GOVT, Principles of American Government

530 Pages·030.489 MB·English

by  Edward Sidlow, Beth Henschen

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
GOV T
THE SOLUTION
Print
GOVT9
+ CCHHAAPPTTEERR
11
America in the 21st Century
Online
CCHHAAPPTTEERR
22
TThhee CCoonnssttiittuuttiioonn
GOVT9 delivers all the key terms and GOVT Online provides the complete
core concepts for the Principles of narrative from the printed text with
American Government course. additional interactive media and the unique
functionality of StudyBits—all available
on nearly any device!
What is a StudyBit™? Created through a deep investigation of students’ challenges and workflows,
the StudyBit™ functionality of GOVT Online enables students of different generations and learning
styles to study more effectively by allowing them to learn their way. Here’s how they work:
WEAK RATE AND
ORGANIZE
WCOHLALTE’SC T FAIR STUDYBITS
Rate your
IMPORTANT
understanding and
Create STRONG
use the color-coding
StudyBits
to quickly organize
as you highlight UNASSIGNED your study time
text, images or
and personalize
take notes!
your flashcards
and quizzes.
CORRECT
TRACK/MONITOR
85% INCORRECT
PROGRESS
Use Concept PERSONALIZE QUIZZES
Tracker to decide Filter by your StudyBits INCORRECT
how you’ll spend to personalize quizzes or
study time and just take chapter quizzes INCORRECT
study YOUR way! off-the-shelf.
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GOVT9 © 2018, 2017 Cengage Learning
WCN: 01–100–101
Edward Sidlow • Beth Henschen
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SIDLOW / HENSCHEN
GOVT9
PART I THE FOUNDATIONS OF OUR AMERICAN SYSTEM 2
1 America in the Twenty-First Century 2
2 The Constitution 24
3 Federalism 48
PART II OUR LIBERTIES AND RIGHTS 72
4 Civil Liberties 72
5 Civil Rights 98
PART III THE POLITICS OF DEMOCRACY 122
6 Interest Groups 122
7 Political Parties 144
8 Public Opinion and Voting 168
9 Campaigns and Elections 192
10 Politics and the Media 216
PART IV INSTITUTIONS 236
11 The Congress 236
12 The Presidency 262
13 The Bureaucracy 288
14 The Judiciary 310
PART V PUBLIC POLICY 334
15 Domestic Policy 334
16 Foreign Policy 356
Appendix A The Declaration of Independence A–1
Appendix B The Constitution of the United States A–3
Appendix C Federalist Papers No. 10 and No. 51 A–12
mages Appendix D Answers to Chapter Quiz Questions A–18
Getty I Appendix E Information on U.S. Presidents (Online)
Vectors/ Appendix F Party Control of Congress since 1900 (Online)
Vision Notes N–1
Digital Glossary G–1
mlinsky/ Index I–1
Belo Chapter in Review Cards 1–32
Alex
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
CONTENTS
Skill Prep: A Study Skills Module SP–1 1–4 b Liberalism 18
1–4c The Traditional Political Spectrum 19
Take Action: A Guide to Political
1–4d Beyond Conservatism and Liberalism 19
Participation TA–1
AMERICA AT ODDS: Must We Give Up Some of Our
Freedoms to Destroy ISIS? 3
JOIN THE DEBATE: Is Our Government Too Large? 12
2016 ELECTION  15
Part I
PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: Do Immigrants Take
American Jobs? 17
THE FOUNDATIONS OF AMERICA AT ODDS: America in the Twenty-First
Century 21
OUR AMERICAN SYSTEM 2 2
THE CONSTITUTION 24
es
g
ma IInnttroduction 26
y I
ett 22––1 The Beginnings of American Government 26
G
ges/ 2–1a The First English Settlements 26
a
m
d I 2–1b Colonial Legislatures 28
n
e
Bl 22––2 The Rebellion of the Colonists 28
2–2a “Taxation without Representation” 29
2–2b The Continental Congresses 30
2–2c Breaking the Ties: Independence 30
22––3 The Confederation of States 33
1
2–3a The Articles of Confederation 33
2–3b A Time of Crisis—The 1780s 34
AAMMEERRIICCAA IINN TTHHEE TTWWEENNTTYY--FFIIRRSSTT
2–4 Drafting and Ratifying the Constitution 36
CENTURY 2
2–4a Who Were the Delegates? 36
Introduction 4
2–4b The Virginia Plan 37
1–1 What Are Politics and Government? 4 2–4c The New Jersey Plan 37
1–1a Defining Politics and Government 4 2–4d The Compromises 37
1–1b Resolving Conflicts 5 2–4e Defining the Executive and the Judiciary 39
