Going from black and white to color: a truly multicultural perspective on the realitionship among multicultural counseling competence, general counseling competence, and client minority status PDF
Preview Going from black and white to color: a truly multicultural perspective on the realitionship among multicultural counseling competence, general counseling competence, and client minority status
GOINGFROMBLACKANDWHITETOCOLOR:ATRULYMULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVEONTHERELATIONSHIPSAMONGMULTICULTURAL COUNSELINGCOMPETENCE,GENERALCOUNSELINGCOMPETENCE,AND CLIENTMINORITYSTATUS By ELIZABETHBERNICEMCKINNEY ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 2004 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstandforemost,ImustexpressgratitudetoGodformakingallthispossible. Hissupporthas,attimes,beenthesolereasonthatcompelledmetocontinuewithmy academicandprofessionalpursuits. Iwouldliketothankmyadvisorandcommitteechairperson,Dr.CarolynM. Tucker,forhercontinualsupport.Dr.Tuckeristheepitomeofprofessionalexcellence andpersonalgrace.Shehasdonesomuchforme,andshedoessomuchforothers.I hopethatIcanonedayshowherhowmuchhersupportandcaringhavemeanttome.I willneverforgetherkindness. Icannotthinkofabettersupervisorycommitteetohaveforadissertation.Ihave theutmostappreciationandrespectforthemembersofmycommittee.IappreciateDr. AndresNazario'sunwaveringsupportthroughouttheentireprocessfromstarttofinish. Dr.GregNeimeyer'sguidanceonmethodologyandtheoryasitappliestoresearchwas invaluable;hisinputunquestionablybolsteredthesoundnessofthestudy.Dr.Max Parker'swealthofinformationaboutmulticuhuralcounselingandDr.RobertZiller's abilitytoseeviablealternativeshavebeenconsistentresources. IdonotknowhowIwouldhavemadeitthroughthelastsevenyearswithoutmy family,especiallymysisters.Thoughtheyarethousandsofmilesaway,ourheartsare close.Anyacknowledgmentwouldbeincompletewithoutincludingmyparents,William andGenevaMcKinney.AnyachievementIhaveaccomplishedorwillaccomplishis ii becauseofallthelovetheyprovided.Theyhavebeengoneforyearsbuttheyarealways inmyheart. Iwouldliketothankmyfriendsandpeers,Ibelievethattotrulyunderstandand flillyappreciatetheprocessofgraduateschooloneneedstoeitherhavebeenthroughit, orbegoingthroughit.WehavespentmorehoursthanIcouldevercountinthepursuit ofeducationandfriendship.Iconsidermyselfhonoredtohavehadtheopportunityto knowyouall.Finally,Iwouldliketothankaveryspecialfriendforhelpingmethrough perhapsoneofthemostdifficultphasesinmylife.Hiskindwordsandpatiencewere exactlywhatIneededatthetime. iii TABLEOFCONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 StatementoftheProblem 1 NeedfortheStudy 5 PurposeandHypothesesofthisInvestigation 6 2 REVIEWOFTHELITERATURE 11 GeneralCounselingCompetence 11 HowisGeneralCounselingCompetenceDefined? 12 TheStudyofGeneralCounselingCompetence 14 TheAssociationBetweenClientMinorityStatusandOther- RatedGeneralCounselingCompetence 16 MulticulturalCounselingTheories 21 TheNeedforaTheoryofMulticuhuralCounseling 21 Presentationof13TheoriesofMulticulturalCounseling 22 Sue,Ivey,&Pedersen's(1996)MetatheoryofMulticultural Counseling 39 MulticulturalCounselingCompetence 43 WhatisMuhiculturalCounselingCompetenceand howisitStudied'' 43 MulticulturalCounselingCompetenceandStudentCounselor Characteristics 46 TheAssociationBetweenClientMinorityStatusandSelf- RatedMuhiculturalCounselingCompetence 49 ClientMinorityStatusandOther-RatedMulticultural