Governing the Use-of-Force in International Relations: The Post 9/11 US Challenge on International Law PDF
Preview Governing the Use-of-Force in International Relations: The Post 9/11 US Challenge on International Law
NewSecurityChallengesSeries GeneralEditor:StuartCroft,ProfessorofInternationalSecurityintheDepartmentofPoliticsandInternational StudiesattheUniversityofWarwick,UK,andDirectoroftheESRC’sNewSecurityChallengesProgramme. Thelastdecadedemonstratedthatthreatstosecurityvarygreatlyintheircausesandmanifestations,andthatthey inviteinterestanddemandresponsesfromthesocialsciences,civilsocietyandaverybroadpolicycommunity. Inthepast,theavoidanceofwarwastheprimaryobjective,butwiththeendoftheColdWartheretentionof militarydefenceasthecentrepieceofinternationalsecurityagendabecameuntenable.Therehasbeen,therefore, asignificantshiftinemphasisawayfromtraditionalapproachestosecuritytoanewagendathattalksofthe softersideofsecurity,intermsofhumansecurity,economicsecurityandenvironmantalsecurity.ThetopicalNew SecurityChallengesseriesreflectsthispressingpoliticalandresearchagenda. Titlesinclude: NatashaUnderhill COUNTERINGGLOBALTERRORISMANDINSURGENCY CalculatingtheRiskofState-FailureinAfghanistan,PakistanandIraq AbdulHaqqBaker EXTREMISTSINOURMIDST ConfrontingTerro RobinCameron SUBJECTSOFSECURITY DomesticEffectsofForeignPolicyintheWaronTerror SharylCross,SavoKentera,R.CraigNationandRadovanVukadinovic(editors) SHAPINGSOUTHEASTEUROPE’SSECURITYCOMMUNITYFORTHETWENTY-FIRSTCENTURY Trust,Partnership,Integration TomDysonandTheodoreKonstadinides EUROPEANDEFENCECOOPERATIONINEULAWANDIRTHEORY HåkanEdström,JanneHaalandMatlaryandMagnusPetersson(editors) NATO:THEPOWEROFPARTNERSHIPS HåkanEdströmandDennisGyllensporre POLITICALASPIRATIONSANDPERILSOFSECURITY UnpackingtheMilitaryStrategyoftheUnitedNations HakanEdströmandDennisGyllensporre(editors) PURSUINGSTRATEGY NATOOperationsfromtheGulfWartoGaddafi HamedEl-Said NEWAPPROACHESTOCOUNTERINGTERRORISM DesigningandEvaluatingCounterRadicalizationandDe-RadicalizationPrograms PhilipEvertsandPierangeloIsernia PUBLICOPINION,TRANSATLANTICRELATIONSANDTHEUSEOFFORCE AdrianGallagher GENOCIDEANDITSTHREATTOCONTEMPORARYINTERNATIONALORDER KevinGillan,JennyPickerillandFrankWebster ANTI-WARACTIVISM NewMediaandProtestintheInformationAge JamesGowandIvanZverzhanovski SECURITY,DEMOCRACYANDWARCRIMES SecuritySectorTransformationinSerbia ToniHaastrup CHARTINGTRANSFORMATIONTHROUGHSECURITY ContemporaryEU-AfricaRelations EllenHallams,LucaRattiandBenZyla(editors) NATOBEYOND9/11 TheTransformationoftheAtlanticAlliance CarolinHilpert STRATEGICCULTURALCHANGEANDTHECHALLENGEFORSECURITYPOLICY GermanyandtheBundeswehr’sDeploymenttoAfghanistan ChristopherHobbs,MatthewMoranandDanielSalisbury(editors) OPENSOURCEINTELLIGENCEINTHETWENTY-FIRSTCENTURY NewApproachesandOpportunities PaulJacksonandPeterAlbrecht RECONSTRUCTIONSECURITYAFTERCONFLICT SecuritySectorReforminSierraLeone JanneHaalandMatlary EUROPEANUNIONSECURITYDYNAMICS IntheNewNationalInterest SebastianMayer(editor) NATO’sPOST-COLDWARPOLITICS TheChangingProvisionofSecurity KevorkOskanian FEAR,WEAKNESSANDPOWERINTHEPOST-SOVIETSOUTHCAUCASUS ATheoreticalandEmpiricalAnalysis MichaelPugh,NeilCooperandMandyTurner(editors) WHOSEPEACE?CRITICALPERSPECTIVESONTHEPOLITICALECONOMYOFPEACEBUILDING NathanRoger IMAGEWARFAREINTHEWARONTERROR AglayaSnetkovandStephenAris THEREGIONALDIMENSIONSTOSECURITY OtherSidesofAfghanistan HolgerStritzel SECURITYINTRANSLATION SecuritizationTheoryandtheLocalizationofThreat AliTekinandPaulAndrewWilliams GEO-POLITICSOFTHEEURO-ASIAENERGYNEXUS TheEuropeanUnion,RussiaandTurkey AidenWarrenandIngvildBode GOVERNINGTHEUSE-OF-FORCEININTERNATIONALRELATIONS ThePost-9/11USChallengeonInternationalLaw NewSecurityChallengesSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–00216–6(hardback)andISBN978–0–230–00217–3(paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder.Pleasecontactyour bookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleofthe seriesandtheISBNquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS, England Governing the Use-of-Force in International Relations The Post-9/11 US Challenge on International Law Aiden