Goyal’s IIT Foundation Course: Chemistry for Class 8

192 Pages·2014·18.83 MB·English

by  A. Ramakrishna

Goyal’s
IIT FOUNDATION COURSE

CHEMISTRY
CLASS 8

By
A. Ramakrishna

Principal
‘Johnson Foundation Schoo!
Hyderanad

GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN

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Preface

In today’s competiive word, stusenls need to tackle corpettive exams in oder to
feneure a suocesstul career, This can he achieved only by having a thorough knowledge
of the subject which wil help them ta stengthen the application of the fundamental
eancepis and enhance their prabiam salving skis

The “IT Foundation Series Chemistry" books for classes 6 lo 10 ara designed 10
provide a solid base to the students who aspire to undertake the IIT and other
campetitve exams for entrance to engineering instlutions after Glass 12. k wil also
ensure ther excellent peiformance in all ether simiar competitive exams with ease
The distinction teaturas of this serles ara

1 The syllabus goes beyond ine usual school syllabus la cover a wider agpedt ol the
subject.

1 Textbook and Practice Material are present in a single book,

1A concise description of each topic with important concepts, datinition ancl
words,

1 Important points al the and of each enapler giving brie! summary ol the concapis
learned in the chapter.

1 Objective and subjective Questions in each chapter based on the latest
examination pattern,

1 Challenging questions’problams solved far encauraging tha students to came up
wilh solutions ol mora tough questionerproblams on their own

1 Challenging questionsiprablems solved for encouraging the students to come up
‘with selufons of more tough questians:problems on theit ov

1 Exercises for practice with Simple Problems, Concaptual Problems, Multiple
Gholee Guestions, Numarteal Problems, Paragraph Quesilons, Assertion and
Reasoning Questions, ele. as asked in tha IIT entrance exams.

The seties hope to serve as a selt-leaming Wit to the students which will give them the

confidence to take up any entrance exam as a challenge.

Any queriesisuggestions regarding the subject matter can be sent to the publisher.

We will etiva our bast to solve theca quetias and incorporate and suggestions given

lous

— Author
Contents

CHAPTER 2

Action of Heat on Substances ao
Review of important Coreepes 1 esting produces change in
Pre! ane Chemical Changes 1 Ehenearcobpechion
Differences betwen Physical and the Substance
Chemical Changes 2 ind cSedaios
Heating produces no Change in Cherial Easy
Composition nf the Subsar ce 3 * Flame
comeren?
Transformation of Substances 1223
Aeview of punta Concepts 12 «Transformation of Susstance, ff
aaarter 12+ Gace of Change in Presue on
Per Sunstanre 8 the State of Matar u
Minete Theory of Matter HL» Incersonversion of Matter 1"
change of state Te Bvenoration. ane he Facns
Affecting Braporaln ro
cHapTEn 3
Symbols, Formulae and Equations 2037
evi of imiprtant Concepts BA «Speck Symbols used in Chemica
hemeal Sembots a Feat x
Elements are Made up of Atoms «Information Corweyed by Chemica
Ions ane thle Formule 5 quali ue
Radical 37 « Alumie Yumber and Mass Number
‘Chemical tormvla 2s foe Weight af an Element 5
Infocmation Cenveyed by & 2 Molecular Wisi of » Gompourd
Chemical Formula 2,2 Simple Cautions based on
ChernealEquaticns 3 hemieat Formulae and Equations... +
CHAPTER A
Types of Chemical Changes
tpwreductlon 2X «Chemica! 2erompositton a
Factors Favourig Chemical Reactions. 38 Chemical Dalacsment a
Gisifeaton of Chemical 1 Chemica! Double Jecompostion 42
Reactions or Chemical Changes 524 Typ of Chemica: Reactions e
Chemical Combination 8
chabrer 5

