Governance of Arctic Shipping: Rethinking Risk, Human Impacts and Regulation

320 Pages·2020·6.386 MB·English

by  Aldo Chircop, Floris Goerlandt, Claudio Aporta, Ronald Pelot

Springer Polar Sciences
Aldo Chircop
Floris Goerlandt
Claudio Aporta
Ronald Pelot Editors
Governance of
Arctic Shipping
Rethinking Risk, Human Impacts and
Regulation
Springer Polar Sciences
Series Editor
James Ford, Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds
Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
Springer Polar Sciences
Springer Polar Sciences is an interdisciplinary book series that is dedicated to
research in the Arctic, sub-Arctic regions, and the Antarctic. In recent years, the
polar regions have received increased scientific and public interest. Both the Arctic
and Antarctic have been recognized as key regions in the regulation of the global
climate, and polar ecosystems have been identified to be particularly susceptible to
the ongoing environmental changes. Consequently, the international efforts in polar
research have been enhanced considerably, and a wealth of new findings is being
produced at a growing rate by the international community of polar researchers.
Springer Polar Sciences aims to present a broad platform that will include state-
of- the-art research, bringing together both science and humanities to facilitate an
exchange of knowledge between the various polar science communities. The Series
offers an outlet to publish contributions, monographs, edited works, conference
proceedings, etc. Topics and perspectives will be broad and will include, but not be
limited to: climate change impacts, environmental change, polar ecology,
governance, health, economics, indigenous populations, tourism and resource
extraction activities. Books published in the series will appeal to scientists, students,
polar researchers and policy makers.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15180
Aldo Chircop • Floris Goerlandt
Claudio Aporta • Ronald Pelot
Editors
Governance of Arctic
Shipping
Rethinking Risk, Human Impacts
and Regulation
Editors
Aldo Chircop Floris Goerlandt
Marine & Environmental Law Institute, Department of Industrial Engineering
Schulich School of Law Dalhousie University
Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
Halifax, NS, Canada
Ronald Pelot
Claudio Aporta Department of Industrial Engineering
Marine Affairs Program Dalhousie University
Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, Canada
Halifax, NS, Canada
ISSN 2510-0475 ISSN 2510-0483 (electronic)
Springer Polar Sciences
ISBN 978-3-030-44974-2 ISBN 978-3-030-44975-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44975-9
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication.
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Acknowledgments
The editors acknowledge the support from Module N: Safe Navigation and
Environment Protection funded by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund
through the Ocean Frontier Institute based at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada. The project administration support of Danielle Hill and Shannon
Langton, Schulich School of Law, is also acknowledged. The editors further express
their appreciation to Susan Rolston, Seawinds Consulting Services, Halifax, for the
professional editing of this book.
Halifax, NS, Canada The Editors
2 December 2019
v
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Aldo Chircop, Floris Goerlandt, Claudio Aporta, and Ronald Pelot
Part I R ethinking Maritime Risks
2 An Exploratory Application of the International
Risk Governance Council’s Risk Governance
Framework to Shipping Risks in the Canadian Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Floris Goerlandt and Ronald Pelot
3 Historical Maritime Search and Rescue Incident Data Analysis . . . . 43
Mark A. Stoddard and Ronald Pelot
4 Search and Rescue at Sea: Do New Challenges
Require New Rules? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Francesco Munari
5 Unmanned Remotely Operated Search and Rescue Ships
in the Canadian Arctic: Exploring the Opportunities,
Risk Dimensions and Governance Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Jinho Yoo, Floris Goerlandt, and Aldo Chircop
6 Ambient Noise in the Canadian Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Emmanuelle Cook, David Barclay, and Clark Richards
Part II T he Human Dimension
7 Inuit Nunangat and the Northwest Passage:
An Exploration of Inuit and Arctic Shipping Conceptualizations
of and Relationships with Arctic Marine Spaces in Canada . . . . . . . . 137
Leah Beveridge
vii
viii Contents
8 Knowledge and Data: An Exploration of the Use
of Inuit Knowledge in Decision Support Systems
in Marine Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Claudio Aporta, Breanna Bishop, Olivia Choi, and Weishan Wang
9 Seafarers and Arctic Cruise Shipping:
Protecting Those Who Work While
Others Explore and Sightsee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Joseph Anthony Loot
10 Mapping the Maritime Occupational Health
and Safety Challenges Faced by Canadian Seafarers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Desai Shan
11 Insights from the History of Fishing Safety:
Preparing for Increased Fisheries and Shipping
in the Canadian Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Barbara Neis, Joel Finnis, Ronald Pelot, and James Shewmake
Part III Regulating Shipping and Ocean Use
12 The IMO Regulatory Framework for Arctic Shipping:
Risk Perspectives and Goal-Based Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Anish Arvind Hebbar, Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs, Maximo
Q. Mejia, Heike Deggim, and Sascha Pristrom
13 The Regulation of Ship Emissions in Canadian Northwest
Atlantic and Arctic Waters: Is There a Need
for Consistency and Equity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Aldo Chircop
14 The Regulation of Heavy Fuel Oil in Arctic Shipping:
Interests, Measures, and Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Jiayu Bai and Aldo Chircop
15 A Change in the Ice Regime: Polar Code
Implementation in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Drummond Fraser
16 Integrated Ocean and Coastal Zone Management
in France: Some Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Annie Cudennec
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
About the Contributors
Claudio Aporta is a cultural anthropologist who has studied and documented Inuit

