Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions PDF
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StAntony’sSeries General Editors: Paul Betts, Professor of Modern European History, European Studies Centre, St Antony’s College, Oxford; and Leigh Payne, Professor of Sociology of Latin AmericaandDirectoroftheLatinAmericanCentre,Oxford. Titlesinclude: DawnAlexandreaBerry,NigelBowles,andHalbertJones(editors) GOVERNINGTHENORTHAMERICANARCTIC Sovereignty,Security,andInstitutions BonaMalwal SUDANANDSOUTHSUDAN FromOnetoTwo JaimeLluch(editor) CONSTITUTIONALISMANDTHEPOLITICSOFACCOMMODATIONIN MULTINATIONALDEMOCRACIES JochenPrantl(editor) EFFECTIVEMULTILATERALISM ThroughtheLookingGlassofEastAsia JamesDensley HOWGANGSWORK AnEthnographyofYouthViolence IlsenAbout,JamesBrown,GayleLonergan,JaneCaplan,andEdwardHiggs(editors) IDENTIFICATIONANDREGISTRATIONPRACTICESINTRANSNATIONALPERSPECTIVE People,PapersandPractices DanielAltschulerandJavierCorrales THEPROMISEOFPARTICIPATION ParticipatoryGovernance,CitizenEngagementandDemocracyinGuatemalaandHonduras inthe2000s NayefR.F.Al-Rodhan META-GEOPOLITICSOFOUTERSPACE AnAnalysisofSpacePower,SecurityandGovernance CarlaL.Thorson POLITICS,JUDICIALREVIEWANDTHERUSSIANCONSTITUTIONALCOURT DaisukeIkemoto EUROPEANMONETARYINTEGRATION1970–79 BritishandFrenchExperiences NayefR.F.Al-Rodhan THEPOLITICSOFEMERGINGSTRATEGICTECHNOLOGIES ImplicationsforGeopolitics,HumanEnhancementandHumanDestiny DimitarBechev CONSTRUCTINGSOUTHEASTEUROPE ThePoliticsofBalkanRegionalCooperation JulieM.NewtonandWilliamJ.Tompson(editors) INSTITUTIONS,IDEASANDLEADERSHIPINRUSSIANPOLITICS CeliaKerslake,KeremO˘ktem,andPhilipRobins(editors) TURKEY’SENGAGEMENTWITHMODERNITY ConflictandChangeintheTwentiethCentury ParadornRangsimaporn RUSSIAASANASPIRINGGREATPOWERINEASTASIA PerceptionsandPoliciesfromYeltsintoPutin MottiGolani THEENDOFTHEBRITISHMANDATEFORPALESTINE,1948 TheDiaryofSirHenryGurney DemetraTzanaki WOMENANDNATIONALISMINTHEMAKINGOFMODERNGREECE TheFoundingoftheKingdomtotheGreco-TurkishWar SimoneBunse SMALLSTATESANDEUGOVERNANCE LeadershipthroughtheCouncilPresidency JudithMarquand DEVELOPMENTAIDINRUSSIA LessonsfromSiberia Li-ChenSim THERISEANDFALLOFPRIVATIZATIONINTHERUSSIANOILINDUSTRY StefaniaBernini FAMILYLIFEANDINDIVIDUALWELFAREINPOSTWAREUROPE BritainandItalyCompared TomilaV.Lankina,AnnekeHudalla,andHelmutWollman LOCALGOVERNANCEINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPE ComparingPerformanceintheCzechRepublic,Hungary,PolandandRussia CathyGormley-Heenan POLITICALLEADERSHIPANDTHENORTHERNIRELANDPEACEPROCESS Role,CapacityandEffect LoriPlotkinBoghardt KUWAITAMIDWAR,PEACEANDREVOLUTION PaulChaisty LEGISLATIVEPOLITICSANDECONOMICPOWERINRUSSIA ValpyFitzGerald,FrancesStewart,andRajeshVenugopal(editors) GLOBALIZATION,VIOLENTCONFLICTANDSELF-DETERMINATION StAntony’sSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–71109–5(hardback) 978–0–333–80341–7(paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder. 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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Governing the North American Arctic Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions Editedby Dawn Alexandrea Berry PostdoctoralFellow,MarioEinaudiCenterforInternationalStudies,Cornell University,USA Nigel Bowles SeniorResearchFellow,CorpusChristiCollege,UniversityofOxford,UK and Halbert Jones SeniorResearchFellow,StAntony’sCollege,UniversityofOxford,UK InAssociationwithStAntony’sCollege,Oxford GOVERNINGTHENORTHAMERICANARCTIC Copyright©DawnAlexandreaBerry,NigelBowles,andHalbertJones2016 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-49390-3 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission.Noportionofthis publicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmittedsavewithwritten permission.InaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCopyright,Designs andPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicencepermittinglimited copyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,SaffronHouse, 6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Firstpublished2016by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills, Basingstoke,Hampshire,RG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofNatureAmerica,Inc.,One NewYorkPlaza,Suite4500,NewYork,NY10004-1562. