GOD GOD THE FAILED HYPOTHESIS How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist VICTOR J. STENGER Prometheus Books 59 John Glenn Drive Amherst, New York 14228-2197 Published 2007 by Prometheus Books God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist. Copyright © 2007 by Victor J. Stenger. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or conveyed via the Internet or a Web site without prior written permission of the publisher, ex cept in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Inquiries should be addressed to Prometheus Books 59 John Glenn Drive Amherst, New York 14228-2197 VOICE: 716-691-0133, ext. 207 FAX: 716-564-2711 WWW.PROMETHEUSBOOKS.COM 11 10 09 08 07 5 4 3 2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stenger, Victor J., 1935- God : the failed hypothesis : how science shows that God does not exist / Victor J. Stenger. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59102-481-1 (alk. paper) 1. Religion and science. 2. God—Proof. 3. Atheism. I. Title. BL240.3.S738 2007 212'. 1— dc22 2006032867 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments 7 Preface 9 Chapter 1: Models and Methods 21 Chapter 2: The Illusion of Design 47 Chapter 3: Searching for a World beyond Matter 77 Chapter 4: Cosmic Evidence 113 Chapter 5: The Uncongenial Universe 137 Chapter 6: The Failures of Revelation 169 5 6 CONTENTS Chapter 7: Do Our Values Come from God? 193 Chapter 8: The Argument from Evil 215 Chapter 9: Possible and Impossible Gods 227 Chapter 10: Living in the Godless Universe 243 Bibliography 261 Index 283 About the Author 293 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A s with my previous books, I have benefited greatly from comments and corrections provided by a large number of individuals with whom I communicate regularly on the Internet. I am particularly grateful for the substantial suggestions provided by Bill Benson, Celel Berker, Eleanor Binnings, Richard Carrier, Lawrence Crowell, Yonathan Fishman, Joseph Hilbe, James Humpreys, Ludwig Krippahl, Andrew Laska, Justin Lloyd, Ken MacVey, Don McGee, Brent Meeker, Anne O'Reilly, Loren Petrich, Kerry Regier, John Syriatowicz, Phil Thrift, George Tucker, Ed Weinmann, Roahn Wynar, and Bob Zanelli. I must also acknowledge the support and valuable comments provided to me by Jeff Dean of Blackwell Publishing and his three anonymous reviewers. I have implemented many of their suggestions in this manuscript. And, as with my previous books, I have enjoyed the support 7 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of Paul Kurtz and Steven L. Mitchell and their dedicated staff at Prometheus Books. Of course, none of my work would be possible without the help and encouragement of my wife Phylliss and our two children.