1–1c Providing Public Services 5 2–4f The Final Draft Is Approved 39
1–1d Defending the Nation and Its Culture 6 2–4g The Debate over Ratification 39
1–2 Different Systems of Government 7 2–4h Ratification 41
2–4i Did a Majority of Americans Support the
1–2a Undemocratic Systems 7
Constitution? 41
1–2b Democratic Systems 8
2–5 The Constitution’s Major Principles of Government 41
1–2c Other Forms of Government 10
2–5a Limited Government, Popular Sovereignty, and
1–3 American Democracy 10
the Rule of Law 42
1–3a The British Legacy 10
2–5b The Principle of Federalism 42
1–3b Principles of American Democracy 11
2–5c Separation of Powers 43
1–3c American Political Values 11
2–5d Checks and Balances 43
1–3d Political Values and a Divided Electorate 14
2–5e Limited versus Effective Government 44
1–3e Political Values in a Changing Society 15
2–5f The Bill of Rights 44
1–4 American Political Ideology 16 2–5g Amending the Constitution 44
1–4a Conservatism 16
iv
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AMERICA AT ODDS: Should We Call a New Part II
Constitutional Convention? 25
JOIN THE DEBATE: Was the United States Meant to Be
a Christian Nation? 27 OUR LIBERTIES
PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: The Slavery Issue 40
AND RIGHTS 72
THE REST OF THE WORLD: The Parliamentary
Alternative 45
AMERICA AT ODDS: The Constitution 46
3
FEDERALISM 48
Introduction 50
3–1 Federalism and Its Alternatives 50
3–1a What Is Federalism? 50 es
g
a
m
3–1b Alternatives to Federalism 51 y I
3–1c Federalism—An Optimal Choice for the Gett
United States? 51 FP/
A
3–2 The Constitutional Division of Powers 54
4
3–2a The Powers of the National Government 54
3–2b The Powers of the States 55 CCIIVVIILL LLIIBBEERRTTIIEESS 7722
3–2c Interstate Relations 57
Introduction 74
3–2d Concurrent Powers 58
4–1 The Constitutional Basis for Our Civil Liberties 74
3–2e The Supremacy Clause 59
4–1a Safeguards in the Original Constitution 74
3–3 The Struggle for Supremacy 59
4–1b The Bill of Rights 74
3–3a Early United States Supreme Court Decisions 59
4–1c The Incorporation Principle 75
3–3b The Civil War—The Ultimate Supremacy
Battle 61 4–2 Freedom of Religion 77
3–3c Dual Federalism—From the Civil War to 4–2a Laws on Religion in the Colonies 77
the 1930s 61
4–2b The Establishment Clause 79
3–3d Cooperative Federalism and the Growth of the
4–2c Prayer in the Schools 79
National Government 62
4–2d Evolution Versus Creationism 80
3– 4 Federalism Today 63
4–2e Aid to Parochial Schools 81
3–4a The New Federalism—More Power to the
4–2f The Free Exercise Clause 82
States 63
4–3 Freedom of Expression 83
3–4b The Supreme Court and the New Federalism 64
4–3a The Right to Free Speech Is Not Absolute 84
3–4c The Shifting Boundary between Federal and
State Authority 64 4–3b Subversive Speech 84
3– 5 The Fiscal Side of Federalism 66 4–3c Limited Protection for Commercial Speech 84
4–3d Unprotected Speech 85
3–5a Federal Grants 66
4–3e Free Speech for Students? 86
3–5b Federal Grants and State Budgets 67
4–3f Freedom of the Press 86
3–5c Federalism and Economic Cycles 68
3–5d Using Federal Grants to Control the States 68 4–4 The Right to Privacy 87
3–5e The Cost of Federal Mandates 68 4–4a The Abortion Controversy 87
3–5f Competitive Federalism 68 4–4b Do We Have the “Right to Die”? 88
AMERICA AT ODDS: Should Recreational Marijuana Be 4–4c Privacy and Personal Information 88
Legal? 49 4–4d Personal Privacy and National Security 90
THE REST OF THE WORLD: Canadian versus American
4–5 The Rights of the Accused 92
Federalism 53
4–5a The Rights of Criminal Defendants 92
JOIN THE DEBATE: Should Most Federal Lands Be
Transferred to the States? 56 4–5b The Exclusionary Rule 93
PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: The Best Government 4–5c The Miranda Warnings 94
Is Local Government 57
AMERICA AT ODDS: Federalism 70
v
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AMERICA AT ODDS: Do U.S. Citizens Really Need Part III
Military-Style Rifles? 73
THE REST OF THE WORLD: Banning Americans from
Entering Britain—and Vice Versa 78 THE POLITICS OF
PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: The Availability of
Abortion 89 DEMOCRACY 122
JOIN THE DEBATE: Is the Death Penalty a Cruel and
Unusual Punishment? 93
AMERICA AT ODDS: Civil Liberties 95
5
CIVIL RIGHTS 98
In5t–r1oduT555h–––ct111eiabco E nqSIT unht1atre0eilc 0rPRtm raSotecitdroeuincattaitinelo yB nS ac 1Csri0ulsa0t Tuinessyet (11O00r1d0inary Scrutiny) 101 Andy Katz/Pacific Press/LightRocket/Getty Images
5–2 African Americans 101
6
5–2a Separate But Equal 102
5–2b Violence and Vote Suppression 102
IINNTTEERREESSTT GGRROOUUPPSS 112222
5–2c The Brown Decisions and School
Integration 102 Introduction 124
5–2d The Civil Rights Movement 103
6–1 Interest Groups and American Government 124
5–2e African Americans in Politics Today 105
6–1a The Constitutional Right to Petition the
5–2f Continuing Challenges 106
Government 124
5–3 Women 107 6–1b Why Interest Groups Form 124
5–3a The Struggle for Voting Rights 107 6–1c How Interest Groups Function in American
Politics 127
5–3b The Feminist Movement 108
6–1d How Do Interest Groups Differ from Political
5–3c Women in American Politics Today 109
Parties? 128
5–3d Women in the Workplace 109
6–2 Different Types of Interest Groups 129
5–4 Securing Rights for Other Groups 110
6–2a Business Interest Groups 129
5–4a Latinos 112
6–2b Labor and Professional Interest Groups 130
5–4b Asian Americans 113
6–2c Public-Interest and Other Types of Groups 132
5–4c American Indians 114
6–3 How Interest Groups Shape Policy 134
5–4d Obtaining Rights for Persons with
Disabilities 115 6–3a Direct Techniques 134
5–4e Gay Men and Lesbians 116 6–3b Indirect Techniques 136
5–5 Beyond Equal Protection—Affirmative Action 117 6–4 Today’s Lobbying Establishment 138
5–5a Affirmative Action Tested 118 6–4a Why Do Interest Groups Get Bad Press? 139
5–5b Strict Scrutiny Applied 118 6–4b The Regulation of Interest Groups 139
5–5c The Diversity Issue 118 6–4c The Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 140
5–5d State Actions 118 6–4d Recent Reform Efforts 141
AMERICA AT ODDS: Do the Police Use Excessive Force AMERICA AT ODDS: Are Farmers Getting a Deal That’s
against African Americans? 99 Too Good? 123
2016 ELECTION  106 THE REST OF THE WORLD: Land Seizures in China
and India 125
JOIN THE DEBATE: Is “Political Correctness” a Real
Problem? 111 JOIN THE DEBATE: Should We Let Uber and Lyft Pick
Up Passengers? 140
AMERICA AT ODDS: Civil Rights 120
AMERICA AT ODDS: Interest Groups 142
vi
Contents
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7
8–2 Why People Vote as They Do 172
POLITICAL PARTIES 144 8–2a Party Identification 172
8–2b Perception of the Candidates 172
Introduction 146
8–2c Policy Choices 173
7–1 A Short History of American Political Parties 146
8–2d Socioeconomic Factors 173
7–1a The First Political Parties 146
8–2e Ideology 177
7–1b From 1796 to 1860 147
8–3 Public Opinion Polls 177
7–1c From the Civil War to the Great Depression 149
8–3a Early Polling Efforts 177
7–1d After the Great Depression 149
8–3b How Polling Has Developed 179
7–2 America’s Political Parties Today 150
8–3c Problems with Opinion Polls 180
7–2a Red States versus Blue States 150
8–4 Voting and Voter Turnout 183
7–2b Shifting Political Fortunes 151
8–4a Factors Affecting Voter Turnout 184
7–2c Realignment, Dealignment, and Tipping 153
8–4b The Legal Right to Vote 184
7–3 What Do Political Parties Do? 154
8–4c Attempts to Improve Voter Turnout 187
7–3a Selecting Candidates and Running
8–4d Laws That May Discourage Voting 187
Campaigns 154
8–4e Attempts to Improve Voting Procedures 188
7–3b Informing the Public 155
8–4f Who Actually Votes 189
7–3c Coordinating Policymaking 155
AMERICA AT ODDS: How Important Is It to Target
7–3d Checking the Power of the Governing
Independents? 169
Party 156
THE REST OF THE WORLD: Anti-Immigration Politics
7–3e Balancing Competing Interests 156
in Europe 178
7–4 How American Political Parties Are Structured 156 PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: Do Politicians Always
7–4a The Party in the Electorate 157 Follow the Polls? 182
