Good Practice Review

72 Pages·2004·0.42 MB·English

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Number 9
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Humanitarian Practice Network ev is March 2004
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The HHuummaanniittaarriiaann PPrraaccttiiccee NNeettwwoorrkk ((HHPPNN)) is an independent forum where field workers, man- m r

agers and policymakers in the humanitarian sector share information, analysis and experience. en ris MaHnuamgeadn ibtayrian Policy Group Review
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HPN’saaiimmis to improve the performance of humanitarian action by contributing to individual and a r
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• A series of specialist publications: Good Practice Reviews, Network Papers and Humanitarian e io
Exchangemagazine. rg n Disaster risk reduction
• A resource website at www.odihpn.org. e M
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• Occasional seminars and workshops to bring together practitioners, policymakers and analysts. c it Mitigation and preparedness
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HPN’s members and audience comprise individuals and organisations engaged in humanitari- p a
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an action. They are in 80 countries worldwide, working in northern and southern NGOs, the UN o i
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and other multilateral agencies, governments and donors, academic institutions and consul- r n emergency programming
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HPN’s institutional locationis the Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG) at the Overseas Development

i p Commissioned and published by the Humanitarian Practice Network at ODI
Institute (ODI), an independent think tank on humanitarian and development policy. HPN’s n
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publications are researched and written by a wide range of individuals and organisations, and are g e
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published by HPN in order to encourage and facilitate knowledge-sharing within the sector. The
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views and opinions expressed in HPN’s publications do not necessarily state or reflect those of the r
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Cooperation Ireland, MFA Netherlands, SIDA, USAID), non-governmental organisations (British s The Humanitarian Practice Network at the

