GPU Gems 2: Programming Techniques for High-Performance Graphics and General-Purpose Computation

831 Pages·2005·72.816 MB·English

by  Matt Pharr

Programming Techniques for
High-Performance Graphics and
General-Purpose Computation a
r*o,
nl1.
m
i , **,
tdltea Plf
'-Dy Matt arr
Foreword by Tim Swetney, Epic Games
-
. —
- iLAJA(cid:127)tULJ -jt 1» V:^ * * 1
;/n/- YrDLiA Randima Fernando/ Series Editor
* .rf— J* . ;A*. 1b
-
> r - T ^ - t
X '
UJ *
. tT
Q ...
- LT
O LJrv *„(cid:127) I
a<w:> w »v
UJ TowardPhotorealismin TerrainRenderingUsing InsideGeometryInstancing SegmentBuffering
VirtualBotany GPU-BasedGeometryClipmaps FrancescoCarucci JonOlick
O DavidWhatley ArulAsirvathamandHuguesHoppe (LionheadStudios) (2015)
UJ
O (SimutronicsCorporation) (MicrosoftResearch)
WPsm -
§gjiSi^fe
£
00
10
, fifer -
1M J
DeferredShading Real-TimeComputationofDynamic ApproximateBidirectional Tile-Based
.. .. ...
inSTA LKER IrradianceEnvironmentMaps TextureFunctions TextureMapping
OlesShishkovtsov GaryKing JanKautz Li-YiWei
(GSCGameWorld) (NVIDIA) (MIT) (NVIDIA)
roo Q£ UJ
UJ UJ
O
UJ
CtL
£
HH
EfficientSoft-EdgedShadows UsingVertexTextureDisplacement GenericRefraction ^ FastThird-OrderTextureFiltering
UsingPixelShaderBranching forRealisticWaterRendering Simulation — ChristianSigg(ETHZurich)
YuryUralsky YuriKryachko TiagoSousa ? andMarkusHadwiger
(NVIDIA) (1C:MaddoxGames) (Crytek) (VRVisResearchCenter)
U
-
UJ -c
UvOJ Oo
GPUImageProcessing ImplementingImproved AdvancedHigh-Quality Mipmap-Level
inApple'sMotion PerlinNoise Filtering Measurement
PeteWarden SimonGreen JustinNovosad IainCantlay
(AppleComputer) (NVIDIA) (discreet) (ClimaxEntertainment)
cVOn KOT'> 11 223$s
OctreeTexturesontheGPU High-QualityGlobalIllumination GlobalIlluminationUsing ComputerVisionontheGPU
SylvainLefebvre,SamuelHornus, RenderingUsingRasterization ProgressiveRefinementRadiosity JamesFung
O andFabriceNeyret ToshiyaHachisuka GregCoombe(UNCatChapelHill) (UniversityofToronto)
(GRAVIR/IMAG-INRIA) (TheUniversityofTokyo) andMarkHarris(NVIDIA)
O
UJ
cn
UJ
OUQJC OO'' O(cid:127)v'l <Q Q£ cC(cid:127)on-.
O
< _ L3
< ri
c
J
DeferredFiltering;Rendering ConservativeRasterization 2 QC1 GPUComputingforProtein AGPUFrameworkforSolving
JfrooemKnDisifsfi(cUunltivD.oatfaUFtaohrm),aAtsaronLefohn, JAoknenHinaess-Melgorlelenr,,TaonmdaLsennart ^ 5UJ SPtaruulciutusrMeiPcrikeedvicictiiouns SJeynssteKmrsugoefrLainndeaRruEdiqgueartWioensstermann
andNathanielFout(UCDavis) Ohlsson(LundUniversity) (ArmstrongAtlanticStateUniversity) (TechnischeUniversitdtMunchen)
, HRI
I
cn
I1 * f;!,
^y//n\\v^
OptimizingResourceManagement HardwareOcclusionQueries AdaptiveTessellationofSubdivision Per-PixelDisplacementMapping
withMultistreaming MadeUseful SurfaceswithDisplacementMapping withDistanceFunctions
OliverHoellerandKurtPelzer MichaelWimmerandJiriBittner MichaelBunnell WilliamDonnelly
(PiranhaBytes) (ViennaUniversityofTechnology) (NVIDIA) (UniversityofWaterloo)
*
£ -
*# 4 * ^
Implementingthementalimages DynamicAmbientOcclusion BlueprintRenderingand AccurateAtmospheric
PhenomenaRendererontheGPU andIndirectLighting "SketchyDrawings" Scattering
Martin-KarlLefran^ois MichaelBunnell MarcNienhausandJurgenDollner SeanO'Neil
(mentalimages) (NVIDIA) (UniversityofPotsdam)
u>
Ln
High-QualityAntialiased FastPrefilteredLines HairAnimationandRendering UsingLookupTablestoAccelerate
Rasterization EricChanandFredoDurand intheNaluDemo ColorTransformations
DanWexlerandEricEnderton (MIT) HubertNguyenandWilliamDonnelly JeremySelan
(NVIDIA) (NVIDIA) (SonyPicturesImageworks)
cxi
LU
_
is is
QQC Ln u(cid:127)o> osO
<
