Goltho: The Development of an Early Medieval Manor c. 850-1150

238 Pages·1987·45.377 MB·English

by  Guy Beresford

EnglishQ Heritage
Guy Beresford

Goltho:
the development of an early medieval manor c 850-1150

EnglishOHeritage
Archaeological Report no 4
Goltho:
the development of an early 1nedieval manor c 850-1150
Guy Beresford
with contributions by
M M Archibald, R F Bland, G Coppack, RH C Davis, A R Goodall,
l H Goodall. R T ]ones, L J Keen, A MacGrcgor, I Rubcn, and D Smith
edited by
J Geddes
Historic BuiJdings & Monuments Commission for England
1987

Contents The second bower . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 54
The weaving shed ......................... 55
List of illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii The first weaving shed, c 850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Preface ......................•.............. . x Reconstruction of the ninth-century
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 weaving shed ........................... 57
Location and local topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The kitchens .............................. 59
Sites of the deserted settlements in Goltho Reconstruction of the first kitchen ......... 59
and Bullington ............................... 5 The second kitchen ...................... 59
Goltho deserted medieval village ........ ... .. :> The midden pit ............................ 59
Bullington deserted medieval village .......... 6 Notes ...................................... 59
Bullington Priory ........................... 6 4 Period 4: tenth-century fortified enclosure,
The earthwork castle by Bullington Priory 7 c950--1000 ................................. . 61
Goltho Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The halls, phases 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Bullington Hall ............................. 7 Hall 1 .................................... 63
The discovery of the Goltho earthw orks Hall2 ........... ......................... 63
and the events which led to their excavation ...... 7 Reconstruction of the halls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Method of excavation ......................... 8 The Goltho aisled halls: their
Photography .................•............ .. 8 predecessors and successors ........•....... 64
Summary of excavation ........•... ..•... ... .. 8 The bowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 68
Periods 6-7: c 108~1150 ......•............. 10 The weaving sheds ............•.. ...•.. ..... 68
PeriodS: c100~1080 .........•.....•..... .. 10 The kitchens .. ................•.. ... •....... 69
Period4: c95~1000 .................. .... .. 12 Kitchen 1 ................... •....•.. .... .. 69
Period3: c85~950 ...........•.....•...... . 12 Reconstruction of kitchen 1 ... ........... ... 69
Period 2: c800--850 ................. ... ... .. 12 Kitchen 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Period 1: c5~200 ............ ... ... ... ..... 14 Note ........ .... ..................... ... ... 70
Buildings and fortifications ........ ... ........ 14 5 Period 5: eleventh-century fortified enclosure,
Notes .......... ............................ 14 cl000--1080 ................................. 71
2 Periods 1 and 2: Romano-British and middle The defences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 72
Saxon settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The postern gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Period 1: Romano-British settlement, c 50--200 ... 15 Interpretation of the defences ............... 72
The farmstead: phase1,c5~100 ............. 16 Pathways .................................. 72
The farmstead: phase2,c10~200 ............ 16 The hall .. ... ............................... 74
Circular huts A-C. c 50--200 . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 16 Reconstruction of the hall ................... 75
HutA,c5~100 .......................... 16 The principal posts ........................ 76
HutB,c10~150 ......................... 17 The roof .................................. 77
HutC,c15~200 ......................... 17 The bower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Reconstruction of huts A-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Reconstruction of the bower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Wattle and daub walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 19 The eastern building ......................... 79
Stave walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Reconstruction of the eastern building ....... 80
The roof ............................... 20 Northern building 1 ......................... 82
Period 2: middle Sax on settlement, c 800-850 . . . . 22 Northern building 2 ......................... 82
Phasel .................................. 24 Kitchen 1 ................................... 83
Phase2 .........................•......... 24 Kitchen 2 ................................... 84