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managers and policymakers in the
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Overseas Development Institute
of the Humanitarian Policy Group or the
111 Westminster Bridge Road Overseas Development Institute.
London, SE1 7JD
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Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN)
Overseas Development Institute
111 Westminster Bridge Road
London, SE1 7JD
United Kingdom
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.odihpn.org
Layout and production: Publish-on-Demand Ltd
Printed and bound in the UK
About the author
John Twigg is an Honorary Research Fellow at the Benfield Hazard Research Centre, University of London,
researching and writing on social and institutional aspects of risk reduction. His recent projects include
research on NGO activities in disaster mitigation and preparedness, vulnerability analysis and sustainable
livelihoods approaches, and corporate social responsibility and disaster reduction. He worked previously
in the development NGO sector, in government and in a university. He co-ordinates the natural-hazards-
disasters email discussion list and was a member of the UK National Coordination Committee for the UN
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.
ISBN: 0 85003 694 1
Price per copy: £10.00 (excluding postage and packing).
© Overseas Development Institute, London, 2004.
Photocopies of all or part of this publication may be made providing that the source is acknowledged. Requests
for the commercial reproduction of HPN material should be directed to the ODI as copyright holders. The Network
Coordinator would appreciate receiving details of the use of any of this material in training, research or
programme design, implementation or evaluation.
Good Practice 4th 10/3/04 2:33 pm Page i
Contents
Acronyms and abbreviations vii
Acknowledgements ix
Chapter 1Introduction 1
1.1 Disaster reduction: a challenge for everyone 1
1.2 The risk management approach 2
1.3 Readership 3
1.4 Aims and scope 3
1.5 Contents and structure 6
Chapter 2Disasters explained 9
2.1 Disasters and sustainable development 9
2.2 Terms and concepts 11
2.2.1 Disaster terminology 12
2.2.2 Disaster management terminology 13
2.2.3 The disaster cycle 13
2.3 Vulnerability: disasters and development processes 14
2.4 Disaster myths 19
2.5 Chapter summary 21
Chapter 3Institutionalising risk reduction 22
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Indicators of institutionalisation 24
3.2.1 The policy level 24
3.2.2 The strategic level 24
3.2.3 Operational guidelines 24
3.2.4 Geographical and sectoral plans 25
3.2.5 Programme and project proposals 25
3.2.6 Structures and systems 26
3.2.7 External relations 26
3.3 Mainstreaming risk reduction: challenges and opportunities 26
3.3.1 Challenges 28
3.3.2 Opportunities 29
3.4 Chapter summary 30
Chapter 4Project planning 31
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 Understanding the problem 31
4.2.1 Hazards assessment 32
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disaster risk reduction: mitigation and preparedness
4.2.2 Vulnerability assessment 33
4.2.3 Vulnerability assessment in practice 36
4.2.4 Risk analysis 43
4.2.5 Geographical information systems 45
4.2.6 Sustainable livelihoods 50
4.3 Project design 55
4.3.1 Basic features of good planning 55
4.3.2 Fundraising 58
4.4 Chapter summary 58
Chapter 5Partnerships and stakeholders 61
5.1 Rationale for partnerships 61
5.2 Challenges and opportunities 62
5.2.1 A stronger disaster community 62
5.2.2 Governance 64
5.2.3 Decentralisation 66
5.2.4 Widening civil society participation 69
5.2.5 Networks 72
5.2.6 Private sector partnerships 74
5.2.7 Military involvement in disaster reduction 75
5.2.8 Regional and international collaboration 76
5.3 Chapter summary 78
Chapter 6Marginalised groups 80
6.1 Introduction 80
6.2 Gender 80
6.2.1 Gender and vulnerability 80
6.2.2 Building on women’s capacities 82
6.2.3 Disasters and women’s empowerment 85
6.3 Age 89
6.3.1 Older people 89
6.3.2 Children and younger people 92
6.4 Disability 96
6.4.1 Disability and vulnerability 96
6.4.2 Supporting disabled people to reduce risk 97
6.5 Ethnicity and ‘foreignness’ 98
6.6 Chapter summary 101
Chapter 7Community-level risk reduction 104
7.1 Introduction 104
7.2 The value of community-level work 104
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contents
7.3 Operational issues and challenges 105
7.3.1 Capacity to address bigger problems 105
7.3.2 Scaling up impact 105
7.3.3 Sustainability and external inputs 108
7.3.4 Stakeholder relationships 109
7.4 Community action planning 109
7.5 Chapter summary 112
Chapter 8Participation 114
8.1 Introduction and rationale 114
8.2 Approaches 116
8.2.1 Guided participation 117
8.2.2 People-centred participation 117
8.3 Operational issues 118
8.3.1 Who participates, and why? 119
8.3.2 Facilitating the process 122
8.4 Chapter summary 129
Chapter 9Indigenous knowledge and coping strategies 131
9.1 Introduction 131
9.2 Forms of coping 132
9.2.1 Economic/material 133
9.2.2 Technological 134
9.2.3 Social/organisational 135
9.2.4 Cultural 135
9.3 Problems and challenges 141