Warren RMITUniversity,Australia Ingvild Bode UnitedNationsUniversity,Japan ©AidenWarrenandIngvildBode2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-41143-3 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-48925-1 ISBN 978-1-137-41144-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137411440 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Warren,Aiden,author. Newsecuritychallenges:thepost9/11USchallengeoninternational law/AidenWarren,IngvildBode. pagescm Summary:“ThisbookexaminesUSrecoursetomilitaryforceinthepost-9/11era. Inparticular,itevaluatestheextenttowhichtheBushandObamaadministrations viewedlegitimizingthegreateruse-of-forceasanecessarysolutiontothwartthe securitythreatpresentedbyglobalterroristnetworksandWMDproliferation.The Bushadministration’suse-of-forcepolicycenteredonadvocatingpreemptive self-defenceoptions,whichwerereallypreventiveinnature.Forexample,itis arguedthattheyrespondedtopotentiallong-termthreatsbasedonambiguous evidence.Centraltothiscloakingofpreventiveoptionsinthemorelegitimate languageofpreemptiveself-defencewasanexpandednotionofwhatcountsasan imminentthreat.DespitetheObamaadministration’savowaltomultilateralismand professedUSadherencetoglobalnorms,itdidnotexpresslyrejecthis predecessor’sreasoningonthepreemptive/preventiveuse-of-force.Indeed,the Administration’scounter-terroristcampaignagainstAlQaedaandinparticularits droneprogrammadetheuse-of-forceinself-defenceawidespread,regular,even commonplaceoccurrenceduringObama’stenure.Despitebeingpositionedat differentpointsonthepoliticalspectrum,thebookthereforeconcludesthatBush andObamahavechosenaremarkablysimilarapproachtowardsexpandingthe use-of-forceinself-defence.”—Providedbypublisher. 1. Intervention(Internationallaw) 2. Unilateralacts(Internationallaw) 3. Internationallaw—UnitedStates. 4. Preemptiveattack(Militaryscience) 5. Self-defense(Internationallaw) 6. UnitedStates—Militarypolicy. 7. Internalsecurity—UnitedStates. I. Bode,Ingvild,author. II. Title. KZ6368.W372014 341.6(cid:2)3—dc23 2014023152 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vi Acknowledgments vii ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms ix Introduction 1 1 TheInternationalLegalParadigm:TheUNCharterjusadbellum Regime 9 2 Self-DefenseinInternationalLaw:Preemptive/Preventive Requisites 23 3 PreventiveandPreemptiveSelf-DefenseinUSNational SecurityPolicy:ABriefHistory 46 4 BushandtheUse-of-Force 60 5 ObamaandtheUse-of-Force 82 6 TheRiseofDrones 107 Conclusion:theUse-of-ForceandtheMakingofHegemonic InternationalLaw–FromBushtoObama 134 Notes 153 Bibliography 203 Index 230 v Figures and Tables Figures 5.1 USmilitaryexpenditureinUS$billionfrom2001to2012 93 Tables 2.1 Varietiesofstateattachmenttoterroristactors 43 6.1 NumbersofreporteddronestrikesinPakistan,Yemenand Somalia(2001–2013) 110 6.2 NumbersofreporteddronestrikesinAfghanistan,Iraqand Libya(2001–2013) 110 6.3 CiviliandeathsfromdronestrikesinPakistanandYemen 128 vi Acknowledgments AidenWarrenIntryingtoaddresssignificantquestionsintheinternational securityandinternationallawdomains,thisprojectrequiredtheassistance and support of many people. Once again, I want to thank my immediate family – Nicole, Bridie, Alana, Georgia, Anne (Mum), Dempsey, my late Father, Michael, and my late baby sister, Gabrielle. Your love and patience has given me many wonderful opportunities, one of which is the privilege toresearchandpublish.Icouldn’thavedoneanyofthiswithoutyou. In terms of the publishing process, I want to thank the staff at Palgrave Macmillan, most notably Eleanor Davey-Corrigan and Emily Russell. From the very first correspondence with Eleanor, through to the book’s publica- tion,bothhavebeensignificantdriversofthisproject.Theirprofessionalism, clear communication skills and patience have enabled each stage of the publishingprocesstorunverysmoothly. I also want to thank the team at Global Studies at RMIT University – ProfessorJosephSiracusa,AssociateProfessorPaulBattersby,DrPeterPhipps, Dr Damian Grenfell, Dr Julian Lee, and Dr Robbie Guevara. Thank you for all your efforts, support and conversations – I feel I am in an amazing