortLauderdale,Florida AttendingSurgeon Attending DepartmentofPlasticSurgery DepartmentofSurgery NewYorkPresbyterianHospital–WeillCornell UniversityHospital NewYork,NewYork Tamarac,Florida G.IanTaylor,AO RonaldM.Zuker,MD,FRCSC,FACS Professor ProfessorofSurgery DepartmentofAnatomyandCellBiology DepartmentofSurgery UniversityofMelbourne UniversityofToronto SeniorConsultant StaffSurgeon DepartmentofReconstructivePlasticSurgery DivisionofPlasticSurgery RoyalMelbourneHospital TheHospitalforSickChildren Parkville,Victoria,Canada Toronto,Ontario,Canada Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Grabb and Smith's Plastic Surgery, Sixth Edition by Charles H. Thorne.