Goyal’s IIT Foundation Course: Chemistry for Class 6

87 Pages·2011·12.01 MB·English

Goyal’s
IIT FOUNDATION COURSE

CHEMISTRY

By

A. Ramakrishna
Principal,

Arson Fenda an Schoo
Hydeabad

GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN

New Delhi
GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN
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1 Rewned
First ai : Tanna, 2011

abit by

Goyal fv Geyal Toutes Pokaan, New Deli
Prise

ese arm Cay Sens PM Ll, Ne
Preface

In today’s competitive world, students need to tackle competitive exams in order to
fensule a successful career. This can be achieved only by having a thorough knowledge
of the subject which will help them to strengthen the application of the fundamental
concepts and enhance their problem solving skils

‘The “IT Foundation Serles— Chemistry” books for Classes 6 to 10 are designed to

provide a solid base to the students whe aspire ta undertake the IT and ather

competitive exams for entrance to engineering institutions after Class 12, It will also
ensure their excullent performance In all other similar competitive exame with eace,

‘The distinctive features of this series are

+ The syllabus goes beyond the usual school syllabus to cover a wider aspect of the
subject

+ Testbook and Practice Material are present In a single baok.

+ Aconcise description of each Lopic with Impartant concepts, definition and words.

+ Important points al the end of each chapler giving brief summary of the concepts
learned in the chapter.

+ Objective and subjective Questions in each chapter based an the latest examination
pattern.

+ Challenging questions/prablems solved for encouraging the students to come up
‘aith solutions. af mare taugh questians/prablems an their awn,

+ Exercises for practice with Simple Problems, Conceptual Problems, Multiple Choice
Questions, Numerical Problems, Paragraph Questions, Assertion and Reasoning
Questions, etc. as asked in Lhe IIT entrance exams.

‘The series hope ta serve as a sellearning kil le the sludents which will give them the

confidence to take up any entrance exam 3s a challenge

Any queries/suggestions regarding the subject matter can be sent to the publisher

‘we will strive our best to solve these queries and incorporate any suggestions given

tous

= Author
contents

CHAPTER
Nature oF Matter 142
+ Intraduetion +a Gases and Their characteristic
+ ater Properties 5
& Characterstis of Mitr = Matter is Made Up ot Small Parttes ..§
+ Quantity of Matter 2
v4 5+ Differences between Sos
+ Classifying, Matter aude and Canes 7
4 States of Matter zy states of
«elds ord then, Characersic ‘+ Intoreonversion of States of Matter... 8
Properties 3 «Properties of matter °
1 guide and Their Characteriaie ‘Important Pomts to Remember w
Properties 4
CHAPTER?
Pure and Mixed Substances 15-29
4 Intreduetion 13° «Same Specific Fearples with
© Matenals, Matter and Substarces 13 asifeatinn ‘8
+ Marter 1A «Types af Mintures 18
+ Classifying Matter 14 Need for Separating the
Pure Substances u Camsounds of a Mixture a8
+ Charactoristics of Pure Substances... 14 «Methods of Separating Mixtures 1
+ xed Substances or Mixture 8. same Common Mictures and
4 Charactersties of Mietures 15 ‘Methods of Separation 2
4 eatiying Pare and «© Diferences between Common
‘xed Substances » Separation Methods 23
‘© Comourison af Pure Substances
raises as + Important Points to Remember 24
CHAPTERS
Elements, Compouncis and Mixtures 30-38
Introductlon 80 Diforeness betwen an
+ Classification of Matter 30 Flement and a Compound »
+ Chemical Classifeaton 50» Distinatin between Compound

+ Elements 30 and Mixture

4 Important Points to Rermember 6

+ Compound
Symbols and Formulae

Introduction
Symbols of Elements
Valeney

Farnulae of Compounds

wing Forte by Using
VValencles of Elements

Atoms and Mu veules

Inteotuction
‘Type of Changes

Slow and Fast changes

Natural rd Man made Cranges
Desirable and Undesirable charges

Introduction
Wy is Water Important™
Water Content in Some Foods
Natural Water and tt Sourcas
Sources of Water

Impurities Present in Water

Introduction
Mtmosphere

Importance of Atmosphere
Airis Matter

Ccunraosiion of air

Airis 9 Mitre

CHAPTER 4

Oo 4
as

ao.

