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Goyal’s IIT Foundation Course: Chemistry for Class 8 PDF

192 Pages·2014·18.83 MB·English
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Preview Goyal’s IIT Foundation Course: Chemistry for Class 8

Goyal’s IIT FOUNDATION COURSE CHEMISTRY CLASS 8 By A. Ramakrishna Principal ‘Johnson Foundation Schoo! Hyderanad GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN New Delhi GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS Sales & Registered Office HAUG. Chan Buna. Pohngare, Nex Delhi 116056 Vous Row SAU. Phen s2USBAGSS BISSILE 1S punt nigga seem Administrative Offee PLAS, Serbo A3, Nae USEF ALR Prone * H120-2830050. Fux + OLN 383000 Branches Abmedabaal: UL, Shop Nel Dev Cale, Cap Mie Krrhae Celt, Jay Sosiey Road Opy. Se Mary's Scheel, Govincead. Tanger, Manes. Stoeco SS44, Mba 9250000 Chennal 5 Mo. £8 Nex; §7 Od, Ha CHT Rag Sil Min ol, Wandin, Chaamie O2048 ean EN honey | 1424122757, Fax No. O8L24322777 fomakati + Bishsp Plata, Col. J. Ai Read. Labheokin (Guvaha ~ 781001 Assam}. Phone * 0360-2735337 Hyderabad + FTL, Fint Root, Agmee! Chanbe 59-121, Ring Rothi Reed. Hydeaad Telefax» 23211332 Kochi Cyomtes eves, Moplossny Rua. Wail BO, Kochi = S82010 Kersh Phone + 09697030566 Kolkata 1 Mo, 20K Zad Flee Foran Towers, 64-8, ‘ohacya Tupdlsh Cherdru Bose ‘Road ‘Rockit - 780014) Phone 2 0322262689 Showrooms Neng 1 168° S544 Gram ar. fd Mose Barwon par Reng» S6U 021, Phung £ ONA23320855 Toe Ma, 203, Zare, MP. Maga, hopabate gi: MP. Telefax * O785-€271971 Lweknoy 1 B28, SeowzB. Mckunayis, Opposie RAC Maia Gu LLaskzon «228 Ue, Phone + 0522-2320841 Pans Nene Ken Apmires Pla Ne 2-4. seta toe Mae War Vevey Sar, De Tanks La, Pn nay Py ARTE hops 1 Reserva tedden 20U4 Printed & Meee by Roshan Fal Gosal fr tija Wetice Makaneh, New De i Preface In today’s competiive word, stusenls need to tackle corpettive exams in oder to feneure a suocesstul career, This can he achieved only by having a thorough knowledge of the subject which wil help them ta stengthen the application of the fundamental eancepis and enhance their prabiam salving skis The “IT Foundation Series Chemistry" books for classes 6 lo 10 ara designed 10 provide a solid base to the students who aspire to undertake the IIT and other campetitve exams for entrance to engineering instlutions after Glass 12. k wil also ensure ther excellent peiformance in all ether simiar competitive exams with ease The distinction teaturas of this serles ara 1 The syllabus goes beyond ine usual school syllabus la cover a wider agpedt ol the subject. 1 Textbook and Practice Material are present in a single book, 1A concise description of each topic with important concepts, datinition ancl words, 1 Important points al the and of each enapler giving brie! summary ol the concapis learned in the chapter. 1 Objective and subjective Questions in each chapter based on the latest examination pattern, 1 Challenging questions’problams solved far encauraging tha students to came up wilh solutions ol mora tough questionerproblams on their own 1 Challenging questionsiprablems solved for encouraging the students to come up ‘with selufons of more tough questians:problems on theit ov 1 Exercises for practice with Simple Problems, Concaptual Problems, Multiple Gholee Guestions, Numarteal Problems, Paragraph Quesilons, Assertion and Reasoning Questions, ele. as asked in tha IIT entrance exams. The seties hope to serve as a selt-leaming Wit to the students which will give them the confidence to take up any entrance exam as a challenge. Any queriesisuggestions regarding the subject matter can be sent to the publisher. We will etiva our bast to solve theca quetias and incorporate and suggestions given lous — Author Contents CHAPTER 2 Action of Heat on Substances ao Review of important Coreepes 1 esting produces change in Pre! ane Chemical Changes 1 Ehenearcobpechion Differences betwen Physical and the Substance Chemical Changes 2 ind cSedaios Heating produces no Change in Cherial Easy Composition nf the Subsar ce 3 * Flame comeren? Transformation of Substances 1223 Aeview of punta Concepts 12 «Transformation of Susstance, ff aaarter 12+ Gace of Change in Presue on Per Sunstanre 8 the State of Matar u Minete Theory of Matter HL» Incersonversion of Matter 1" change of state Te Bvenoration. ane he Facns Affecting Braporaln ro cHapTEn 3 Symbols, Formulae and Equations 2037 evi of imiprtant Concepts BA «Speck Symbols used in Chemica hemeal Sembots a Feat x Elements are Made up of Atoms «Information Corweyed by Chemica Ions ane thle Formule 5 quali ue Radical 37 « Alumie Yumber and Mass Number ‘Chemical tormvla 2s foe Weight af an Element 5 Infocmation Cenveyed by & 2 Molecular Wisi of » Gompourd Chemical Formula 2,2 Simple Cautions based on ChernealEquaticns 3 hemieat Formulae and Equations... + CHAPTER A Types of Chemical Changes tpwreductlon 2X «Chemica! 