GPS-GNSS Antennas

423 Pages·2016·15.4 MB·English

by  coll.

GPS/GNSS Antennas
For a listing of recent titles in the
Artech House GNSS Technology and Applications Series,
turn to the back of this book.
GPS/GNSS Antennas
B. Rama Rao
W. Kunysz
R. Fante
K. McDonald
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-150-3
Cover design by Vicki Kane
© 2013 Artech House
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part
of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, elec-
tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the
accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded
as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 of this book of which I am the author are dedicated to the
memory of my grand-uncle, Sakharam R. Tombat, who took care of me when I lost my
mother at age four months and then continued to provide much needed guidance, help,
and encouragement throughout my life.
—B. R. R.
To Clara, the love of my life, Ronnie.
—R. F.
To my wife Shawna for continuous love, understanding and support.
—W. K.

Contents
Preface xv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to GNSS Antenna Performance Parameters 1
1.1 Role of an Antenna in GNSS and its Key Requirements 1
1.2 Summary of Satellite Navigation Systems 2
1.2.1 GNSS 3
1.2.2 Regional Satellite Navigation Systems 3
1.2.3 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems 4
1.3 Polarization and Radiation Pattern of a GNSS Antenna 5
1.3.1 Polarization Efficiency and Polarization Mismatch Loss 11
1.3.2 Effect of Axial Ratio on the Reception of Satellite Signals by the
Receiving Antenna 15
1.3.3 Effect of Axial Ratio of a GNSS Antenna on Reception of
Different Types of Multipath Signals 15
1.4 Directivity and Gain of a GNSS Antenna 17
1.4.1 RHCP Gain of a GNSS Antenna for an Optimum Radiation
Pattern Defined by Its Low Elevation Masking Angle 18
1.4.2 Relationship between Beamwidth, Aperture Size, and
Directive Gain of a GNSS Antenna 21
1.4.3 Effect of Minimum Gain Beamwidth and Antenna Pattern
Contour on GDOP 23
1.5 Phase Center of a GNSS Antenna 29
1.5.1 Carrier Phase Windup 32
1.6 Group Delay Variation in GNSS Antennas 35
1.6.1 Requirements for Group Delay Variation with Frequency 36
1.6.2 Group Delay Variation with Aspect Angle 37
1.7 Propagation and Multipath Errors in GNSS Measurements 38
1.8 Antenna-Induced Errors in GNSS Measurements 39
1.8.1 Group Delay Error 39
1.8.2 Phase Center Error 39
1.8.3 Carrier Phase Windup Error 40
1.9 Differencing Techniques for Removal of Bias Errors in
GNSS Measurements 40
vii
viii Contents
1.10 Differencing of GPS Data for Removal of Antenna-Induced
Carrier Phase Errors 41
1.11 Differential GPS and RTK Measurements 43
1.12 Techniques for Removal and Estimation of Carrier Phase
Windup Errors Caused by a Rotating Antenna 44
1.13 The Susceptibility of a Commercial GPS C/A Code Receiver to
Interference and Jamming 45
1.13.1 LightSquared Transmissions 47
1.13.2 Civil GPS Jammers 47
1.14 Architecture of a GNSS Receiver 48
1.13.1 Software Defined Radio (SDR) 49
1.15 Effects of Interference and Jamming on Tracking Loop Thresholds
of a GPS Receiver 50
1.16 Carrier to Noise Ratio of an Antenna and Receiver Front End
at “Masking Elevation” of 5° in the GPS and Galileo Frequency Bands
for Quiescent Conditions(Absence of Interference or Jamming) 53

1.17 Effective Carrier-to-Noise Ratioin the Presence of Interference

or Jamming 57
1.17.1 Effects of Jamming or Interference on a GPS Commercial
C/A Code Receiver 58
References 59
CHAPTER 2
FRPAs and High-Gain Directional Antennas 63
2.1 Categories of GNSS Antennas 63
2.1.1 FRPA 64
2.2 Microstrip Antennas 66
2.2.1 Selection of the Dielectric Substrate for Microstrip Antennas 69
2.2.2 Effects of Surface Waves on Microstrip GNSS Antennas 70
2.2.3 Design of Dual-Probe-Fed RHCP Single-Band Microstrip
GNSS Antenna 71
2.2.4 A Parametric Study of a Single-Band RHCP Square-Shaped
Microstrip Antenna 73
2.2.5 GNSS Dual-Band Stacked Microstrip Patch Antennas 87
2.2.6 Feed Techniques for Generating RHCP in GNSS Microstrip
Antennas 92
2.2.7 Circular RHCP Microstrip Antenna 103
2.2.8 Annular Ring RHCP GNSS Microstrip Antenna 108
2.2.9 Mutual Coupling Effects in GNSS Microstrip Antenna 112
2.2.10 Phase and Group Delays in GNSS Microstrip Antennas 114
2.2.11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antennas for
GNSS Applications 117
2.3 Quadrifilar Helix Antenna 119
2.3.1 Self-Phasing QHA 119
2.3.2 Externally Phased QHA 128
Contents ix
2.3.3 A Summary of the Advantages and Disadvantages of QHAs
for GNSS 131
2.4 Hexafilar Slot Antenna for GPS 133
2.5 Planar and Drooping Bow-Tie Turnstile Antennas for GNSS 134
2.5.1 End-Fire Array of Turnstile Antennas for Multipath Limitation 136
2.6 Directional GNSS Antennas 136
2.6.1 Helical Antennas 136
2.6.2 Helibowl Multipath Limiting Antenna 143
2.6.3 Hemispherical Helix Antenna and Its Use in a GPS Beamforming
Array 144
2.6.4 High-Gain Reflector Antennas for Monitoring GNSS Signals 144
2.7 Beamforming Antenna Arrays 147
References 152
CHAPTER 3
Multiband, Handset, and Active GNSS Antennas 157
3.1 Introduction 157
3.2 Multiband GNSS Antennas 158
3.2.1 Current and New Satellite Navigations Systems 158
3.2.2 Advantages Offered by Multiple GNSS 161
3.3 Current Technology for Multiband GNSS Antennas 163
3.4 Performance Requirements for Geodetic-Grade Multiband GNSS
Antennas 164
3.4.1 Phase Center Stability Requirements and Calibration of
Multiband GNSS Antennas 165
3.4.2 Multipath Rejection Ratio and FBR 167
3.4.3 Size and Weight Requirements for Rover Antennas Used in
DGPS and RTK 168
3.5 Geodetic-Grade Multiband GNSS Antennas Using New Ground Plane
Technology 169
3.5.1 Wideband 2D GNSS Cutoff and Noncutoff Corrugated
Ground Planes 171
3.5.2 NovAtel GNSS-750 and Leica AR25 Wideband GNSS Antenna
with Hemispherical Choke-Ring Ground Plane 174
3.5.3 Trimble’s Zephyr Geodetic 2 GNSS Antenna with Resistivity
Tapered Ground Plane 175
3.5.4 Wideband and Low-Profile GNSS Antenna on an AMC/EBG
Ground Plane 177
3.6 GNSS Geodetic-Grade Antennas Based on Spiral Antenna Technology 179
3.6.1 Introduction to the Design of Spiral Antennas 180
3.6.2 Roke Manor’s GNSS Multiband Cavity-Backed Archimedean
Four-Arm Spiral Antenna with a Special Ground Plane 182
3.6.3 Ultrawideband GNSS Antenna Based on SMM Technology
by WEO 184
3.6.4 NovAtel’s GPS-704X Wideband GNSS Pinwheel Antenna 185