Houses .............•....... .. .......•... 24 Reconstruction of kitchen 2 ................. 84
House1 ................... ......... .... 25 Notes ...................................... 84
6 Period 6: motte and bailey castle, c1080--1150 85
House2 ................... ... .......... 25
The plan of the castle ............ ............. 86
Reconstruction of middle Saxon houses 26
Notes ......... ...... .............. ......... 28 The moat ........... ........... ............. 87
3 Period 3: ninth-century fortified earthwork The shape and size of moats before and
after the Norman Conquest .. ..... ..... .•.. . 89
enclosure,c850--950 ............ ......... .... 29
The fortifications ...... ...•. ... ......... ..... 30 The ramparts .................. ...•.. ... , . . . 89
Excavation of the interior ..... ..•... ..•..... .. 38 The bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . 90
Reconstruction of the bridges . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 91
The long hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Phases 1-2, c 85~950 . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 The gatehouse .. ... ............. ...•.. ..... . 92
Phase2 .... ... ..... ......... ... ... .. .... 42 The motte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 94
The origins and construction of
The house shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
The design and reconstruction of the mottes in north-west Europe .. ... ........... 94
Excavation and interpretation of the
hall, c 850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
motte at Goltho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
The walls . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 47
Doorways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The tower ............. .................... 103
The bailey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Windows .............................. 49
Wall plates, tie beams, and roof . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The halls, phases 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Phasel .................................. 106
The bower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
The first bower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Reconstruction of phase 1 hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Reconstruction of the first bower .......... 54 Phase2 .................................. 109
Note ..................................... 110
V
7 Period 7: the mid twelfth-century hall and its GroupGM2-I ..... ........... .. .......... 158
defences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 11 Group GM 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
The defences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1 1 Group GM 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Theaisled hall ........................... I 12 GroupGM27 .................... ... .. ... 164
Reconstruction of the hall: the outside walls . . rJ 6 Discussion of the pottery sequence, its
The arcade .............................. 117 significance and dating . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1
Braces ...... .... ......•................ 117 Contextsofpotterygroups ................. 168
Tie beams and roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 118 Roofing tiles and bricks by Laure11ce Kee11 169
The outbuildings ................... ........ 119 Roofing tiles ... , ........ ..... ..... ....... 169
8 Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Bricks ............ ...... ......... ... .. ... 169
Period 1: Romano-British settlement, Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
c 50-200 ..... ..... ...... ................... 121 Objects of copper alloy and lead by Alison R Gooda/1,
Period 2: middle Saxon settlement, wilh a contribulion by D F Mackreth ............ 171
c 800-850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Romano-British brooches b11 D F Mackreth ... 171
Period 3: ninth-century fortified Medieval copper alloy by Alison R Gooda/1 . . . . 173
earthworkenclosure,c850-950 ...... ........ 121 Contexts of copper alloy objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Period 4: tenth-century fortified Object of lead .. ... ......... ... ...... .. ... 176
earthwork enclosure, c950-1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Objects of iron by I an H Good all,
Period 5: eleventh-century fortified wit/1 a contribulion bl/ Blanclre Ellis .....•.. ... .. 177
earthwork enclosure, c 1000-1080 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Metalworking tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Period 6: matte and bailey castle, Woodworking tools ..................... .. 178
c1080-1150 ............................ ... 122 Textile manufacturing and cloth working tools 178
Period 7: the castle mound, c 1150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Leatherworking tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9 Conclusion: Goltho and the historical setting 123 Agricultural and horticultural tools . . . . . . . . . 178