atomic structure

Introduction 5
Size of the tom 5
‘Thu Evalutlon of the Atomic Structure

Datons Atomic Model, 1208 3

5341
‘cathode Rays and Discovery at

election M
Positive Rays and Discovery ef

Proton
4 Atamie Mocels nf Bohs Atomic Mote! (1913) 3
Thameen's Atomic Wodel 37+ Maden atomic Theory ®
© pullustse’s Atoms Meds, 9027.87
boo SUE ETT wade 3: ar
- Relais elgsstication OS gaat
+ eduction 52 « Newland’ Law af Octaves, 1864
+ Imporiance at Css ying Blemerts .. ow Menvdeasv (lass ction
sls of Eater Attempss at 11289, Rustam a
Chovoeaton {2 Modern Periodic Table (Long Ferm ct
+ Ainceot tesitcations 2 Parone Table! a
+ Dobereiner Triads, 1829 i
jh it & cuaprenz. je
3 Ce chetnieal Bonding? 1.552 7280
1 rtractien 1) avalent Yond, 1916, Lewis (Ameria) «
humic) Bone 1» General comparison betveen
4 Formatan of chemical ands a Honk Carwounds se Covad
«+ Blerovale-: Bone of lane Bord 1,78 Cempounds
AE "waters sand ies. Constituent aes a1-04
» the ocuation Sh + Uses of ates ae
* Greuwrence of Waser S + water of Cita ation 33
4 Water ele sty etlorascarce
{Physical rcpartes of Water BE + Mygransope Substance
1 Cherical Properties of Water Se Sehquesense
+ Compaction of water Se « Corrparion betvee Delawescent
2 Rovdnes of Wiser ad Hygroscope Substances
+ Senet ind Seashells «Diving tgeces st
Tests for Wiser {+ Drying Apparatus used ta Dry Substancas . 9
Joi ates ~.guapgeite “
io Eayorogan |; = u ose
+ tneadcton te Hydrogen + Physial Peopeties of lvdrogen
1 Senurresee + cher ial progertioe of eydregen |) 26
5 Loran Preparation ot + Test for Hydrogen ”
“viragen 1 Uses et Hyeoger o
+ intradustion to Gxjgen ws Physical Propartes of Caygen
ocurrance he Chemizal Properties of yen
1 General Vethods af Prepartion “est for Ongen

Uses of Oxygen
Pusting of tro

of enygen
4 Likorstory Proparal er ef Onagen
CHAPTER 11

‘Sulphur and tts Compounds 4oseza.
Introduction to Sulbhur ‘+ Chemical Properties of Sulphus
Geourence Diexide m
Industrial Extraction of Sulprur Tes For Sulphur Cine ae
Sulprur Exhibits alloiropy ‘+ Uses of Sulphur Diowide 12
Physical Pronertis of Sulphur “Introduction to Sulphuric Acid n
‘chemical Propertet of Sulphur ‘+ Contact Provess ~ Industrial
Uses of Sulphur Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid an
Inaraduction to Sulphur Cioxde 4 Physical Properties of Sulphuric Acid. i
General Methods of Preparation + chemical Properties af
Laboratory Preparation of Suiphur Sulphuric acid ha
Dioxide 5H0# Tests for Sulphuric Acid ns
Physleal Properties wf Sutphur f+ Uses of Sulphuric Acid ile
Dioxide + Hydrogen Sulphide 1
cnapTER 12, 3 5
_hitrogent and: tts Compounds arise
Introduttlon to Nitrogen 123 « Physiral Prapertis of Ammonia Gas «
Occurrence of NllroRen 422 «Chemical Orapertes of Ammonis Gas
Guneral Methods of Preparation of + salt Analysis
Nitrogen 123. @ Test for Ammonia
Labovatory Preparation of Nitrogen. 123 Uses ef Ammon
Physical Properties of Riopen 12s + Ammonium Salts
Chemical Properties of Nittogen 124 ¢ Uses of Ammarium Salts
Test for Nitrogen 128 «Nise Acid

uses
‘Arnenonia end Ammonium Hydroxide, 19%

= Physical Properties
= chemical Properties
Nitrogen Cycle

CHAPTER 13
‘Study oF Group IV A Element —

Carbon’ and its oxides

Introeuctiun Wo Carbon 337» Amorphous Allctropes
cwwrrence arr «fuels
Alletopes of Carben 157» Combustion
Crystalline allotropes 138
suabten ia.

Phosphorous afd tts ‘Compountis:
Introduction 9 Phosphoreus 14s + Chemical Properties
Occurrence 1as Uses
Manulscture of Phosphorous LHe «Compounds af Phosphoraus

Physical Propurlies 180
Gammon salt and Its Constituents

Introduction to Common $37
Occurrence

Marufacture of Commor Salt
Uses of Salt

Inereduction te Chlo-ine
Deeurranee

Laboratory Preparation of Chlorine
Physical Properties of chlorine
Chumical Properties of Chlavine

Introduction
Metals
Non-Adetals
Meralsis

CHAPTER 15

971
Test for Chlorine a
Uses of Chirine

Invoution to Hydrogen CNorde Les

General Methads af Preparation

2 Lahoracory Methods of Preparation
7a 21 Hydrogen Chlovie Sat
rea Chemical Properties of HEI Gas
ge, # Tests for tcl
ist «uses oF HEI
‘+ Blesching Power fn
CHAPTER 16
Metals ‘and Non-tetals 2183
172 Chemica Properties of Metals va
G72 Pryicsl Properties of Monsmetals 30
37S» Chemical Properties af Nnewmetale
IPE + ifferences tetween Merals and
im on-Mterals as