7–4b The Party Organization 158 2016 ELECTION  184
7–4c The Party in Government: Developing JOIN THE DEBATE: Should Felons Be Allowed to
Issues 160 Vote? 188
AMERICA AT ODDS: Public Opinion and Voting 190
7–5 The Dominance of Our Two-Party System 161
9
7–5a The Self-Perpetuation of the Two-Party
System 161
CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS 192
7–5b Third Parties in American Politics 162
7–5c The Effects of Third Parties 164 Introduction 194
AMERICA AT ODDS: How Should the Republicans 9–1 How We Elect Candidates 194
Respond to Trump Voters? 145
9–1a Conducting Elections and Counting the
2016 ELECTION  153
Votes 194
PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: Demography Favors
9–1b Presidential Elections and the Electoral
the Democrats 155
College 194
JOIN THE DEBATE: Are Nonpartisan Elections a
9–2 How We Nominate Candidates 195
Good Idea? 163
9–2a Party Control over Nominations 196
AMERICA AT ODDS: Political Parties 165
9–2b A New Method: The Nominating
8
Convention 196
9–2c Primary Elections and the Loss of Party
PUBLIC OPINION AND VOTING 168
Control 196
Introduction 170 9–2d Nominating Presidential Candidates 199
8–1 How Do People Form Political Opinions? 170 9–3 The Modern Political Campaign 203
8–1a The Importance of Family 170 9–3a Responsibilities of the Campaign Staff 203
8–1b Schools and Churches 170 9–3b The Professional Campaign Organization 203
8–1c The Media 171 9–3c Opposition Research 203
8–1d Opinion Leaders 171 9–4 The Internet Campaign 204
8–1e Major Life Events 171 9–4a Fund-Raising on the Internet 205
8–1f Peer Groups 172 9–4b Targeting Supporters 206
8–1g Economic Status and Occupation 172 9–4c Support for Local Organizing 206
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9–5 What It Costs to Win 207 Part IV
9–5a Presidential Spending 207
9–5b The Federal Election Campaign Act 207
INSTITUTIONS 236
9–5c Skirting the Campaign-Financing Rules 208
9–5d The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 209
9–5e The Current Campaign-Finance
Environment 210
AMERICA AT ODDS: Does Money Really Buy
Elections? 193
PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: Is the Word Socialism
Still Poison in U.S. Political Campaigns? 202
2016 ELECTION  205 om
c
JOIN THE DEBATE: Should We Let Political Contributors ock.
Conceal Their Identities? 212 erst
AMERICA AT ODDS: Campaigns and Elections 213 hutt
S
10 am/
C
n
a
h
POLITICS AND THE MEDIA 216 Or
Introduction 218 11
10–1 The Role of the Media in a Democracy 218
TTHHEE CCOONNGGRREESSSS 223366
10–1a Media Characteristics 218
Introduction 238
10–1b The New Media and the Old 218
10–1c The Media and the First Amendment 219 11–1 The Structure and Makeup of Congress 238
10–1d The Agenda-Setting Function of the Media 220 11–1a Apportionment of House Seats 238
10–1e The Medium Does Affect the Message 221 11–1b Congressional Districts 238
10–1f Ownership of the Media 222 11–1c The Representation Function of Congress 242
10–2 The Candidates and Television 223 11–2 Congressional Elections 243
10–2a Political Advertising 223 11–2a Who Can Be a Member of Congress? 244
10–2b Television Debates 224 11–2b The Power of Incumbency 244
10–2c News Coverage 225 11–2c Congressional Terms 245
10–2d “Popular” Television 225 11–3 Congressional Leadership, the Committee System,
10–3 Talk Radio—The Wild West of the Media 226 and Bicameralism 246
10–3a Audiences and Hosts 226 11–3a House Leadership 246
10–3b The Impact of Talk Radio 227 11–3b Senate Leadership 248
10–4 The Question of Media Bias 227 11–3c Congressional Committees 248
11–3d The Differences between the House and the
10–4a Partisan Bias 228
Senate 250
10–4b The Bias against Losers 229
11–4 The Legislative Process 251
10–4c A Changing News Culture 229
11–5 Investigation and Oversight 254
10–5 Political News and Campaigns on the Web 230
11–5a The Investigative Function 254
10–5a News Organizations Online 230
11–5b Impeachment Power 255
10–5b Blogs and the Emergence of Citizen
Journalism 230 11–5c Senate Confirmation 255
