Gospels and Gospel Traditions in the Second Century: Experiments in Reception PDF
Preview Gospels and Gospel Traditions in the Second Century: Experiments in Reception
Gospels and Gospel Traditions in the Second Century Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Edited by Matthias Konradt, Hermann Lichtenberger, Judith Lieu, Laura Nasrallah, Jens Schröter and Gregory E. Sterling Volume 235 Gospels and Gospel Traditions in the Second Century Experiments in Reception Edited by Jens Schröter, Tobias Nicklas and Joseph Verheyden In collaboration with Katharina Simunovic ISBN 978-3-11-054081-9 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-054234-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-054126-7 ISSN 0171-6441 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954517 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Preface VII Introduction IX James Keith Elliott Greek New Testament Papyri and their Text in the Second-Third Centuries 1 Giovanni Bazzana Replaying Jesus’ Sayingsin the “Agrapha” Reflections on the Neu-Inszenierung of Jesus’ Traditions in the Second Century between 2 Clement and Clement of Alexandria 27 John Kloppenborg Conflated Citations of the Synoptic Gospels: The Beginnings of Christian Doxographic Tradition? 45 Paul Foster Ignatius and the Gospels 81 Francis Watson On the Miracle Catena in Epistula Apostolorum 4–5 107 Daniel A. Smith Marcion’s Gospel and the Synoptics: Proposals and Problems 129 Katharina Greschat „Worte Gottes, verkündigt von den Aposteln“ Evangelienzitate bei Justin 175 Jens Schröter Thomas unterden Evangelisten Zum Ort des Thomasevangeliums in der frühchristlichen Literatur 193 VI TableofContents Bernhard Mutschler Irenäus und die Evangelien Literarische Rezeption „des Herrn“ und Anschluss an eine Vierertradition 217 Hugo Lundhaug “He who has seen me, hasseen the father” The Gospel of Philip’s mystagogical reception of the Gospel of John 253 Christopher M. Tuckett Principles of Gnostic Exegesis 277 Tobias Nicklas Zwischen Redaktion und „Neuinszenierung“ Vom Umgang erzählender Evangelien des 2. Jahrhunderts mit ihren Vorlagen 311 Index of Modern Authors 331 Index of Ancient Sources 339 Preface ThisvolumeisbasedonpaperspresentedattheSixthInternationalConference oftheLeuvenCentrefortheStudyoftheGospels,Leuven,15–17December2016. TheideaoftheconferencewastobringtogetherexpertsontheearlyGospeltra- dition,especiallyofthesecondcentury,todiscusstextswhichrelyinoneoran- otherwayonearlierGospelsandGospeltraditionsandatthesametimeprovide freshinterpretationsofthefigureofJesus,hisactivityandhisteaching.Thecon- ferenceaswellasthevolumewiththeproceedingsofthemeetingareintended tocontributetothecurrentdebateaboutthefascinatingworldofsecond-century Christianity. Wearegratefultothecontributorstothepresentvolumefortheirparticipa- tionintheconference,theirenduringinterestinthetopicandthepreparationof their papers for publication. Aspecialgratitude is duetoKatharina Simunovic, Florian Lengle and Katharina Vetter from the Theologische Fakultät der Hum- boldt-Universität zu Berlin who prepared the manuscript for publication and compiled the indexes. Finally, we want to thank the publishing house Walter de Gruyter for taking care of the publication process of the volume in the BNZWseries. August 2018, Jens Schröter,Tobias Nicklas and Joseph Verheyden https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110542349-001 Introduction Inrecentyearsthesecondcenturyhasenjoyedagrowinginterestfromscholars working in the field of early Christianity as well as from New Testament schol- ars.¹ It has been understood as an important and fascinating period for the re- ception,thetransformationandthereinterpretationoftheearliestChristianwrit- ings, but also for the development of the rituals, ethics and social structure of early Christian communities. By looking more closely at this period, however, theconceptof “thesecondcentury”hasitselfbecometheobjectoffurtherscru- tiny.