(cid:127)_(cid:127)
(SI
Q
O
StreamingArchitectures TheGeForce6Series MappingComputational TakingthePlungeinto
O
andTechnologyTrends GPUArchitecture ConceptstoGPUs GPUComputing
O JohnOwens EmmettKilgariffand MarkHarris IanBuck
(UCDavis) RandimaFernando (NVIDIA) (StanfordUniversity)
<
(NVIDIA)
-
Q
o mm ABB BBC
/\ /\
LLUU_ rwy. ro AB B BC
o vn Vr MM /\/\/\
oQn w mm AAB AwC BCC
. \/
CL. S7u7*7NWM BtawhLk»n AAC AC ACC
<
oc ImplementingEfficientParallel GPUFlow-ControlIdioms GPUProgramOptimization StreamReductionOperations
LU DataStructuresonGPUs MarkHarris(NVIDIA)and Cliff Woolley forGPGPUApplications
LU Aaron.Lefohn(UCDavis),JoeKniss IanBuck(StanfordUniversity) (UniversityofVirginia) DanielHorn
O (Univ ofUtah),JohnOwens(UCDavis) (StanfordUniversity)
o
OptionsPricingontheGPU ImprovedGPUSorting FlowSimulationwithComplexBoundaries MedicalImageReconstruction
CraigKolbandMattPharr PeterKipferandRudigerWestermann WeiLi(SiemensCorporateResearch), withtheFFT
(NVIDIA) (TechnischeUniversitatMunchen) ZheFan,XiaomingWei,andArie ThilakaSumanaweeraandDonaldLiu
Kaufman(Stony BrookUniversity) (SiemensMedicalSolutionsUSA)
GPU Gems 2
GPU Gems 2
Programming Techniquesfor
-
High Performance Graphics and
-
General PurposeComputation
Edited byMatt Pharr
RandimaFernando,SeriesEditor
AAddison-Wesley
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ (cid:127) Boston (cid:127) Indianapolis (cid:127)SanFrancisco
NewYork (cid:127) Toronto (cid:127)Montreal (cid:127)London (cid:127) Munich (cid:127) Paris (cid:127) Madrid
Capetown (cid:127)Sydney (cid:127)Tokyo (cid:127)Singapore (cid:127)MexicoCity
AbouttheCover:TheNalucharacterwascreatedbytheNVIDIADemoTeamtoshowcasetherenderingpowerofthe
GeForce6800GPU.Thedemoshowsoffadvancedhairshadingandshadowingalgorithms,aswellasiridescenceand
bioluminescence.Softshaftsoflightfromthewatersurfaceareblockedbyherbody,andherskinisUtbythelight
refractedthroughthewater’ssurface,withherbodyandhaircastingsoftshadowsonherassheswims.
Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheirproductsareclaimedastrade-
marks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthisbook,andAddison-Wesleywasawareofatrademarkclaim,the
designationshavebeenprintedwithinitialcapitallettersorinallcapitals.
Theauthorsandpublisherhavetakencareinthepreparationofthisbook,butmakenoexpressedorimpliedwar-
rantyofanykindandassumenoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions.Noliabilityisassumedforincidentalor
consequentialdamagesinconnectionwithorarisingoutoftheuseoftheinformationorprogramscontainedherein.
NVIDIAmakesnowarrantyorrepresentationthatthetechniquesdescribedhereinarefreefromanyIntellectual
Propertyclaims.Thereaderassumesallriskofanysuchclaimsbasedonhisorheruseofthesetechniques.
Thepublisheroffersexcellentdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinquantityforbulkpurchasesorspecial
sales,whichmayincludeelectronicversionsand/orcustomcoversandcontentparticulartoyourbusiness,train-
inggoals,marketingfocus,andbrandinginterests.Formoreinformation,pleasecontact:
U.S.CorporateandGovernmentSales
[phone]
[email protected]
ForsalesoutsideoftheU.S.,pleasecontact:
InternationalSales
[email protected]
VisitAddison-WesleyontheWeb:www.awprofessional.com
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
GPUgems2:programmingtechniquesforhigh-performancegraphicsandgeneral-purpose
computation/editedbyMariPharr;RandimaFernando,serieseditor,
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-321-33559-7(hardcover:alk.paper)
1.Computergraphics.2.Real-timeprogramming.I.Pharr,Matt.II.Fernando,Randima.
