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God, Modality, and Morality God, Modality, and Morality WILLIAM E. MANN 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mann, William E., 1940– [Essays. Selections] God, modality, and morality / William E. Mann. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–19–937076–4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Philosophical theology. 2. God (Christianity) I. Title. BT40.M365 2015 212—dc23 2014032964 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Permissions viii Introduction 1 SECTION I: GOD 1. The Divine Attributes 5 2. Divine Simplicity 20 3. Simplicity and Immutability in God 44 4. Immutability and Predication What Aristotle Taught Philo and Augustine 57 5. Epistemology Supernaturalized 73 6. Divine Sovereignty and Aseity 95 7. Omnipresence, Hiddenness, and Mysticism 119 v SECTION II: MODALITY 8. Necessity 145 9. Modality, Morality, and God 153 10. God’s Freedom, Human Freedom, and God’s Responsibility for Sin 170 11. The Best of All Possible Worlds 196 SECTION III: MORALITY 12. Theism and the Foundations of Ethics 227 13. The Metaphysics of Divine Love 251 14. Jephthah’s Plight Moral Dilemmas and Theism 269 15. The Guilty Mind 296 16. Piety Lending a Hand to Euthyphro 316 17. Hope 336 Index 363 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thinking about these issues has been encouraged and stimulated through the years by several people generous with their time and advice. I owe so much to Steven M. Cahn, David Christensen, Terence Cuneo, Alfred J. Freddoso, Hilary Kornblith, Norman Kretzmann, Scott MacDonald, Gareth B. Mat- thews, Thomas V. Morris, Derk Pereboom, Alvin Plantinga, Philip L. Quinn, and Eleonore Stump. The mistakes are my own. I thank the University of Ver- mont for helping to defray expenses in the production of this volume. vii PERMISSIONS “The Divine Attributes” (Chapter 1) originally appeared in American Phil- osophical Quarterly 12, 1975: 151–159. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. “Divine Simplicity” (Chapter 2) originally appeared in Religious Studies 18, 1982: 451–471. (© 1982 by Cambridge University Press.) Reprinted by permission of the publisher. “Simplicity and Immutability in God” (Chapter 3) originally appeared in International Philosophical Quarterly 23, 1983: 267–276. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. “Immutability and Predication: What Aristotle Taught Philo and Augus- tine” (Chapter 4) is reprinted with kind permission from Springer Sci- ence + Business Media from International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 22, 1987: 21–39. “Epistemology Supernaturalized” (Chapter 5) originally appeared in Faith and Philosophy 2, 1985: 436–456. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. “Divine Sovereignty and Aseity” (Chapter 6) originally appeared in The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion, ed. William J. Wainwright (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 35–58. Reprinted by per- mission of the publisher. “Omnipresence, Hiddenness, and Mysticism” (Chapter 7) was written for this volume. “Necessity” (Chapter 8) originally appeared in A Companion to Philoso- phy of Religion, second edition, ed. Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 285–291. Re- printed by permission of the publisher. “Modality, Morality, and God” (Chapter 9) originally appeared in Noûs 23, 1989: 83–99. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. viii permissions ix “God’s Freedom, Human Freedom, and God’s Responsibility for Sin” (Chapter 10) originally appeared in Divine and Human Action: Essays in the Metaphysics of Theism, ed. Thomas V. Morris, 182–210. Copy- right © 1988 by Cornell University. Used by permission of the publisher, Cornell University Press. “The Best of All Possible Worlds” (Chapter 11) originally appeared in Being and Goodness: The Concept of the Good in Metaphysics and Philosoph- ical Theology, ed. Scott MacDonald, 250–277. Copyright © 1991 by Cornell University. Used by permission of the publisher, Cornell Univer- sity Press. “Theism and the Foundations of Ethics” (Chapter 12) originally appeared in The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Religion, ed. William E. Mann (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2005), 283–304. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. “The Metaphysics of Divine Love” (Chapter 13) originally appeared in Metaphysics and God: Essays in Honor of Eleonore Stump, ed. Kevin Timpe (New York: Routledge, 2009), 60–75. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. “Jephthah’s Plight: Moral Dilemmas and Theism” (Chapter 14) originally appeared in Philosophical Perspectives 5, 1991: 617–647. Reprinted by permission of Ridgeview Publishing Company. “The Guilty Mind” (Chapter 15) originally appeared in European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 1, 2009: 41–63. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. “Piety: Lending a Hand to Euthyphro” (Chapter 16) originally appeared in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 58, 1998: 123–142. Re- printed by permission of the publisher. “Hope” (Chapter 17) originally appeared in Reasoned Faith: Essays in Phil- osophical Theology in Honor of Norman Kretzmann, ed. Eleonore Stump, 251–280. Copyright © 1993 by Cornell University. Used by per- mission of the publisher, Cornell University Press.

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