“Thesecondcentury”istosomedegreeanartificialnotion.Scholarsremain dividedonthestatusandimportanceofthistime-span,notatleastwithregard totheevidencethatcanbegainedfromit.Thesameapplies,ofcourse,tosuch designations as “the apostolic age”, “the post-apostolic era”, “Urchristentum”, “early Christianity” and the like. All these designations are used side by side inorderto cometo termswiththedevelopments that shapedthis formativepe- riodofChristianity.Thishighlightsthatthereisalwaysaneedtodiscusstheap- propriatenessofsuchconceptswhenitcomestoestablishthedateorstudythe contentsandreligiousoutlookofspecifictextsandtheirplaceintheliteraryand social historyof the first centuries of Christianity. There is today a widespread agreement that, as a concept,the second cen- tury cannot be understood in a strictly chronological sense. It is a period in which some of the writings which later became part of the New Testament werecomposed,butalsosuchwritingsthatmuchlaterwereincludedintoacol- lection called “The Apostolic Fathers”, and others which are often labelled as “non-canonical” or “apocryphal”. It should also be kept in mind that often there are no clear-cut boundaries between “Judaism”, “Christianity”, “Gnosti- cism” and related categories when it comes to second (and third) century texts.²However,thereareaspectswhichmightbereferredtoascharacterizations Seee.g.mostrecently:JamesCarletonPagetandJudithLieu(ed.),ChristianityintheSecond Century.ThemesandDevelopments(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2017). Themodelofa“parting(s)oftheways”ofJewsandChristians(seeJamesD.G.Dunn,ThePart- ingsoftheWaysbetweenChristianityandJudaismandtheirSignificancefortheCharacterofChris- tianity[London:SCMPress,2006];id.[ed.],JewsandChristians.ThePartingoftheWaysA.D.70 to135[Tübingen:MohrSiebeck,1992])wascalledintoquestioninmorerecentresearch.SeeJu- dith Lieu, “‘The Parting of the Ways’: Theological Construct or Historical Reality?” JSNT 56 (1994): 101–119; ead., Neither Jew nor Greek? Constructing Early Christianity [London: T&T Clark,2002]11–29);TobiasNicklas,JewsandChristians?SecondCentury‘Christian’Perspectives onthe‘PartingoftheWays’(AnnualDeichmannLectures2013;Tübingen:MohrSiebeck,2014); AdamH.Becker/A.YoshikoReed(ed.),TheWaysthatNeverParted.JewsandChristiansinlate https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110542349-002 X Introduction ofaperiodrunningfromthetimewhenChristianfaithwasfirstformulatedasa distinctviewontheGodofIsraelandhisrevelationinJesusChristuptoastage inwhichorganizationalstructuresoftheChristiancommunities,ritualslikebap- tism and Eucharist and the formulation of central Christian beliefs were solidi- fied. These(andother)processes,however,shouldnotberegardedasacontinous development towards a“consolidation” of “‘the’ Christian church”. Rather, the secondcenturyischaracterizedbythediversificationofChristianityintovarious strands,acomplexrelationshipofChristianityandJudaism,socialformationsof differentkinds³andabroadanddiversereceptionofphilosophical(esp.Platon- ic) traditions and Jewishtextswhichwereincorporatedintothoughtsystemsor myths.The second century may therefore be described as a mere transition pe- riodbetween“thefoundingyears”andthefarbetterdocumentedlatercenturies, a time of experiments inwhich muchwas still possible that would become im- possiblesomewhatlaterandthatseemstoescapeourattemptsatgettinggripon it: the decades in which Christianity reallyopened up to the wider world – the second century is all of this, and perhaps even more. Maybe one should even say that it is all of this at the same time, depending on what one is looking for. If anything, it was a period in which major shifts took place and a period that itself has shifted faces over time. Theolddividethat basicallytriedtoreinin thewritingsthatwouldendup in the New Testament to the first century, or the first decade of the second at most (the apostolic era), and considered all that followed as “postapostolic” has been under fire for years now, and a number of writings that seemed to be secured for the first century are now spreading all over the first half of the secondcentury(e.g.,2Peter,perhapsalsothePastorals).Withregardtothetex- tual transmission of these earliest writings, a vocal minority has defended the view that the second century was the period of “everything goes”.The written tradition had not yet taken over in the way this would become the case from thethirdcenturyon;indeed,itlooksasifthattraditionwasitselfstillinitsfor- mativestageandfewauthorsseemedtocareabouthowtheycitedorreferredto the gospels or the letters of Paul.The confidence with which the latter pleaded hiscasebeforethepoliticalauthoritieswasbutafirsttryandseemedalmostam- AntiquityandtheEarlyMiddleAges(Tübingen:MohrSiebeck,2003).Foramorerecentattempt todefine“Gnosticism”seeDavidBrakke,TheGnostics.Myth,Ritual,andDiversityinEarlyChris- tianity(Cambridge,Mass./London:HarvardUniversityPress,2010). Assecondandthirdcenturytextsdemonstrate,Christiancommunitiesweremixedgroups, consistingofJewishandGentilemembers,peopleofdifferentprofessionsanddiversesocialsta- tus.
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