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. ISBN978–1–349–69721–2 E-PDFISBN:978–1–137–49391–0 DOI:10.1057/9781137493910 DistributionintheUK,EuropeandtherestoftheworldisbyPalgrave Macmillan®,adivisionofMacmillanPublishersLimited,registeredin England,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. AcataloguerecordforthebookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Contents Acknowledgments vii NotesonContributors viii Map:TheArcticRegion xi Introduction TheArctic,NorthAmerica,andtheWorld:APolitical Perspective 13 TheHon.WilliamC.Graham Part I Sovereignty 1 ArcticGovernanceandtheRelevanceofHistory 29 ShelaghD.Grant 2 CanadianArcticShippingRegulationsandtheLawofthe Sea 51 JamesKraska 3 ChineseMiningInterestsandtheArctic 74 AdamLajeunesseandP.WhitneyLackenbauer Part II Security 4 TheMonroeDoctrineandtheGovernanceofGreenland’s Security 103 DawnAlexandreaBerry 5 StrongFootholdoronThinIce?USStrategiesfor Development,EnvironmentalStewardship,andSecurity intheArctic 122 MihaelaDavid 6 PremierPartners:Canada,theUnitedStates,andArctic Security 143 RobHuebertandP.WhitneyLackenbauer v vi Contents Part III Institutions 7 TheChallengesofAmericanFederalisminaRapidly ChangingArctic 165 ChandaL.MeekandEmilyRussell 8 ConstitutionalDevelopmentandNaturalResourcesinthe North 180 AlastairCampbellandKirkCameron 9 Institutions,Resources,andtheGovernanceof PostcolonialGreenland 200 RichardC.Powell 10 TheEmergenceofanArcticCouncil 217 JohnEnglish Part IV OfficialPerspectives 11 UnitedStatesPerspectivesontheArctic 233 EvanT.Bloom 12 CanadianArcticSovereignty:MythsandRealities 242 AlanH.Kessel 13 GreenlandSelf-GovernmentandtheArctic 247 MininnguaqKleist Conclusion:InuitPeoplesandtheGovernanceoftheNorth AmericanArctic 253 WilliamL.IggiagrukHensley Index 268 Acknowledgments Thegenesisofthisbookliesin‘TheOxfordArcticConference’heldby theNorthAmericanStudiesProgrammeofStAntony’sCollegeandthe Rothermere American Institute at the University of Oxford in Septem- ber 2013. In organizing the conference, we were concerned to explore the challenges of governance in the North American Arctic. We set out to consider those challenges in the context of the legacies of the past, the constraints of the present, and the differing (and more liq- uid) constraints of an unknown future ecology. While the structure of this book is different to that of the conference, it has been informed byourreflectingupontheconferencepapersandthediscussionsabout them.Throughouttheconferenceandthepreparationofthisbook,we havetriedalwaystokeepinviewthehistoricalrootsanddevelopment of the North American Arctic as we have the fact that those roots and that development are viewed and understood differently by different peoples,states,andinterestsinvolvedinthesmallestoftheworld’sfive majoroceans. The conference could not have occurred without generous finan- cial and in-kind support from the Rothermere American Institute, St Antony’sCollege,theLesterB.PearsonFundoftheUniversityofOxford, the New York Community Trust, the US Embassy in the United King- dom, and the Canadian High Commission in the United Kingdom. To these supporters, we give our thanks – as we do to the Rothermere AmericanInstituteforitsassistancewithdefrayingsomeofthecostsof preparing this book from the papers that participants developed from thosethattheygaveattheconferenceitself. We are indebted to our colleagues, whose chapters appear in