environmentthatisconducivetoinnovativeteaching,writingandresearch outcomes,butmostimportantly,bigideas! Ofcourse,thisprojectcouldnothavetakenplacewithouttheadvice,sup- portandexpertiseofDrDavidMickler.Hisknowledgeandcontributionin termsofstructuring,positioningofargumentandinternationallaw/security insightshavebeeninvaluabletosaytheleast.Thanksmate! Lastly, I want to thank my coauthor in this project, Dr Ingvild Bode. Herintelligentapproach,thoroughness,eyefordetailandexceptionalwork ethichaveenabledthisprojecttobeexecutedinatimely,calmandcreative fashion.IthasbeenasuccessfulcollaborationandIhopetoworkwithyou againinthenottoodistantfuture. IngvildBodeJustlikeallresearchprojects,thethoughtprocessthatwent into this book was a long time coming. Almost three years ago, I read an articlediscussingPresidentBarackObama’ssurprisinglysupportiveapproach towardUSuse-of-forceandbeganthinkingabouthowtheseobservationsfit withtheclearbreakhisadministrationwassupposedtobeengagedinwith respecttohispredecessor’spolicies.So,naturally,whenmycoauthorAiden Warren approached me with his idea about a book project analyzing just these ideas, I was immediately excited to be a part of it – especially as it would also allow me to bring in my long-standinginterest in the workings ofinternationallawintheUnitedNationssystem.Tobeginwith,Itherefore wanttoexpressmythankstoAidenforsuggestingourcollaborationonthis vii viii Acknowledgments bookandformakingtheprocessofitswritingsoinspiringandinformative. Iverymuchappreciatedit. Discussionswithacademiccolleagueshavealsobeeninstrumentalpartsof mythoughtprocessforthisbook.IwanttothankVesselinPopovskiforpro- vidingtimelyinsightsintotheintricaciesofinternationallawandpointing out inconsistencies in US administrations’ legal arguments. Further, I want tothankmypostdoctoralcolleaguesWeenaGera,KoelRoychowdhuryand Marian Urbina-Ferretjans at the United Nations University for being a crit- ical and attentive audience to my frequent lunch-time rants about the use-of-forceandUSforeignpolicy. I also want to express my thanks to the publishing team at Palgrave Macmillan, and in particular Eleanor Davey-Corrigan, who was quick to supporttheprojectandhelpedthisendeavorfromstarttofinish. Finally,Iwanttothankmyfamily,mysistersMareikeandSaskia,andin particularmymumEdda,whohasonceagainbeensuchasupportivevoice throughoutmyworkonthis.Youarethebest.Specialthanksalsogooutto myfriends,inparticularEvaHeesenandIsabelGrünewald,whowerecrucial and patient discussion partners in the early phase of this project spent in Hanover. It is a great privilege to have you as friends. Last but not least, I want to thank Hendrik for his insights, wonderful calmness of mind and forprovidingmewithmealsandhotbeveragesinthelastexhaustingweeks ofthisproject.Idedicatethistoyou. Abbreviations and Acronyms ASIL AmericanSocietyonInternationalLaw BWC BiologicalWeaponsConvention CBRN Chemical,Biological,RadiologicalandNuclear CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency CWC ChemicalWeaponsConvention DCI DirectorofCentralIntelligence DOD DepartmentofDefense DOE DepartmentofEnergy DOJ DepartmentofJustice DOS DepartmentofState DOT DepartmentofTreasury DMZ DemilitarizedZone DPRK DemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency FRY FederalRepublicofYugoslavia(FRY) G20 Groupof20 HDBTs HardenedandDeeplyBuriedTargets HIL HegemonicInternationalLaw IAEA InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency IAF IraqiArmedForces ICBMs IntercontinentalBallisticMissiles ICC InternationalCriminalCourt ICISS InternationalCommissiononInterventionandState Sovereignty ICJ InternationalCourtofJustice ICRC InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross IED ImprovisedExplosiveDevice IHL InternationalHumanitarianLaw ILC InternationalLawCommission IMF InternationalMonetaryFund IRBM IntermediateRangeBallisticMissile JCS JointChiefsofStaff MOU MemorandumofUnderstanding MRBM MediumRangeBallisticMissile MTCR MissileTechnologyControlRegime NIE NationalIntelligenceEstimate NPR NuclearPostureReview NPT Non-proliferationTreaty NSC NationalSecurityCouncil ix
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