2erompositton a Factors Favourig Chemical Reactions. 38 Chemical Dalacsment a Gisifeaton of Chemical 1 Chemica! Double Jecompostion 42 Reactions or Chemical Changes 524 Typ of Chemica: Reactions e Chemical Combination 8 chabrer 5 atomic structure Introduction 5 Size of the tom 5 ‘Thu Evalutlon of the Atomic Structure Datons Atomic Model, 1208 3 5341 ‘cathode Rays and Discovery at election M Positive Rays and Discovery ef Proton 4 Atamie Mocels nf Bohs Atomic Mote! (1913) 3 Thameen's Atomic Wodel 37+ Maden atomic Theory ® © pullustse’s Atoms Meds, 9027.87 boo SUE ETT wade 3: ar - Relais elgsstication OS gaat + eduction 52 « Newland’ Law af Octaves, 1864 + Imporiance at Css ying Blemerts .. ow Menvdeasv (lass ction sls of Eater Attempss at 11289, Rustam a Chovoeaton {2 Modern Periodic Table (Long Ferm ct + Ainceot tesitcations 2 Parone Table! a + Dobereiner Triads, 1829 i jh it & cuaprenz. je 3 Ce chetnieal Bonding? 1.552 7280 1 rtractien 1) avalent Yond, 1916, Lewis (Ameria) « humic) Bone 1» General comparison betveen 4 Formatan of chemical ands a Honk Carwounds se Covad «+ Blerovale-: Bone of lane Bord 1,78 Cempounds AE "waters sand ies. Constituent aes a1-04 » the ocuation Sh + Uses of ates ae * Greuwrence of Waser S + water of Cita ation 33 4 Water ele sty etlorascarce {Physical rcpartes of Water BE + Mygransope Substance 1 Cherical Properties of Water Se Sehquesense + Compaction of water Se « Corrparion betvee Delawescent 2 Rovdnes of Wiser ad Hygroscope Substances + Senet ind Seashells «Diving tgeces st Tests for Wiser {+ Drying Apparatus used ta Dry Substancas . 9 Joi ates ~.guapgeite “ io Eayorogan |; = u ose + tneadcton te Hydrogen + Physial Peopeties of lvdrogen 1 Senurresee + cher ial progertioe of eydregen |) 26 5 Loran Preparation ot + Test for Hydrogen ” “viragen 1 Uses et Hyeoger o + intradustion to Gxjgen ws Physical Propartes of Caygen ocurrance he Chemizal Properties of yen 1 General Vethods af Prepartion “est for Ongen Uses of Oxygen Pusting of tro of enygen 4 Likorstory Proparal er ef Onagen CHAPTER 11 ‘Sulphur and tts Compounds 4oseza. Introduction to Sulbhur ‘+ Chemical Properties of Sulphus Geourence Diexide m Industrial Extraction of Sulprur Tes For Sulphur Cine ae Sulprur Exhibits alloiropy ‘+ Uses of Sulphur Diowide 12 Physical Pronertis of Sulphur “Introduction to Sulphuric Acid n ‘chemical Propertet of Sulphur ‘+ Contact Provess ~ Industrial Uses of Sulphur Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid an Inaraduction to Sulphur Cioxde 4 Physical Properties of Sulphuric Acid. i General Methods of Preparation + chemical Properties af Laboratory Preparation of Suiphur Sulphuric acid ha Dioxide 5H0# Tests for Sulphuric Acid ns Physleal Properties wf Sutphur f+ Uses of Sulphuric Acid ile Dioxide + Hydrogen Sulphide 1 cnapTER 12, 3 5 _hitrogent and: tts Compounds arise Introduttlon to Nitrogen 123 « Physiral Prapertis of Ammonia Gas « Occurrence of NllroRen 422 «Chemical Orapertes of Ammonis Gas Guneral Methods of Preparation of + salt Analysis Nitrogen 123. @ Test for Ammonia Labovatory Preparation of Nitrogen. 123 Uses ef Ammon Physical Properties of Riopen 12s + Ammonium Salts Chemical Properties of Nittogen 124 ¢ Uses of Ammarium Salts Test for Nitrogen 128 «Nise Acid uses ‘Arnenonia end Ammonium Hydroxide, 19% = Physical Properties = chemical Properties Nitrogen Cycle CHAPTER 13 ‘Study oF Group IV A Element — Carbon’ and its oxides Introeuctiun Wo Carbon 337» Amorphous Allctropes cwwrrence arr «fuels Alletopes of Carben 157» Combustion Crystalline allotropes 138 suabten ia. Phosphorous afd tts ‘Compountis: Introduction 9 Phosphoreus 14s + Chemical Properties Occurrence 1as Uses Manulscture of Phosphorous LHe «Compounds af Phosphoraus Physical Propurlies 180 Gammon salt and Its Constituents Introduction to Common $37 Occurrence Marufacture of Commor Salt Uses of Salt Inereduction te Chlo-ine Deeurranee Laboratory Preparation of Chlorine Physical Properties of chlorine Chumical Properties of Chlavine Introduction Metals Non-Adetals