9.3.1 Limitations of coping strategies 141
9.3.2 Change 142
9.3.3 Invisibility 143
9.4 Chapter summary 144
Chapter 10Choosing technologies for disaster reduction 146
10.1 Introduction 146
10.2 Technology choice: contexts, applications and issues 147
10.2.1 Applications 147
10.2.2 Cost and materials 147
10.2.3 Effectiveness 153
10.2.4 Modern versus ‘primitive’ 153
10.2.5 Ownership and control 155
10.2.6 Participation 155
10.2.7 Public facilities: infrastructure and lifelines 156
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10.2.8 Scaling up 158
10.2.9 Technology and livelihoods 158
10.2.10 Technology and socio-economic change 162
10.3 Chapter summary 163
Chapter 11 Education, information, communications 165
11.1 Introduction 165
11.2 Principles of good communication 165
11.3 Raising public awareness about risk and risk reduction 167
11.3.1 Aims and approach 167
11.3.2 Methods 170
11.3.3 Choice of methods 175
11.3.4 Controlling information 177
11.3.5 Images 177
11.3.6 Evaluation of impact 179
11.3.7 Educating about risk in schools 180
11.4 Professional training and education 183
11.5 The internet 187
11.5.1 Email 187
11.5.2 The worldwide web 189
11.6 Chapter summary 193
Chapter 12Policy, regulation, accountability and advocacy 196
12.1 Policies and regulations 196
12.1.1 National frameworks 196
12.1.2 Methods and approaches 196
12.1.3 Challenges 197
12.2 Accountability: general principles and approaches 198
12.3 Models of accountability 200
12.3.1 Giving victims a voice 200
12.3.2 Enforcing accountability 205
12.4 Chapter summary 211
Chapter 13Economic and financial mechanisms for risk reduction 213
13.1 Economic mechanisms 213
13.1.1 Livelihood diversification 213
13.1.2 Protecting assets 214
13.2 Financial mechanisms 215
13.2.1 Insurance 215
13.2.2 Micro-credit and other forms of micro-finance 222
13.3 Chapter summary 227
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Chapter 14Managing urban risk 229
14.1 Hazards, risk and vulnerability in urban areas 229
14.1.1 Urban hazards 229
14.1.2 Urban vulnerability 232
14.2 Urban risk reduction: constraints and opportunities 234
14.2.1 Local-level mitigation 234
14.2.2 Community-based approaches 241
14.2.3 Partnership 243
14.3 Chapter summary 246
Chapter 15Slow-onset disasters 248
15.1 Introduction 248
15.2 Environmental degradation and pollution 249
15.2.1 Environmental degradation 249
15.2.2 Pollution 250
15.3 Drought, food security and famine 252
15.3.1 Understanding ‘food security’ 253
15.3.2 Drought and food security 254
15.3.3 Coping with food insecurity and famine 255
15.3.4 An integrated approach 257
15.3.5 Protecting food production 259
15.3.6 Preserving food: crop and seed stores and banks 262
15.3.7 Preserving water supplies 265
15.3.8 Preserving livestock 266
15.3.9 Food aid 270
15.3.10 Nutrition 271
15.3.11 Protecting livelihoods 271
15.4 Monitoring and warning systems 274
15.4.1 Data and indicators 277
15.4.2 Maintaining local systems 280
15.5 Chapter summary 284
Chapter 16Preparing for disasters and emergencies 287
16.1 Introduction: what is disaster preparedness? 287
16.2 Components of disaster preparedness 287
16.2.1 Overview 287
16.2.2 Planning 289
16.2.3 Resources 291
16.2.4 Protection of assets 297
16.3 Forecasting and warning 299
16.3.1 General principles 300
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disaster risk reduction: mitigation and preparedness
16.3.2 Issues in early warning 300
16.4 Chapter summary 317
Chapter 17Risk reduction after disaster 320
17.1 Introduction 320
17.2 Relief, rehabilitation and development 320
17.3 Approaches to risk reduction after disasters 323
17.3.1 Rebuilding livelihoods 323
17.3.2 Public works 326
17.3.3 Changing attitudes: windows of opportunity 328
17.3.4 Safer housing and locations 332
17.4 Chapter summary 333
Chapter 18Monitoring and evaluation 337
18.1 Introduction 337
18.2 Definitions 338
18.3 Issues in monitoring and evaluation 340
18.3.1 Planning and operation 340
18.3.2 Accountability and participation 342
18.3.3 Assessment teams 344
18.3.4 Baseline data 347
18.3.5 Indicators 348
18.3.6 Identifying cause and effect 351
18.3.7 Outputs or impact? 352
18.3.8 Cost–benefit analysis 358
18.3.9 Using M&E findings 362
18.4 Chapter summary 363
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Acronyms and abbreviations
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
CBO community-based organisation
CSR corporate social responsibility
CVA Capacities and Vulnerabilities Analysis
DFID Department for International Development
FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organisation
GDP gross domestic product
GIS geographical information system
IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies
ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
M&E monitoring and evaluation
MFI micro-finance institution
NGO non-governmental organisation
PAHO Pan-American Health Organization
PRA participatory rural appraisal
PTD participatory technology development
RRA rapid rural appraisal
SEWA Self Employed Women’s Association
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
VA vulnerability analysis
VCA Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment
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