environmental and geographic knowledge for over 19 years, across the totality of
the Canadian Arctic. He is an associate professor at and the director of the Marine
Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Jiayu Bai is professor of law and doctoral supervisor at the School of Law, Ocean

University of China, and visiting scholar at the Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie
University, Canada. Her research interests include international shipping law, law of
the sea, international environmental law, and polar law.
David Barclay is an assistant professor in the Department of Oceanography at

Dalhousie University, Canada, and a Canada Research Chair (Tier 2) in Ocean
Technology. He received his PhD in Oceanography from the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, in 2011. His lab carries
out research on the measurement and modelling of underwater ambient noise and
propagation of underwater sound.
Leah Beveridge is a doctoral candidate in the Interdisciplinary PhD Program at

Dalhousie University, Canada, studying cross-cultural collaborations and engage-
ments for marine management in the Canadian Arctic. She completed her Master
of Marine Management from Dalhousie University and her BSc in Biology and
Aquatic Resources from St. Francis Xavier University, Canada.
Breanna Bishop is a Master of Marine Management student in the Marine Affairs

Program, Dalhousie University, Canada. Currently, her research focuses on pro-
cesses of documenting Labrador Inuit ocean knowledge that respects the original
ontological context.
Aldo Chircop is professor of law and Canada Research Chair (Tier I) based at the

Marine & Environmental Law Institute, Schulich School of Law, Dalhousie
University, Canada. He chairs the International Working Group on Polar Shipping
ix
x About the Contributors
of the Comité Maritime International. He has published extensively on international
law of the sea, maritime law, and environmental law.
Olivia Choi has worked with indigenous organizations in the Canadian Arctic and

western Canada on projects involving the application of local and traditional knowl-
edge in marine spatial planning. She is a Master of Marine Management graduate of
the Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Emmanuelle Cook is an MSc student in the Department of Oceanography at

Dalhousie University, Canada. She received her BSc in Engineering Physics with a
specialty in Mechanical Engineering from Queen’s University, Canada, in 2017 and
previously worked as a field specialist in the acoustic detection of leaks and assess-
ment of water pipe conditions across Canada and internationally.
Annie Cudennec is professor of law and deputy director of AMURE, Centre for

the Law and Economics of the Sea, University of Western Brittany, France, and
European Chair Jean Monnet in European Law of the Sea. She has written exten-
sively on the European Union and the law of the sea, marine spatial planning and
offshore renewable energy, and integrated maritime politics.
Heike Deggim completed her Master’s and PhD in Marine Engineering from

Rostock University, Germany. She worked in the naval shipbuilding industry and in
the German Maritime Administration before joining the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) in 1993. Over the years, she has been in charge of several IMO
technical subcommittees and served as head of the Marine Technology Section and
senior deputy director in the Marine Environment Division. In January 2018, she
was appointed as director of IMO’s Maritime Safety Division.
Joel Finnis is associate professor in the Department of Geography at Memorial

University of Newfoundland, Canada. Originally trained as a climatologist, his cur-
rent interests lie at the intersection of the natural and social sciences. His recent
efforts include development of novel hazard climatologies; analyses of marine fore-
cast application, communication, and implementation; and critical reviews of cli-
mate perception research. He currently co-leads the Coast & Ocean Risk
Communication Community of Practice, a network of scholars, practitioners, and
stakeholders motivated by a common interest in reducing the impact of marine
hazards.
Drummond Fraser is senior policy advisor with the Domestic Vessel Regulatory

Oversight Branch of Transport Canada, Marine Safety and Security, responsible for
a variety of domestic and international Arctic shipping safety-related initiatives. He
is based in Ottawa.
Floris Goerlandt D.Sc. (Tech), currently holds the Canada Research Chair (Tier

2) in Risk Management and Resource Optimization for Marine Industries at