The Norman Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Stoneworking tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 181
Thetimberbuildings,c850-1150 ............ . 125 Knives and shears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 181
Note ......... ............. .. .............. 126 Building ironwork and fittings ... ........ .. 181
10 Goltho: the manorial history by RH C Davis 127 Locks and keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 182
Notes ..................................... 130 Household ironwork ... ...... ... ...... ... . 183
11 The finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Buckles and eh ape . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Roman pottery by Gly11 Coppack . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Equestrian fittings .. ...... ...... ......... . 184
Croup CR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Spurs by Blanche £/lis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . 186
GroupGR2 .............................. 131 Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
GroupGR3 ............................. . 131 Contexts of iron objects ..... ... ........... 186
Saxon and early medieval pottery by Gly11 Cop pack 134 Unstratified Romano-British coins b11 R F Bland 187
A Shell-tempered ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 MedievaJ coins l1y M M Archiba/d . : .. ...... ... 188
B Harsh shell-tempered ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Objects of bone and antler by Artlwr MacGregor 188
C Grey sandy ware ..... .... ..... ......... 135 Bone pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
D Torksey ware ........•...........•. .... 135 Antlercompositecombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
E Stamford ware ................... , ..... 135 Bone spinning and weaving implements ... . 191
F Splash-glazed ware ............ , ....... , 137 Bone spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
GroupGM1 ............................. 137 Casket mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
GroupGM2 ... ............ ............. . 137 Gaming pieces .... ....................... 191
GroupGM3 .................... ........ . 13'7 Crossbow nut .. ... ... ... ... ...... ..... ... 192
Group GM 4 . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . 137 Contexts of bone and antler objects ....•. ... 192
GroupGM5 ..................... ........ 141 Unstratified Romano-British glass
GroupGM6 ....................... ...... 141 by Guy Bercsford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
GroupGM7 .... ........... .. ........... . 141 Spindle-whorls by Guy Beresford ... ......•.. .. 195
Group GM 8 . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Whetstone l1y Guy Beresford . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 195
GroupGM9 ............................ 143 Quernstones and mortar by D Smith . . . . . . . . . . . 195
GroupGMlO .. ... ......... ..... ... ...... 143 Quernstones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
GroupGM11 ................... ...... ... 143 Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Group GM 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Identification of stone by Marty11 Oww . . . . . . 197
Group GM 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Animal bones, with some notes on the effects
GroupGM14 ............................ 147 of differential sampling by R Tjones and I Ruben 197
Group GM 15 ............................ 147 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Group GM 16 ...... ............. ........ . 151 Results ..................... ........... .. 197
Group GM 17 .............. ..... ...... ... 151 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 197
Group GM 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Sampling ................•.....•......... 197
GroupGM19 ........ .......... .... ..... . 154 The fauna ............. .................. 199
GroupGM20 .... .... ......... ........... 154 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Group GM 21 ... ........................ . 154 Bibliography . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Group GM 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
GroupGM23 ............................ 158 Index ... ... ............... ... .... ... .. ... . 215
vi
List of illustrations c 1080-1150 (period 6)
Fig 30 Periods 3 and 6, superimposed fortifications
Fig 1 Map of part of Lindsey. Lincolnshire, showing Fig 31 Reconstruction of the plan of the defences c
the position of Goltho and some places mentioned in 850-1000
the text Fig 32 Reconstruction of defences and buildings c
Fig 2 Map of parts of Goltho and Bullington showing 850. looking north
the position of Goltho deserted medieval village. Fig 33 Periods 3-4: view looking west of the
Goltho manor site, Bullington Priory, and the adjacent twelfth-century moat after excavation showing the
fortified earthwork enclosure western bank and the course of the ninth-century
