Governing Islam Abroad: Turkish and Moroccan Muslims in Western Europe

312 Pages·2019·3.42 MB·English

by  Benjamin Bruce

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The Sciences Po Series in International Relations
and Political Economy
Series Editor
Alain Dieckhoff
Center for International Studies (CERI)
Sciences Po - CNRS
Paris, France
Editorial Advisor
Miriam Perier
Center for International Studies (CERI)
Sciences Po - CNRS
Paris, France
The Science Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy
consists of works emanating from the foremost French researchers from
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though its sovereignty is questioned, reinvents itself. The series explores
the effects on international relations and the world economy of region-
alization, globalization, and transnational flows at large. This evolution
in world affairs sustains a variety of networks from the ideological to
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globalized planet, the new political economy of the world has a decided
impact on its destiny as well, and this series hopes to uncover what that is.
More information about this series at
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Benjamin Bruce
Governing Islam
Abroad
Turkish and Moroccan Muslims in Western Europe
Benjamin Bruce
El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy
ISBN 978-3-319-78663-6 ISBN 978-3-319-78664-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78664-3
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For Joyce and Alanita
A
cknowledgements
This book marks the end of a long journey that would not have been
possible without a great deal of help along the way. I am deeply indebted
to the many individuals who agreed to meet with me over the course of
the last years and share their visions of Islam, identity, and politics with
me. It is thanks to their time and hospitality that this book exists, and I
have endeavoured to present their perspectives and opinions as faithfully
as possible.
At Sciences Po, I am deeply grateful to Miriam Perier for believing
in this project and supporting it from the beginning, to Alain Dieckhoff
for accepting it in the Sciences Po Series in International Relations and
Political Economy. At Palgrave Macmillan and Springer Nature, thank
you to Anca Pusca, Katelyn Zingg, Prathipa Raju, and Azarudeen
Ahamed Sheriff for their professionalism and patience throughout the
later stages of publication.
My research would not have been possible without a doctoral fellow-
ship from the French Ministry of Higher Education, as well as travel
grants from Sciences Po Paris, the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies
and Research on Germany (CIERA), and the Franco-Germany Youth
Office (OFAJ). The nature of my subject has required a great deal of
international travel, during which I have been very lucky to receive insti-
tutional support in numerous countries. In particular, I spent time as a
visiting scholar at the Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) in the depart-
ment of Ruud Koopmans, the Middle Eastern Technical University
thanks to Zana Çitak, the French Institute of Anatolian Studies (IFEA)
vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
led by Nora Şeni, and the Centre Jacques Berque under Baudouin
Dupret. My thanks go out to these scholars at each institution.
I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Catherine Wihtol de
Wenden, whose guidance and encouragement have been key as I learned
the ropes as a young scholar. My sincere thanks to all the members of my
thesis committee: Jonathan Laurence, Olivier Roy, Matthias König, and
Bayram Balci, whose insightful observations have made this book bet-
ter and whose work has been an inspiration for me. A special mention
goes to Victor Hori for having planted the seed for this research many
years ago in a Montreal Buddhist Temple and to Jocelyne Cesari for
giving me the chance to participate as a member of the website euro-is-
lam.info. At my former research institute, the Center for International
Studies (CERI), my thanks go to Christian Lequesne, Riva Kastoryano,
Denis Lacorne, Elise Massicard, Stéphane Lacroix, and especially Hélène
Thiollet. Also at Sciences Po, I wish to thank the two semesters of stu-
dents of my Euro-Islam course who challenged me to consider new per-
spectives and ideas on Islam in Europe.
As well, I wish to express my thanks to Nadia Marzouki for the invi-
tation to participate in the ReligioWest Project, to Elizabeth Shakman
Hurd for the possibility to speak at Northwestern University, to Marc
Aymes and Nathalie Clayer for involving me in French national
research agency project “Transfaire,” and to Lea Müller-Funk and Félix
Krawatzek for bringing me on board their political remittances project.
These moments of scholarly collaboration have been crucial in keeping
this book project alive, relevant, and curious and have permitted me to
explore new paths while not losing track of the road I took to get here.
This book could not have been written without the ideal work-
ing conditions provided to me by the Mexican National Council for
Research and Technology (CONACYT) and El Colegio de la Frontera
Norte (El Colef). I am grateful to José Manuel Valenzuela Arce and Luis
Escala Rabadán for encouraging my Old World research while I have
gradually adapted to my new surroundings.
I owe a special debt to the following colleagues and friends: Nicholas
Fescharek, Cihan Özpınar, Alexandre Maouche, Myriam Aboutaher,
Marie-Noëlle Carré, Guillaume Grégoire-Sauvé, Agnès Léger, and
Patrick Bruce; each one has contributed to making this book better in
their own way. I am immensely grateful to María Teresa Ortega and
Ezequiel Valdovinos for their boundless support and especially Ariel
Valdovinos for all the lunches and neighbourhood walks. To my mother,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
Iris Bruce, and father, Donald Bruce: despite the distance, you are always
there for me and only you two would be brave enough to read the whole
manuscript one last time—thank you. Of course, any and all errors are
my own.
Finally, this book is dedicated to my wife Joyce, who has endured the
more stressful moments with grace, and our daughter Alana. Gracias mi
amor, you have been my partner every step of the way; we started this
journey together and it seems only fitting for it to end when an even big-
ger one is about to begin.
n t i
ote on rAnslAtions And nterviews
This book uses sources in English, French, German, Turkish, and Arabic,
which comes with certain challenges. The titles of certain organizations or
institutions have at times been altered slightly so as to be rendered more
easily in English. All translations of secondary source material and inter-
views are my own, and all interviews have been rendered anonymous.
For the transliteration of Arabic words, I have followed the guide-
lines of the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies (IJMES).
This does not apply to certain words that are commonly used in English
(Ramadan, Eid al-Adha, imam, etc.). In cases where the Turkish and
transliterated Arabic spellings are close, I have opted for the one I con-
sider most prevalent in English (ulema and not ulama, Ramadan and not
Ramazan). In addition, certain terms specific to the countries studied in
this book have been left in the original language and indicated in italics.
This includes administrative units, such as the départements in France or
the Länder in Germany.
The first time an interview is quoted in a chapter, I provide the title
or institution of the interviewee, the date of the interview, and the loca-
tion. For all subsequent citations, only the title or institution is indicated
(Interview, Title). Roman numerals are used to differentiate in cases of
multiple interviews with the same person (Ambassador I, Ambassador
II), while letters are used to distinguish between different individuals at
the same institution (Interior Ministry A, Interior Ministry B).
xi