10–5c Podcasting the News 231 11–6 The Budgeting Process 256
10–5d Cyberspace and Political Campaigns 231 11–6a Authorization and Appropriation 257
AMERICA AT ODDS: In a Digital World, Do We Still Need 11–6b The Actual Budgeting Process 257
Print Media? 217
AMERICA AT ODDS: Should It Take Sixty Senators to
THE REST OF THE WORLD: Who Controls the Pass Important Legislation? 237
Internet? 220
THE REST OF THE WORLD: The Size of Congress—
JOIN THE DEBATE: Could We Lose Our High-Speed How the United States Stacks Up 241
Internet? 232
JOIN THE DEBATE: Was Banning Pork-Barrel Spending
AMERICA AT ODDS: Politics and the Media 234 a Mistake? 243
viii
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2016 ELECTION  246 13–2d Independent Regulatory Agencies 296
AMERICA AT ODDS: The Congress 259 13–2e Government Corporations 296
12 13–3 How Bureaucrats Get Their Jobs 298
13–3a The Civil Service 298
THE PRESIDENCY 262
13–3b Origins of the Merit System 298
Introduction 264 13–3c The OPM Hacking Scandal 299
12–1 Who Can Become President? 264 13–4 Regulatory Agencies: Are They the Fourth Branch
12–1a Perks of the President 264 of Government? 300
12–1b Presidential Age and Occupation 265 13–4a Agency Creation 300
12–1c Race, Gender, and Religion 266 13–4b Rulemaking 301
12–2 The President’s Many Roles 266 13–4c Policymaking 301
12–2a Chief Executive 266 13–5 Curbing Waste and Improving Efficiency 303
12–2b Commander in Chief 267 13–5a Helping Out the Whistleblowers 303
12–2c Head of State 267 13–5b Improving Efficiency and Getting Results 304
12–2d Chief Diplomat 268 13–5c Another Approach—Pay-for-Performance
Plans 305
12–2e Chief Legislator 268
13–5d Privatization 305
12–2f Political Party Leader 269
13–5e Government in the Sunshine 305
12–3 Presidential Powers 269
13–5f Government Online 305
12–3a The President’s Constitutional Powers 269
AMERICA AT ODDS: Is Federal Regulation
12–3b The President’s Inherent Powers 271
Excessive? 289
12–3c The Expansion of Presidential Powers 272
JOIN THE DEBATE: Are Government Workers Paid
12–4 Congressional and Presidential Relations 278 Too Much? 299
12–4a Advantage: Congress 278 PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: Must Apple Help the
FBI Hack a Terrorist’s iPhone? 307
12–4b Advantage: The President 279
AMERICA AT ODDS: The Bureaucracy 308
12–5 The Organization of the Executive Branch 280
14
12–5a The President’s Cabinet 280
12–5b The Executive Office of the President 281 THE JUDICIARY 310
12–5c The Vice Presidency and Presidential
Introduction 312
Succession 283
AMERICA AT ODDS: Should the New President Get 14–1 The Origins and Sources of American Law 312
Tough on the Middle East? 263
14–1a The Common Law Tradition 312
JOIN THE DEBATE: A Foreign-Born President? 265 14–1b Primary Sources of American Law 313
2016 ELECTION  268 14–1c Civil Law and Criminal Law 314
PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY: Can the President 14–1d Basic Judicial Requirements 314
Really Fix the Economy? 275
14–2 The Federal Court System 316
AMERICA AT ODDS: The Presidency 285
14–2a U.S. District and Specialized Courts 316
13
14–2b U.S. Courts of Appeals 317
THE BUREAUCRACY 288 14–2c The United States Supreme Court 318
14–3 Federal Judicial Appointments 319
Introduction 290
14–3a The Nomination Process 320
13–1 The Nature and Size of the Bureaucracy 290
14–3b Confirmation or Rejection by the Senate 321
13–1a The Uses of Bureaucracy 290
14–4 The Courts as Policymakers 322
13–1b The Growth of Bureaucracy 290
14–4a The Issue of Broad Language 323
13–1c The Costs of Maintaining the Government 291
14–4b The Power of Judicial Review 324
13–1d Where Does All the Money Go? 292
14–4c Judicial Activism versus Judicial Restraint 324
13–2 How the Federal Bureaucracy Is Organized 293
14–4d Ideology and the Courts 325
13–2a The Executive Departments 293
14–4e Ideology and Today’s Supreme Court 325
13–2b A Typical Departmental Structure 294
14–4f Approaches to Legal Interpretation 327
13–2c Independent Executive Agencies 295
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