CounselingCompetence 54 TheAssociationBetweenClientMinorityStatusand CounselingOutcomes 58 TheAssociationBetweenMulticulturalCounseling CompetenceandGeneralCounselingCompetence 62 iv 3 METHODOLOGY 69 OperationalDefinitionsoftheVariables 69 Participants 71 Instruments 73 Procedure 76 4 RESULTS 79 DescriptiveDataontheMajorResearchVariables 80 PreliminaryDataAnalyses 89 HypothesisOne 93 HypothesisTwo 94 ResearchQuestionOne 95 ResearchQuestionTwo 99 ResearchQuestionThree 101 ResearchQuestionFour 103 ResearchQuestionFive 104 ResearchQuestionSix 108 PostHocAnalyses 109 5 DISCUSSION 115 SummaryandInterpretationoftheResuhs 115 TheoreticalandPracticalImplications 121 Limitations 124 FutureResearch 126 Conclusion 128 APPENDIX A COVERLETTER 130 B MARLOWE-CROWNESOCIALDESIRABILITYSCALE SHORTFORM 132 C COUNSELOREVALUATIONRATINGSCALECOUNSELING SUBSCALE 134 D COUNSELORDEMOGRAPHIC/PERCEPTIONSQUESTIONNAIRE 135 E MULTICULTURALCOUNSELINGINVENTORY 136 F COUNSELORCOMPETENCEQUESTIONNAIRE 140 G MULTICULTURALCOUNSELINGINVENTORY/GAY 141 V H MULTICULTURALCOUNSELINGINVENTORY/LATINO AMERICAN 143 I ADVERTISEMENT 145 REFERENCES 146 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 158 vi AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy GOINGFROMBLACKANDWHITETOCOLOR:ATRULYMULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVEONTHERELATIONSHIPSAMONGMULTICULTURAL COUNSELINGCOMPETENCE,GENERALCOUNSELINGCOMPETENCE,AND CLIENTMINORITYSTATUS By ElizabethBerniceMcKinney August2004 Chair;CarolynM.Tucker MajorDepartment:Psychology Mystudywasconductedtoexaminegraduatestudentcounselors'perceptionsof theircounselingcompetenceandmulticulturalcounselingcompetence,andwhetherthese perceptionsdifferinassociationwithclientculture.Participantsinmystudywere44 White(92%female)and24LatinoAmerican(96%female)master'slevelgraduate studentsatcounseloreducationprogramsatfouruniversitiesinthesoutheasternUnited States.Researchpacketsweredistributedtothedirectorsofthegraduatecounselor educationprograms,whointurnrandomlydistributedthesepacketstostudents.The questionnairesconstitutingeachresearchpacketassessedthefollowing:perceived generalcounselingcompetenceandmulticuUuralcounselingcompetence;perceived competenceforcounselingminority,gay,LatinoAmerican,andothervariouscultural minorityclients;demographics;andhowtheterms"minority"and"muhicultural counseling"aredefined. vii ForthemostlyfemaleWhiteparticipants,butnotthemostlyfemaleLatino Americanparticipants,resultsrevealedasignificantpositiveassociationbetween multiculturalcounselingcompetenceandperceivedcompetenceforcounselingclients whoareraciallydifferent,andbetweengeneralcounselingcompetenceandmulticultural counselingcompetence.TheLatinoAmericanparticipants,butnottheWhite participants,perceivedthemselvesasdifferentiallycompetentatcounselingminority,gay, andLatinoAmericanclients.Fortheentiresampletherewerenosignificantdifferencesin generalcounselingcompetenceandmuhiculturalcounselingcompetenceinassociation withlevelsofcounselortrainingandexperience. QualitativecontentanalysesrevealedthattheWhiteparticipantsdefined minoritiesasnotrepresentingthemajorityintermsofrace,economicstatus,andgender. TheLatinoAmericanparticipantsdefinedminoritiesasbeingdisadvantagedrecipientsof discriminationandbelongingtoagroup.TheWhiteandLatinoAmericanparticipants definedmulticulturalcounselingascounselingwithsomeonewhoisdifferentintermsof ethnicity,religion,orsexualorientation. Itwasconcludedfrommystudythattheassociationbetweengeneralcounseling