Physical Properties of Metals
Series Content

Natuce of Matter
Pera and Mixed Subtstumces
Elements, Cemmonnds aad Mixtuves

Blesents Compounde asl Mixtures
halve oo Mattor

Symbels, Forunlay and Hyualions
awe of Chemical Combination
tome Stmture

Aeclow of Heat ow

ushoemation of Svbstanose
yabols, Formulae and Eqaatisms

Typer of Chemceal Changes
Atomic Ststnee
Perinlis Clavife

Chornissi Houdtng
Water and Tle Constinvente
Tydrngen

lements, Compeuals and Misturee
Stable, Furanulae and Tiguatione
Gaescun State and Ge Law
Beni: Structure

Pesiodic Callison

Chetuteal Huading

Chernin,

Chessieal yeilbrisen

Periodic Table
Oheaseal Bu ading
Alles Taeth Motals
Metals and Nise ingy
Dida aud Fae

i

a
2
Beene aap

3 Stady of Group

1. Aralptiea! Cb

Symbol and betula
Ghenges Revol
Winter

Ai

Acide, Baace wud Sa
Chencitey in Daily Tle
Air
Vase

Chamgee Arsand

Eulpsur and fis Congrincs
Natioges and Th Cor soende
Stady af Ceona TVA,

Phorntescus aud Mle Cu

Ge wavs Sats and Le Const

Melaly aid Nw Notal

Study of Gress IVA Teriante- dcr

ped ity Oxides
Std of Cron YA.
end Jes Cosnpoueale
lady uf Grosse VIA Flomant. 0
Study af Gros ¥-8

JIphae and Te Cove

JecnessonN

Chlovine

Hcctealysig
On

Cathal dates, Pesteius, Fate ani OH:

iskiomley

2. Cheaisiry ad industry

lar Chemnistes
1

1.0 REVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

nearer classes se have leur tha ll rer
can be classilied inl Pure Substance and Impure
Substance

‘A Poe Substance it made up of only one kid
of particle whereas an Impure Substance is made
uupof more than oue kind of particle.

We have alsa fearnt thet matter can be
changed rom pne farm tg anther

For example water, when coated, can be
changed Ire liquid state lo. solid state tice)
“There is however ao change in the chemical
composition, Both water and iec have the sams
‘chemical eornposition.

Consider, burning of carbon, Carbon when
Dura forens carbein divs, 9 gas. The cherical
composition af the product lormed (earhon
dioxide) is ditferent from that of the original
substance, carben,

Acsubstance is sid co undorgo a change whew
ther its phystea property (eolour, meting point,
ensity) Gr cheraical praperty cha it rents witty
‘ier subslances) change

‘A substanoe can be changed in many ways. la
this chapcer we will study che action of heat oa
ure substances,

1.1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
CHANGES

‘heu pure substanres are heated they eau ut-
erga to types of changes Physical change and
Chovnical change.

A Physical Change involves vnly # chimge in
a specitie physical property without any change
jn The cgrmposiviom nf the substance such thatthe
change reverses if the cause producing the
change it remover.

Characteristics of a Physical Change
‘¢ A physieal change can be brought about by
heating or applying presnure oF both,

Action of Heat on Substances

‘# The cheraical properties of the austance
romain the sare even alter the chang of
stan,

Physica changes ate temporary and rovers
ie, On reversing the condition, i, red
ing the temperature or reducing the pros-
sure or both. the original state ef the su-
slance ig rented.

4° No energy consideration is invulved in
physical changes, Whatever energy 8 ab-
sorbed to bring about the change will he

Physical properties and Chemical
properties

Physical property: Rvery pure substance
has a sel of physical properlies tha, are spe-
cielo ha. substance. IU often used to iden
Lfy the substanee.

Some physival properties are physical
Stace, colony, smell taste, sahablity in water,
clensity, hardness, Jhermal conductivity, elec-
luical conductivity, melling point, boiling
point ote

Chemical property: A chemical property
le pare substances mdicative ofthe achive
nalure of thal substance, Ihe propenty need
‘ol be specific Wo the substance.

Jn general a study of the chemical proper:
‘hes includes chu recto of the substan eth
ther substances like cxvgen, hydrogen, wa-
ler, acids and bases, ele

atin Tet ov Sone