Meralsis CHAPTER 15 971 Test for Chlorine a Uses of Chirine Invoution to Hydrogen CNorde Les General Methads af Preparation 2 Lahoracory Methods of Preparation 7a 21 Hydrogen Chlovie Sat rea Chemical Properties of HEI Gas ge, # Tests for tcl ist «uses oF HEI ‘+ Blesching Power fn CHAPTER 16 Metals ‘and Non-tetals 2183 172 Chemica Properties of Metals va G72 Pryicsl Properties of Monsmetals 30 37S» Chemical Properties af Nnewmetale IPE + ifferences tetween Merals and im on-Mterals as Physical Properties of Metals Series Content Natuce of Matter Pera and Mixed Subtstumces Elements, Cemmonnds aad Mixtuves Blesents Compounde asl Mixtures halve oo Mattor Symbels, Forunlay and Hyualions awe of Chemical Combination tome Stmture Aeclow of Heat ow ushoemation of Svbstanose yabols, Formulae and Eqaatisms Typer of Chemceal Changes Atomic Ststnee Perinlis Clavife Chornissi Houdtng Water and Tle Constinvente Tydrngen lements, Compeuals and Misturee Stable, Furanulae and Tiguatione Gaescun State and Ge Law Beni: Structure Pesiodic Callison Chetuteal Huading Chernin, Chessieal yeilbrisen Periodic Table Oheaseal Bu ading Alles Taeth Motals Metals and Nise ingy Dida aud Fae i a 2 Beene aap 3 Stady of Group 1. Aralptiea! Cb Symbol and betula Ghenges Revol Winter Ai Acide, Baace wud Sa Chencitey in Daily Tle Air Vase Chamgee Arsand Eulpsur and fis Congrincs Natioges and Th Cor soende Stady af Ceona TVA, Phorntescus aud Mle Cu Ge wavs Sats and Le Const Melaly aid Nw Notal Study of Gress IVA Teriante- dcr ped ity Oxides Std of Cron YA. end Jes Cosnpoueale lady uf Grosse VIA Flomant. 0 Study af Gros ¥-8 JIphae and Te Cove JecnessonN Chlovine Hcctealysig On Cathal dates, Pesteius, Fate ani OH: iskiomley 2. Cheaisiry ad industry lar Chemnistes 1 1.0 REVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS nearer classes se have leur tha ll rer can be classilied inl Pure Substance and Impure Substance ‘A Poe Substance it made up of only one kid of particle whereas an Impure Substance is made uupof more than oue kind of particle. We have alsa fearnt thet matter can be changed rom pne farm tg anther For example water, when coated, can be changed Ire liquid state lo. solid state tice) “There is however ao change in the chemical composition, Both water and iec have the sams ‘chemical eornposition. Consider, burning of carbon, Carbon when Dura forens carbein divs, 9 gas. The cherical composition af the product lormed (earhon dioxide) is ditferent from that of the original substance, carben, Acsubstance is sid co undorgo a change whew ther its phystea property (eolour, meting point, ensity) Gr cheraical praperty cha it rents witty ‘ier subslances) change ‘A substanoe can be changed in many ways. la this chapcer we will study che action of heat oa ure substances, 1.1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES ‘heu pure substanres are heated they eau ut- erga to types of changes Physical change and Chovnical change. A Physical Change involves vnly # chimge in a specitie physical property without any change jn The cgrmposiviom nf the substance such thatthe change reverses if the cause producing the change it remover. Characteristics of a Physical Change ‘¢ A physieal change can be brought about by heating or applying presnure oF both, Action of Heat on Substances ‘# The cheraical properties of the austance romain the sare even alter the chang of stan, Physica changes ate temporary and rovers ie, On reversing the condition, i, red ing the temperature or reducing the pros- sure or both. the original state ef the su- slance ig rented. 4° No energy consideration is invulved in physical changes, Whatever energy 8 ab- sorbed to bring about the change will he Physical properties and Chemical properties Physical property: Rvery pure substance has a sel of physical properlies tha, are spe- cielo ha. substance. IU often used to iden Lfy the substanee. Some physival properties are physical Stace, colony, smell taste, sahablity in water, clensity, hardness, Jhermal conductivity, elec- luical conductivity, melling point, boiling point ote Chemical property: A chemical property le pare substances mdicative ofthe achive nalure of thal substance, Ihe propenty need ‘ol be specific Wo the substance. Jn general a study of the chemical proper: ‘hes includes chu recto of the substan eth ther substances like cxvgen, hydrogen, wa- ler, acids and bases, ele atin Tet ov Sone

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