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Goyal’s IIT Foundation Course: Chemistry for Class 6 PDF

87 Pages·2011·12.01 MB·English
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Preview Goyal’s IIT Foundation Course: Chemistry for Class 6

Goyal’s IIT FOUNDATION COURSE CHEMISTRY By A. Ramakrishna Principal, Arson Fenda an Schoo Hydeabad GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN New Delhi GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS Sales & Registered Office 1141998, Chuua Mandi, Pabargany. Nsw Delhi - 110088 ost Hox $721, Phones Z35B05H & 2ISN0812 Fema ino goyal-hanks.enm Adminieative fice F.75, Cras Pak Min. News Doll ~ HOO Phones : 253779, 20597773. Fas :AN-11-260654 18 Hyderabad + F-TI841, Five Pens, Agareal Chambsrs, SULTI21,. King hints Road, yeaa ~ SWUOD] ‘oles 1 23211332 Kalkata + No. 203. 21d Floor, Fomra Taster. BA. Acharya Jags Clams Rose Roa otkatn FNL” Plone © 3-2226208 Gawatatt + Rishop Plana, Col J. Alt RowL Talkin, Gurahad — TSIODL (Assumi, Phone ¢ O361-2738537 Showrooms encamt 2, Ground Hes, Wellington Plu. 2, ‘Anna Sala, Cha M02 Phones : 28601115, 28601116, Lawknos 1 H-S1K. Sectort, Mabanagus, Opposite RA Main Gate, ackinon = 226 916, Phone 0822-23204 owpslors + I6SLS/4, Growl Phawy Al Main Ranskanapara Bangalore ~ 360 (21. Phoae : O80-23330655 Pans 2 Gel, Abhiloaha Apartent.lustie Narayan Path Magestwar Colams. Ueving Ruud, Fauna ~ BUOOUL Phone + 12-2821030 Biopal + Plat No. 203, Zanoal. MT. Nagar hopales62 UIT MB, ‘elect : O7S5-4371371 Mumbai + 407, Naruia Log Bourn, Laltoueh Lodustial state, Br. BR. Ambudletr Road, Manbsit00 G12 ‘Muheruszuy, Phont : 022-62551852 1 Rewned First ai : Tanna, 2011 abit by Goyal fv Geyal Toutes Pokaan, New Deli Prise ese arm Cay Sens PM Ll, Ne Preface In today’s competitive world, students need to tackle competitive exams in order to fensule a successful career. This can be achieved only by having a thorough knowledge of the subject which will help them to strengthen the application of the fundamental concepts and enhance their problem solving skils ‘The “IT Foundation Serles— Chemistry” books for Classes 6 to 10 are designed to provide a solid base to the students whe aspire ta undertake the IT and ather competitive exams for entrance to engineering institutions after Class 12, It will also ensure their excullent performance In all other similar competitive exame with eace, ‘The distinctive features of this series are + The syllabus goes beyond the usual school syllabus to cover a wider aspect of the subject + Testbook and Practice Material are present In a single baok. + Aconcise description of each Lopic with Impartant concepts, definition and words. + Important points al the end of each chapler giving brief summary of the concepts learned in the chapter. + Objective and subjective Questions in each chapter based an the latest examination pattern. + Challenging questions/prablems solved for encouraging the students to come up ‘aith solutions. af mare taugh questians/prablems an their awn, + Exercises for practice with Simple Problems, Conceptual Problems, Multiple Choice Questions, Numerical Problems, Paragraph Questions, Assertion and Reasoning Questions, etc. as asked in Lhe IIT entrance exams. ‘The series hope ta serve as a sellearning kil le the sludents which will give them the confidence to take up any entrance exam 3s a challenge Any queries/suggestions regarding the subject matter can be sent to the publisher ‘we will strive our best to solve these queries and incorporate any suggestions given tous = Author contents CHAPTER Nature oF Matter 142 + Intraduetion +a Gases and Their characteristic + ater Properties 5 & Characterstis of Mitr = Matter is Made Up ot Small Parttes ..§ + Quantity of Matter 2 v4 5+ Differences between Sos + Classifying, Matter aude and Canes 7 4 States of Matter zy states of «elds ord then, Characersic ‘+ Intoreonversion of States of Matter... 