Fig 3 Map showing the position of Goltho and ditch
surrounding deserted and shrunken medieval settle Fig 34 Halls, c 850-950, plan and interpretation
ments Fig 35 Period 3, sections of halls c 850-950
Fig 4 Goltho: plan of deserted medieval village, Fig 36 Period 3: view looking west of the curved
showing the positions of crofts 1-37 including timber-trench of the north wall of the late ninth
excavated crofts A-C, the church, and the manor century hall, overlying a circular Romano-British hut
Fig 5 Goltho: aerial photograph looking west, show Fig 37 Deep post-pits for door jambs in the timber
ing the earthworks of the deserted medieval village. trench of the north wall of the hall c 850-950
the castle mound, and the church Fig 38 Period 3, phase 2: hearth with surround in long
Fig 6 The church of St George, Goltho, from the south hall
Fig 7 Goltho: periods 1-5, showing superimposed Fig 39 Method of splitting staves
levels of occupation dating from c AD 50-100 lying Fig 40 Examples of stave walls
within the area defined by the moat of Lhe twelfthcen Fig 41 View from the south-east of the wooden
tury motte and bailey castle church of St Andrew, Greensted, Essex
Fig 8 Goltho: periods 6-7, c 1080-1150, showing the Fig 42 The north-east corner of St An drew's church,
moated motte and bailey castle and the later Greensted, Essex
superimposed castle mound Fig 43 Detail of the stave construction of the north
Fig 9 Goltho halls, periods 2-7 wall of St Andrew's church, Greensted, Essex
Fig 10 Comparative plans of timber halls Fig 44 Feet of staves excavated at St Maria Minor,
Fig 11 Castle mound, Goltho: aerial photograph Lund
looking west, showing detail of the Norman earth Fig 45 Diagram demonstrating the interpretation of
works lying within the early eleventh-century ram soil features indicative of characteristic wall construc
parts tion at Yeavering
Fig 12 Periods 1-2: view looking south of the remains Fig 46 Diagram showing the assembly of corner
of the Romano-British huts. of the middle Saxon joints of two types of stave building
houses and their boundaries, and of the footings of Fig 47 The wooden church of St Andrew, Greensted,
the postholes cut from higher levels Essex: plan of nave
Fig 13 Periods 1-2: Romano-British and middle Fig 48 The church of St Andrew, Greensted, Essex:
Saxon levels detail of one plank in the stave wall
Fig 14 Periods 1-2: interpretation Fig 49 Reconstruction of the stave wall of the hall
Fig 15 Detail of Romano-Bri tish huts and trenches c850-950
Fig 16 Interpretation of Romano-British remains Fig 50 Hemse stave church: reconstruction from
Fig 17 Plan and section of a Nandi house in Africa reused timbers
showing the earth-fast wall posts encased with clay Fig 51 Hog-back grave covers
and wattles Fig 52 Romanesque roof trusses
Fig 18 Plan of a stave-built Kikuyu house in Africa Fig 53 Reconstruction of hall c 850-900: elevation,
Fig 19 Reconstruction of Romano-British huts sedion, and overview
Fig 20 Reconstruction of huts A and B Fig 54 Weaving sheds c 850-1000: plans and inter
Fig21 Period2: middleSaxon houses and boundaries pretations
Fig 22 Middle Saxon houses 1 and 2 Fig 55 Period 3: view looking west of the timber
Fig 23 Reconstruction of timber-laced clay wall trench of the north wall oi the weaving shed c 850-900,
Fig 24 Reconstruction of house 2 c 825-850 showing the footings of the staves
Fig 25 Periods 3-4: view looking south of the remains Fig 56 Reconstruction of the wall of the weaving
of superimposed halls and associated domestic offices shed, showing the two possible interpretations
c850-1000 discussed
Fig 26 Periods 3-4: superimposed halls and domestic Fig 57 Superimposed kitchens c 850-1000
offices c 850-1000 Fig 58 Period 3: view looking south of the late
Fig 27 Periods 3-6: superimposed haiJs c 850-1125 ninth-century kitchen c 850-900, defined by the
Fig 28 Period 3, c 850-950: plan showing the position trampled clay floor and the burnt day hearths
of the buildings. the remains of the ramparts, and, in Fig 59 Period 4, phases 1-2, c 950-1000: plan showing
sections B-H, the defensive ditch the position of the buildings, the remains of the
Fig 29 Plan and interpretation of the superimposed ramparts, and, in sections B-H, the defensive ditch
fortifications c 850-1000 and 1080-1150 constructed on Fig 60 Tenth-century halls, phases 1-2, c 950-1000:
the north-east corner of the site showing the course of plans and interpretations
the mid ninth-century ditch (period 3) and the Fig 61 Examples of stave walls with principal posts
footings of the superimposed motte revelment trench Fig 62 Der Husterknupp: remains of stave wall built
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
with principal posts and interrupted sill beams struction of the rampart; below, reconstruction of the
preserved in waterlogged soil motte revelment in plan, section, and elevation
Fig 63 Excavation plan of St Maria Minor stave Fig 94 Plan and sections of the moat along part of the