this book,fortheirinsightsandcommitment;toProfessorsNeilMacFarlane and Margaret MacMillan for their intellectual and organizational sup- portandsteadyencouragement;andtoourrespectivefamiliesfortheir forbearance. vii Contributors DawnAlexandreaBerryisPostdoctoralFellowinForeignPolicy,Secu- rity Studies, and Diplomatic History at the Mario Einaudi Center for InternationalStudies,CornellUniversity,US.Shereceivedherdoctorate inhistoryfromtheUniversityofOxford,UK. EvanT.BloomisDirectoroftheOfficeofOceanandPolarAffairsatthe USDepartmentofState. Kirk Cameron has had a long career in publicservice in theCanadian North. As Director for Northern Political Development at the federal DepartmentofIndianandNorthernAffairs,hewasinvolvedinthecre- ationofNunavut,land-claimandself-governmentnegotiations,andthe devolutionofprogramstoterritorialgovernment.Hehasservedasacab- inet secretary in the Yukon territorial government and as a consultant toFirstNationsintheNorth. AlastairCampbellisSeniorPolicyAdvisortoNunavutTunngavik,Inc., the Nunavut Inuit Land Claims organization. He has studied anthro- pology, history, and semiotics in New Zealand, Canada, and Italy, respectively, and has published on the subject of Northern political developmentandlandclaimagreements. Mihaela David is a fellow at the Arctic Institute – Center for Circumpolar Security Studies in Washington, where she conducts analysis of US Arctic policy and Arctic regional governance. Her research interests include governance and geopolitics, environmental stewardship,andnaturalresourcedevelopmentintheArcticregion. John English is founding Director of the Bill Graham Centre for Con- temporary International History at the University of Toronto, Canada. HetaughthistoryformanyyearsattheUniversityofWaterloo,Canada, andwastheMemberofParliamentforKitchenerfrom1993to1997.He is the author of a history of Arctic sovereignty entitled Ice and Water: Politics,Peoples,andtheArcticCouncil. viii NotesonContributors ix WilliamC.GrahamhasbeenChancellorofTrinityCollege,University of Toronto, Canada, since 2007. He served in the Canadian House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Toronto-Centre-Rosedale from1993to2007andheldCabinetpostsasMinisterofForeignAffairs (2002–04)andMinisterofNationalDefence(2004–06). Shelagh D. Grant is the author of Polar Imperative: A History of Arc- tic Sovereignty in North America. Now retired from active teaching, she remains a member of the adjunct faculty in the Canadian Studies DepartmentatTrentUniversityinPeterborough,Canada. William L. Iggiagruk Hensley was a founder of the Northwest Alaska Native Association and has served as director, executive director, president, and co-chair of the Alaska Federation of Natives. He spent 10 years in the Alaska state legislature as a representative and as a senator. Rob Huebert is Associate Professor of Political Science and Associate DirectoroftheCentreforMilitaryandStrategicStudiesattheUniversity ofCalgary,Canada. Alan H. KesselisDeputyHighCommissionerofCanadatotheUnited Kingdom. Prior to this appointment, he served as the legal advisor at Canada’sDepartmentofForeignAffairs,TradeandDevelopment. Mininnguaq Kleist is Director of the Premier’s Office in the Govern- mentofGreenland. JamesKraskaisProfessorintheStocktonCenterfortheStudyofInter- national Law at the US Naval War College and Distinguished Fellow at theLawoftheSeaInstitute,UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleySchoolof Law,US. P. Whitney Lackenbauer is Professor of History and Chair of the His- toryDepartmentofStJerome’sUniversityintheUniversityofWaterloo, Canada. Adam Lajeunesse is a postdoctoral fellow in the History Department at St Jerome’s University in the University of Waterloo, Canada. He receivedhisdoctoratefromtheUniversityofCalgary,Canada.
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