8 Properties 3 «Properties of matter ° 1 guide and Their Characteriaie ‘Important Pomts to Remember w Properties 4 CHAPTER? Pure and Mixed Substances 15-29 4 Intreduetion 13° «Same Specific Fearples with © Matenals, Matter and Substarces 13 asifeatinn ‘8 + Marter 1A «Types af Mintures 18 + Classifying Matter 14 Need for Separating the Pure Substances u Camsounds of a Mixture a8 + Charactoristics of Pure Substances... 14 «Methods of Separating Mixtures 1 + xed Substances or Mixture 8. same Common Mictures and 4 Charactersties of Mietures 15 ‘Methods of Separation 2 4 eatiying Pare and «© Diferences between Common ‘xed Substances » Separation Methods 23 ‘© Comourison af Pure Substances raises as + Important Points to Remember 24 CHAPTERS Elements, Compouncis and Mixtures 30-38 Introductlon 80 Diforeness betwen an + Classification of Matter 30 Flement and a Compound » + Chemical Classifeaton 50» Distinatin between Compound + Elements 30 and Mixture 4 Important Points to Rermember 6 + Compound Symbols and Formulae Introduction Symbols of Elements Valeney Farnulae of Compounds wing Forte by Using VValencles of Elements Atoms and Mu veules Inteotuction ‘Type of Changes Slow and Fast changes Natural rd Man made Cranges Desirable and Undesirable charges Introduction Wy is Water Important™ Water Content in Some Foods Natural Water and tt Sourcas Sources of Water Impurities Present in Water Introduction Mtmosphere Importance of Atmosphere Airis Matter Ccunraosiion of air Airis 9 Mitre CHAPTER 4 Oo 4 as ao. 40-48 Homoatomic Molecules “a aromicty A Heteroatamic Malecules ra Sune Important Compuns and Their Fonrulae Trivial Names Representing Chemical Changes CHAPTER 5 Changes Around us 29-59 £9 Pete ant Nn-paritic Changes. St 4 Reverst'e and lrsversible Changes... 5? ‘+ Physical and Chemical Cxanges 53 50 Exathermic and Endothermic 55 B Changes CHAPTER 6 Water 0-68 50 The Three States of Water 62 60 Heed for Potable water 83 80 Purification of Water for Drinking. 63 6: Physical Propertis a 5: «Importance of conservation of Water .. 6% 62 Important Points to Remember 65 CHAPTER 7 Air aa-79 62 Comaonents af Air 63 «Airs Necessary for Burning % 10 @ Air and Is Uses 70 Comoasiion of Airis Mare or Less ma Constant 72 Important Pains ta Remember 74 Series Content ween a NPP pee Natuty of Mallee Pore and Mixed Substancoe Hleawale, Compouads wad Mislare Flerents Compounds and Mixtures States of Matter Symbols, Form Lave of Chessivel Coabinattou ‘Momle Stmeture aod Lgvalions Action of Heat on Subatances ‘oaneformation of Subst Symbols, Fotaulue aed Equalioue ‘Types of Chemical Changes Momie Stmctre Petiadie Clenilieation Chemical Bonding Waler and Ile Condiluents Hleawale, Compounds wad Mislure Symbols, Formulae and Equations Gaseous Slate and Gee Lam ome Structure Perindie Cloasifiention Chemical Bonding Chomieal Kinetios Class 6 4 5 6 2 Glass 7 Symbol and Formal Changer Around Ue Water Chemistry in Daily Life At Water Chongos Aromd Us Hydengen Cxygen . Sulphue end Ile Compuueals Nitengen and Ile Compounds Study of Group IVA Blement—Cazbon sad Ile Oxides Phosphorous aud Ite Componuda Common Salt and Tis Constituents Matale and Noo-Metal 8 Chemical Cyulibyinn a. Metall Study of Group IA Element Hydengen Study of Group VA Blement—Cashon nd ily Czidee Sry of Gromp VA Blement_Nitrogen and Tes Componnda » Study of Croup VIA Study of Croup VIA Element—Oxygen snl Ths Compounds Slesent—Sulphue 15. Study of Gevuy VILA Eleaseut—Chlosine Class 10 Alomie Slrutuee Hlectrolyis Periodic Table 8. Cnjnts Chemisty Chemical Banding 10. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fate and Oile Alkali Garth Mets ‘UL. Sluichiomelzy ‘Metals and Metallurgy 12, Chemistey and Industry Acida and Barer 13. Nuclear Chemistry Solutions 44, Analytical Chemistey 1 Nature of Matter 1.0 INTRODUCTION ‘The earth, and every substance found om it, is made up of mater. This book. your desk. dhe air se breathe: oral the water you rink are all cxamples of macter. Some matter is ving, some non-Tving, Some mailer is. marcmade and aome natural. Wo can say that all substances are rade up of mater 1.1 MATTER Motter is anything that ccupies spare: fae. mass aut can be perceived by eur senses, Thus, matter has Gy mass ‘G) occupies space, and Git ean be pereeived by cur