T385-G6882005
—
006.66 dc22
2004030181
GeForce andNVIDIAQuadro®aretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofNVIDIACorporation.
Nalu,Timbury,andClearSailingimages©2004NVIDIACorporation.
mentalimagesandmentalrayaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofmentalimages,GmbH.
Copyright©2005byNVIDIACorporation.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,in
anyform,orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorcon-
sentofthepublisher:PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.
Forinformationonobtainingpermissionforuseofmaterialfromthiswork,pleasesubmitawrittenrequestto:
PearsonEducation,Inc.
RightsandContractsDepartment
OneLakeStreet
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458
ISBN0-321-33559-7
TextprintedintheUnitedStatesonrecycledpaperatQuebecorWorldTauntoninTaunton,Massachusetts.
Firstprinting,March2005
To everyone striving to make
todays best computergraphics
look primitive tomorrow
Contents
Foreword .. xxix
Preface.... xxxi
Contributors xxxv
PARTI GEOMETRICCOMPLEXITY l
Chapter1
Toward Photorealism inVirtual Botany 7
DavidWhatley,SimutronicsCorporation
1.1 SceneManagement 7
.
1.11 ThePlantingGrid 8
.
1.12 PlantingStrategy 9
.
1.13 Real-TimeOptimization 10
1.2 TheGrassLayer 11
.
1.21 SimulatingAlphaTransparencyviaDissolve 13
1.2.2 Variation 15
.
1.23 Lighting 15
1.2.4 Wind 17
1.3 TheGroundClutterLayer 17
1.4 TheTreeandShrubLayers 18
1.5 Shadowing 20
1.6 Post-Processing 22
1.6.1 SkyDomeBlooming 23
.
1.6 2 Full-SceneGlow 24
1.7 Conclusion 24
1.8 References 24
Contents v»»
Chapter2
TerrainRenderingUsingGPU-BasedGeometryClipmaps 27
ArulAsirvatham,MicrosoftResearch
HuguesHoppe,MicrosoftResearch
2.1 ReviewofGeometryClipmaps 27
2.2 OverviewofGPUImplementation 30
.
2.21 DataStructures 31
.
2.2 2 ClipmapSize 31
2.3 Rendering 32
.
2.3I ActiveLevels 32
-
2.32 VertexandIndexBuffers 33
.
2.33 ViewFrustumCulling.. 35
.
2.34 DrawPrimitiveCalls. 35
.
2.35 TheVertexShader 36
.
2.36 ThePixelShader 38
2.4 Update 39
.
2.41 Upsampling 40
.
2.4 2 Residuals 42
2.4.3 NormalMap 42
2.5 ResultsandDiscussion 43
2.6 SummaryandImprovements 43
.
2.61 VertexTextures ... 44
.
2.62 EliminatingNormalMaps.... 44
2.6.3 Memory-FreeTerrainSynthesis 44
2.7 References 44
Chapter3
InsideGeometryInstancing 47
FrancescoCarucci,UonheadStudios
3.1 WhyGeometryInstancing? 48
3.2 Definitions 49
3.2.1 GeometryPacket 49
3.2.2 InstanceAttributes 49
3.2.3 GeometryInstance 50
.
3.24 RenderandTextureContext 50
3.2.5 GeometryBatch 50
viii Contents
33 Implementation 53
3.3.1 StaticBatching 54
3.3.2 DynamicBatching 56
3.3.3 VertexConstantsInstancing 57
3.3.4 BatchingwiththeGeometryInstancingAPI 61
3.4 Conclusion 65
3.5 References 67
Chapter4
SegmentBuffering 69
IonOlick,2015
4.1 TheProblemSpace 69
4.2 TheSolution 70
4.3 TheMethod 71
4.3.1 SegmentBuffering,Step1 71
4.3.2 SegmentBuffering,Step2 71
4.3.3 SegmentBuffering,Step3 72
4.4 ImprovingtheTechnique 72
4.5 Conclusion 72
4.6 References 73
Chapter 5
OptimizingResourceManagementwithMultistreaming 75
OliverHoeller,PiranhaBytes
KurtPelzer,PiranhaBytes
5.1 Overview 76
5.2 Implementation 77
5.2.1 MultistreamingwithDirectX9.0 78
5.2.2 ResourceManagement 81
5.2.3 ProcessingVertices 83
5.3 Conclusion 89
5.4 References 90
Chapter6
HardwareOcclusionQueriesMadeUseful 91
MichaelWimmer,ViennaUniversityofTechnology
JinBittner,ViennaUniversityofTechnology
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 ForWhichScenesAreOcclusionQueriesEffective? 92
Contents ix