church, Lund, showing the stave walls and the eastern side of the castle, showing the timber
poorly-aligned aisle posts revelment of the bridge footings
Fig 64 The Cherhill Barn, Wiltshire Fig 95 Der Husterknupp: reconstruction of the bridge
Fig 65 Reconstruction of the hall c 950-975 Fig 96 Reconstruction of the bridge
Fig 66 Canterbury psalter: 'Building a house' Fig 97 Reconstruction of the bridge c 1080-1150
Fig 67 Canterbury psalter: 'The gentleman's house' Fig 98 Periods 6-7: moat section showing bridge
Fig 68 Superimposed bowers c 950-1000 and early revelment, bridge platform, and rampart c 1080-1150,
eleventh-century kitchen looking north-west
Fig 69 Superimposed kitchens c 950-1000 Fig 99 Periods 6-7: moat section showing bridge
Fig 70 Period 5: late Saxon hall and associated revelment, bridge platform, and rampart c 1080-1150,
domestic offices c 1000-1080 looking west
Fig 71 Period 5, c 1000-1080: plan showing the Fig 100 Periods 6-7: detail of the timber revelment of
position of the hall and domestic offices and the the bridge footings, looking south
reconstruction of the defences. Fig 101 Period 6: footings of the motte revelment
Fig 72 Eleventh-century fortifications, section and cutting eleventh-century levels, looking south, seen
reconstruction after the removal of the castle earth works
Fig 73 Period 5: view looking south-west of the Fig 102 Period 6: detail of the motte c 1080-1150
eleventh-century defences Fig 103 Period 6, c 1080-1150: details of the motte
Fig 74 Period 5: view looking north-west of the footings by the edge of the moat, looking south-west
eleventh-century defences Fig 104 Plan and interpretation of the footings of the
Fig 75 Period 5, c 1000-1080: plan of the hall and motte revetment c 1100-1150
domestic offices Fig 105 Sections of the edge of the motte, of the
Fig 76 Period 5: detail of the late Saxon hall and bower revelment trenches, and of the ninth-century defen
c 1000-1080 sive ditch
Fig 77 Detail of post-pits for the wall and aisle posts Fig 106 Abinger motte top
on the south side of the late Saxon hall, viewed from Fig 107 Brookland belfry: south elevation of the
the east original tower, as existing
Fig 78 Estimated life of timber of differing grades of Fig 108 Base of the twelfth-thirteenth century belfry
durability and of scantling placed outside in earth at Brookland, Kent, looking north
fast foundations Fig 109 Period 6: detail of the east wall of the cistern
Fig 79 Der Husterknupp, reconslruction of principal or cellar beneath the tower c 1080-1150
joints Fig 110 Reconstruction of the motte c 1080-1150
Fig 80 St Maria Minor, Lund: A, post head as Fig 111 Motte and bailey castle: reconstruction as
excavated; B, reconstruction of post, wall plate, and tie seen from east of the bridge
Fig 81 Example of slotted joints in the thirteenth· Fig 112 Motte and bailey castle: detail of bailey and
century Kaupanger stave church hall c 1125-1150
Fig 82 Reconstruction of the stave wall of the hall Fig 113 Reconstruction of the motte and bailey castle
c 1000-1080 phase 2, c 1125-1150, looking west
Fig 83 Reconstruction of hall (left) and bower (right), Fig 114 Early twelfth-century halls, phases 1-2,
c 1000-1080: section and plan c 1080-1150
Fig84 Reconstruction of hall and bower, c 1000-1080: Fig 115 Reconstruction of the hall c 1125-1150
elevations and section Fig 116 Period 6, phase 1, c 1080-1125: footings of the
Fig 85 Period 5: view looking south of the eastern hall, looking east, seen after the removal of the bailey
building, showing the aisle postholes and the ramparts
position defined by the wear of the floor of the west Fig 117 Period 6, phase 2, c 1125-1150: footings of the
and south walls hall, looking east
Fig 86 Eastern building c 1000-1050: plan and Fig 118 Period 7: castle mound c 1150
interpretation Fig 119 Castle Hill, Hanby Hall, Welton-le-Marsh,
Fig 87 Eastern building c 1000-1050: reconstruction Lincolnshire: aerial photograph of the castle mound,
Fig 88 Section of the post-trench on the north side of looking west
the last kitchen c 1050-1080 looking east, showing the Fig 120 Reconstructed sections showing how the
position of the inclined post castle mound was formed by infilling the bailey with
Fig 89 Period 6: plan of motte and bailey castle soil gathered from the motte and ramparts
c1080-1150 Fig 121 Period 7, c 1150: view looking south of the
Fig 90 Period 6: view looking south of the motte and castle mound and posth oles of the hall
bailey castle c 1080-1150 Fig 122 Castle mound c 1150: detail of hall and
Fig 91 Period 6: detail of the hall and bailey associated remains
c 1125-1150, looking south Fig 123 Faccombe, Netherton, Hampshire: plan of
Fig 92 Detail of the defences on the eastern side of the late Saxon aisled building
castle mound before excavation, looking north along Fig 124 Bishop's Palace, Hereford: bay elevation
the moat towards the church in the background Fig 125 Bishop's Palace, Hereford: joint between
Fig 93 Castle defences c 1080-1150: above, recon· principal post and arcade arches
viii