wemyes ~ in other words we can touch, fecl or Examples : Sand ig mates, Sand has mass. occupies volume: nd eam he aren and elt by us. Milk ip matter. Mile has mass, decupies ‘volume and can be seen and tastod by us 1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER ‘The important characteristics of matter arc thar matter has ovass, oecupies volume and can be peveived by our senses, We wil show these characteristic hy comducling. experiments 4) AIL matter has mass. proved by the following expert Tubs ove billoons, Fill one with air and keep the other cmpty. Iie these eo balloons to tho two ends of a scale, Thy © balance the Dat surface of the scale on an edge thom the middle {ee figure), eit aia bahint ‘a! | Aicnasvcoht and hence mass Obsereatinns The senle fils vowands the sks Paving the hallggm led ith Tafereney: Ag the balloon (ile) with air has amore mass the seale tits awards the side having the halkion fille wih air, This shows. that air sas mas, All inatler ee be proved by the following experiment Take a tumbler snd iL itp the brim sith water, Now slowly Immerse a scone into the veer (oe Figure es volume. This can Sriles water ‘Onservation: Some water spills out of the twas Inference = Water whilse volume is equal 10 she volume of the stone Hows ont of the eurnbles This shows chat che stone has volume, ‘Mutter cam be perceived by ope senses. When we mow on a eyele we can fee! the ar on four face, We can sce a stone, water, sand, cte Inference: Macter can be perceived by ouc 1.3 QUANTITY OF MATTER Mass ‘A large wick is heavier than a smaller piece pl ich, The quality a matter is mre in the Tange rouk than in the small ch. The more the sguantity oF matter in an nhjeet, the greuter Fs its ms The quumtity of matter in an objec is cuted mans of that abjecs. Weight We often nse the words mass and weight Jnerehaagesbly. Generally speaking, if mass is ‘more chen weight is alse more, But the two ern dnt esaetly mean the sane Mass and sveighe are differen from each other We often flud our wsipht by standing on 8 weighing muchiue, Have you checked your vesight rsecntly? Sous of your friends may be having more weight than you wile others have Jess. weight What Is weight? All abjects when lel free in the aie CaM dovin, Weigh is she force with which the object is plted cowserds she earth dae £0 gravity Vlave yeu winered why they (a1 cise? All ohjecss ae pulled hy he earth hye farce called gravity, Heawior objects bave more mass coud are therefore puted mare strongly ty gray 1m: So, ersner ahjecss are said to have more eight when compared 10 lighier objects. Experiment Taker two bricks the same sine, Break ‘ona brick into tivo, Take the larger brick and ‘one of fhe smaller pieces of bricks tu the top of building, Take the smaller brick in ome Jnand and thie Jaegee brie un the other hand, Drop both the bricks down al the sage lime om the lop of the building, ‘Observainn: The larger brick strikes the ground a Title earher than he smaller brick, Coadusion: ‘Ihe larger brick is pulled more strongly by the earth. ‘Ine weight of lne Langer brick is moro as Ihe quanlily of rmalleris more in Ihe larger brick han in the smaller brick, Mass and Waight ‘The mass of a Body does not chinge bee de quantity of mater does nec chau. ‘Mass of a body is a constant. tn oxher words, the quantity of mater is 8 eonstant Bt, the weight of a body slifers from plyee place. For example a body that weighs 6 kp oa the arth will weigh 1 kg on the mcm ‘The weight of « body is not a constant and vies fiom place © place 1.4 CLASSIFYING MATTER As there are so many ditferene types of mat- fer aroun us, ib will be engy ta sudy matter if we group differsut typos ou some similarity For sxampfe, al mattcr can be divided into ‘60a Tusad groups — living, and aoe-tving. Liv- fing mater cam he lived Further iy phimls und anim. Non ling totter ean be divided the (her inl natural and ariicia emale. | [Living things ——, Plants Natur: examples Air, water, Examples stars Pea, book. Deut, table Animals Goal HT Fovadaen Coun — Chemis ar Car

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