40-48
Homoatomic Molecules “a
aromicty A
Heteroatamic Malecules ra

Sune Important Compuns and
Their Fonrulae

Trivial Names

Representing Chemical Changes

CHAPTER 5
Changes Around us 29-59
£9 Pete ant Nn-paritic Changes. St
4 Reverst'e and lrsversible Changes... 5?
‘+ Physical and Chemical Cxanges 53
50 Exathermic and Endothermic 55
B Changes
CHAPTER 6
Water 0-68
50 The Three States of Water 62
60 Heed for Potable water 83
80 Purification of Water for Drinking. 63
6: Physical Propertis a
5: «Importance of conservation of Water .. 6%
62 Important Points to Remember 65
CHAPTER 7
Air aa-79
62 Comaonents af Air
63 «Airs Necessary for Burning %
10 @ Air and Is Uses
70 Comoasiion of Airis Mare or Less
ma Constant
72 Important Pains ta Remember 74
Series Content

ween

a

NPP pee

Natuty of Mallee
Pore and Mixed Substancoe

Hleawale, Compouads wad Mislare

Flerents Compounds and Mixtures
States of Matter

Symbols, Form
Lave of Chessivel Coabinattou
‘Momle Stmeture

aod Lgvalions

Action of Heat on Subatances

‘oaneformation of Subst

Symbols, Fotaulue aed Equalioue
‘Types of Chemical Changes
Momie Stmctre

Petiadie Clenilieation

Chemical Bonding

Waler and Ile Condiluents

Hleawale, Compounds wad Mislure
Symbols, Formulae and Equations
Gaseous Slate and Gee Lam
ome Structure

Perindie Cloasifiention

Chemical Bonding

Chomieal Kinetios

Class 6
4

5
6
2

Glass 7

Symbol and Formal

Changer Around Ue
Water

Chemistry in Daily Life
At

Water

Chongos Aromd Us

Hydengen
Cxygen

. Sulphue end Ile Compuueals

Nitengen and Ile Compounds
Study of Group IVA Blement—Cazbon
sad Ile Oxides

Phosphorous aud Ite Componuda
Common Salt and Tis Constituents

Matale and Noo-Metal

8 Chemical Cyulibyinn

a.

Metall

Study of Group IA Element
Hydengen

Study of Group VA Blement—Cashon
nd ily Czidee

Sry of Gromp VA Blement_Nitrogen
and Tes Componnda
» Study of Croup VIA

Study of Croup VIA Element—Oxygen snl Ths Compounds
Slesent—Sulphue 15. Study of Gevuy VILA Eleaseut—Chlosine

Class 10
Alomie Slrutuee Hlectrolyis
Periodic Table 8. Cnjnts Chemisty
Chemical Banding 10. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fate and Oile
Alkali Garth Mets ‘UL. Sluichiomelzy
‘Metals and Metallurgy 12, Chemistey and Industry
Acida and Barer 13. Nuclear Chemistry

Solutions 44, Analytical Chemistey
1 Nature of Matter

1.0 INTRODUCTION

‘The earth, and every substance found om it,
is made up of mater. This book. your desk. dhe
air se breathe: oral the water you rink are all
cxamples of macter. Some matter is ving, some
non-Tving, Some mailer is. marcmade and aome
natural. Wo can say that all substances are rade
up of mater

1.1 MATTER
Motter is anything that ccupies spare: fae.
mass aut can be perceived by eur senses,
Thus, matter has
Gy mass
‘G) occupies space, and
Git ean be pereeived by cur wemyes ~ in
other words we can touch, fecl or
Examples :
Sand ig mates, Sand has mass. occupies
volume: nd eam he aren and elt by us.
Milk ip matter. Mile has mass, decupies
‘volume and can be seen and tastod by us