competenceandmulticulturalcounselingcompetencemaynotbethesameforthemostly femaleWhiteandLatinoAmericanparticipants.Resultsalsoindicatedthatthereare significantdifferencesinhowtheWhiteandtheLatinoAmericanparticipantsperceive theirabilitiesjocounselculturallydifferentclients,andinhowtheydefinetheterm "minority." viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION StatementoftheProblem Anincreasinglypluralisticsocietyrequiresthatthementalhealthfield,particularly counselingpsychology,adapttoservediverseminoritypopulations.AlthoughWhites comprised71.4%ofthepopulationin2000,theUnitedStatesCensusBureau(2000) projectsthatbytheyear2060,Whiteswillcompriseonly49.6%oftheUnitedStates' population,andLatinoAmericanswillcomprise26.6%ofthepopulation.The diversificationofthepopulationcanbeattributedtounprecedentedhighimmigration ratesanddecliningbirthratesamongWhites(Sue,Arredondo,&McDavis,1992).Along withethnicdiversificationwillundoubtedlycomeculturaldiversification.Anincreasingly pluralisticsocietydoesnot,inandofitself,presentaproblem.Howsocietyadaptsto pluralismwillbetheindicatorofasuccessfialorunsuccessfiiltransitionintoanew, culturallydynamicworld.Encounteringminoritiesandculturallydifferentpeopleisno longer,andwilllikelyneveragainbe,theexceptioninthementalhealthfield. PsychologyhastakennoteofAmerica'schangingdemographicsandmuch progresshasbeenmadeintheefibrttoevolvethefieldawayfromitscharacteristic monoculturalbias.Forthepastseveraldecadespsychologists,researchers,and practitionershaveworkeddiligentlytoincreaseunderstandingabouttheplethoraof issuessurroundingmulticulturalcounseling.Manybelievethatthetheoriesandtenetsof traditionalWesternpsychologyarenotalwaysdirectlytransferabletothediverse populationsthatcharacterizeAmericansociety.Notwithstanding,therehasbeensome oppositiontothemuhiculturalmovement.Suchoppositioncouldleadtodiminished importancebeingplacedonthepursuitofknowledgeregardingmuhiculturalcounseling research,andagenerationofmentalheaUhproviderswhoarenotpreparedtohandlethe complexitiesofamulticuUuralsociety. Anotherpotentialproblemintheareaofmulticulturalcounselingresearchisthat definitionsofcultureareoftenlimitedtoraceand/orethnicity.Sueetal.(1998),maintain thatthetermmulticulturalcounselingis"conceptuallymeanttoincludeabroadrangeof significantdifferencesthatsooftenhindercommunicationandunderstandingamong people"(p.6).Theygoontostate,however,thatmulticuUuralcounselingismostoften discussedintermsofethnicandracialdifferences.Accordingtosome,thebroad definitionofmulticulturalcounselingshouldnotbelimitedtoethnicandracialdifferences butshouldincludedifferencesbasedonsexualorientation,religion,socioeconomic factors,gender,physical(dis)ability,andlevelsofaccuUurationandassimilation (Atkinson,Morten,&Sue,1993;Lowe&Mascher,2001;Margolis&Runtga,1986; Sue,Ivey,&Pedersen,1996).Thesetypesofdifferencesarerarelythefocusof multiculturalcounselingresearch.Conversely,othersdisagreewithabroaddefinitionof multicuUuralcounselingandbelievethatmeaningfixlnesscanbelostwhenthedefinUionis expandedtoincludemorethanraceandethnicity(Locke,1990;SmUh&Vasquez, 1985).Clearly,amuUitudeofinformation islostwhendefinitionsofcuUurearelimited toraceand/orethnicity. Despitetheplethoraofresearchonmuhiculturalcounselingissuesandthe widespreadacknowledgmentthatsuchissuesareexceedinglyrelevant,anironically
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