1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER

‘The important characteristics of matter arc
thar matter has ovass, oecupies volume and can
be peveived by our senses, We wil show these
characteristic hy comducling. experiments

4) AIL matter has mass.
proved by the following expert

Tubs ove billoons, Fill one with air and
keep the other cmpty. Iie these eo balloons to
tho two ends of a scale, Thy © balance the Dat
surface of the scale on an edge thom the middle
{ee figure),

eit

aia bahint ‘a! |

Aicnasvcoht and hence mass
Obsereatinns The senle fils vowands the
sks Paving the hallggm led ith
Tafereney: Ag the balloon (ile) with air has
amore mass the seale tits awards the side having
the halkion fille wih air, This shows. that air
sas mas,
All inatler ee
be proved by the following experiment
Take a tumbler snd iL itp the brim sith
water, Now slowly Immerse a scone into the
veer (oe Figure

es volume. This can

Sriles water

‘Onservation: Some water spills out of the
twas
Inference = Water whilse volume is equal 10
she volume of the stone Hows ont of the eurnbles

This shows chat che stone has volume,

‘Mutter cam be perceived by ope senses.
When we mow on a eyele we can fee! the ar on
four face, We can sce a stone, water, sand, cte

Inference: Macter can be perceived by ouc

1.3 QUANTITY OF MATTER
Mass

‘A large wick is heavier than a smaller piece
pl ich, The quality a matter is mre in the
Tange rouk than in the small ch. The more the
sguantity oF matter in an nhjeet, the greuter Fs its
ms

The quumtity of matter in an objec is cuted
mans of that abjecs.
Weight

We often nse the words mass and weight
Jnerehaagesbly. Generally speaking, if mass is
‘more chen weight is alse more, But the two
ern dnt esaetly mean the sane

Mass and sveighe are differen from each
other

We often flud our wsipht by standing on 8
weighing muchiue, Have you checked your
vesight rsecntly? Sous of your friends may be
having more weight than you wile others have
Jess. weight

What Is weight?
All abjects when lel free in the aie CaM
dovin, Weigh is she force with which the object
is plted cowserds she earth dae £0 gravity
Vlave yeu winered why they (a1 cise?
All ohjecss ae pulled hy he earth hye farce
called gravity, Heawior objects bave more mass
coud are therefore puted mare strongly ty gray
1m: So, ersner ahjecss are said to have more
eight when compared 10 lighier objects.

Experiment

Taker two bricks the same sine, Break
‘ona brick into tivo, Take the larger brick and
‘one of fhe smaller pieces of bricks tu the top
of building, Take the smaller brick in ome
Jnand and thie Jaegee brie un the other hand,
Drop both the bricks down al the sage lime
om the lop of the building,

‘Observainn: The larger brick strikes the
ground a Title earher than he smaller brick,

Coadusion: ‘Ihe larger brick is pulled
more strongly by the earth. ‘Ine weight of
lne Langer brick is moro as Ihe quanlily of
rmalleris more in Ihe larger brick han in the
smaller brick,

Mass and Waight

‘The mass of a Body does not chinge bee
de quantity of mater does nec chau.

‘Mass of a body is a constant. tn oxher words,
the quantity of mater is 8 eonstant

Bt, the weight of a body slifers from plyee
place.

For example a body that weighs 6 kp oa the
arth will weigh 1 kg on the mcm

‘The weight of « body is not a constant and
vies fiom place © place
1.4 CLASSIFYING MATTER

As there are so many ditferene types of mat-
fer aroun us, ib will be engy ta sudy matter if
we group differsut typos ou some similarity

For sxampfe, al mattcr can be divided into
‘60a Tusad groups — living, and aoe-tving. Liv-
fing mater cam he lived Further iy phimls und
anim. Non ling totter ean be divided the
(her inl natural and ariicia emale.

| [Living things
——,

Plants

Natur:
examples
Air, water, Examples
stars Pea, book.
Deut, table

Animals

Goal HT Fovadaen Coun — Chemis ar Car