Glycobiology and Medicine

289 Pages·2003·8.961 MB·English

by  John S. Axford

GLYCOBIOLOGY
AND MEDICINE
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, WlStar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETI1, University of Milan
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 526
TAURINE 5: Beginning the 21st Century
Edited by John B. Lombardini, Stephen W. Schaffer, and Junichi Azuma
Volume 527
DEVELOPMENTS IN TRYPTOPHAN AND SEROTONIN METABOLISM
Edited by Graziella Allegri, Carlo V. L. Costa, Eugenio Ragazzi, Hans Steinhart,
and Luigi Varesio
Volume 528
ADAMANTIADES-BEH<;ET'S DISEASE
Edited by Christos C. Zouboulis
Volume 529
THE GENUS YERSINIA: Entering the Functional Genomic Era
Edited by Mikael Skurnik, Jose Antonio Bengoechea, and Kaisa Granfors
Volume 530
OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXIV
Edited by Jeffrey F. Dunn and Harold M. Swartz
Volume 531
TROPICAL DISEASES: From Molecule to Bedside
Edited by Sangkot Marzuki, Jan Verhoef, and Harm Snippe
Volume 532
NEW TRENDS IN CANCER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
Edited by Antonio Llombart-Bosch and Vicente Felipo
Volume 533
RETINAL DEGENERATIONS: Mechanisms and Experimental Theory
Edited by Matthew M. LaVail, Joe G. Hollyfield, and Robert E. Anderson
Volume 534
TISSUE ENGINEERING, STEM CELLS, AND GENE THERAPIES
Edited by Y. Murat EI~in
Volume 535
GLYCOBIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Edited by John S. Axford
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume
immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact
the publisher.
GLYCOBIOLOGY
AND MEDICINE
Edited by
John S. Axford
Director, The Sir Joseph Hotung Centre for Musculoskeletal Diseases
St Georges Hospital and Medical School
London, United Kingdom
Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
Library of Congress Cata1oging-in-Publication Data
Jenner Glycobiology and Medicine Symposium (6th: 2002 : Seillac, France)
Glycobiology and medicine / edited by John S. Axford.
p. ; cm. - (Advances in experimental medicine and biology, ISSN 0065-2598 ; v. 535)
"Proceedings of the Sixth lenner Glycobiology and Medicine Symposium, held 14-17
September, 2002, in SeilIac, France"--T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-306-47782-3
I. Glycoconjugates--Pathophysiology--Congresses. 2. G1ycoconjugates--Physiological
effect--Congresses. I. Axford, 10hn S. II. Title. III. Series.
[DNLM: l. G1ycosylation--Congresses. 2. G1ycoproteins--physiology--Congresses. QU
55 154g 2003]
QP702.G577J46 2002
612'.01578--dc21
2003047705
Proceedings of the Sixth Jenner Glycobiology and Medicine Symposium, held September 14-17, 2002, in
Seillac, France
ISSN 0065-2598
ISBN 0-306-47782-3
@2003 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York
233 Spring Street, New York, New York 10013
http://www.wkap.nll
ill 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any fonn or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written
permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of
being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Pennissions for books published in Europe: permissions@w/cap.nl
Permissions for books published in the United Slates of America: permissions@w/cap.com
PREFACE
Over the past decade significant advances in technology have opened up the field of
glycobiology. In particular, improved methods for carbohydrate analysis have led to
important biochemical observations demonstrating that sugars play crucial roles in human
physiology. It is clear that many diseases are associated with characteristic changes in
glycosylation and furthermore, the possibility of modulating glycan processing to treat
disease is beginning to be realised. This volume summarises some of the important recent
developments in "glycobiology and medicine."
We highlighted some of the numerous areas in which there are glycosylation
dependant pathological mechanisms causing common diseases. The next decade will
undoubtedly see novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques originating from these
observations. This will significantly enhance our ability to combat infection and diseases
such as bacterial and viral infections, some cancers, glycolipid storage disorders, systemic
autoimmune disease and disorders that involve cytokine related inflammatory mechanisms.
These topics were discussed at the 6th Jenner Glycobiology and Medicine meeting.
This meeting received a European Commission Education grant (No. HPCF-2002-00250).
CONTENTS
Glycosylation Dependent Bacterial Infections
1. A Sweet Coating-How Bacteria Deal with Sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Anthony P. Corfield, Rebecca Wiggins, Cathryn Edwards,
Neil Myerscough, Bryan F. Warren, Peter Soothill,
Michael R. Millar, and Patrick Horner
2. The Glycosylation of Airway Mucins in Cystic Fibrosis and Its
Relationship with Lung Infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Philippe Roussel and Genevieve Lamblin
3. Structural Basis for Bacterial Adhesion in the Urinary Tract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Jenny Berglund and Stefan D. Knight
Glycosylation Dependent Viral Infections
4. Crystal Structure of an Intact Human IgG: Antibody
Asymmetry, Flexibility, and a Guide for HIV-l Vaccine Design. . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Erica Ollmann Saphire, Robyn L. Stanfield, M. D. Max Crispin,
Garrett Morris, Michael B. Zwick, Ralph A. Pantophlet,
Paul W H. I. Parren, Pauline M. Rudd, Raymond A. Dwek,
Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson
Inflammation
5. Remnant Epitopes Generate Autoimmunity: From Rheumatoid
Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis to Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Francis 1. Descamps, Philippe E. Van den Steen, Inge Nelissen,
Jo Van Damme, and Ghislain Opdenakker
6. Endothelial Cell Glycosylation: Regulation and Modulation of
Biological Processes ............................................ 79
Claudine Kieda and Danuta Dus
7. Involvement of GAGs in the Activity of Pro-inflammatory Factors 95
Fabrice Allain, Christophe Vanpouille, Agnes Denys,
Rachel Pakula, Mathieu Carpentier, and Joel Mazurier
viii Contents
8. Lectin Domains on Cytokines .................................... 107
Jean-Pierre Zanetta and Gerard Vergoten
9. Cytokines and Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 125
Roslyn V. Gibbs
Glycopathology
10. Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen: The "Hidden" Tumor Antigen ........... 147
S. Goletz, Y. Cao, A. Danielczyk, P. Ravn, U. Schoeber, and U. Karsten
11. Glycodynamics of Mucin Biosynthesis in Gastrointestinal Tumor Cells . . . . . 163
Inka Brockhausen
12. O-GlcNAc Glycosylation and Neurological Disorders .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Tony Lefebvre, Marie-Laure Caillet-Boudin, Luc Buee,
Andre De1acourte, and Jean-Claude Michalski
Congenital Defects in Glycosylation
13. The Carbohydrate Epitope of the Neutralizing anti-HIV-l Antibody 2G12 . . . 205
Christopher N. Scanlan, Ralph Pantophlet, Mark R. Wormald,
Erica Ollmann Saphire, Daniel Calarese, Robyn Stanfield,
Ian A. Wilson, Hermann Katinger, Raymond A. Dwek,
Dennis R. Burton, and Pauline M. Rudd
14. New Therapeutics for the Treatment of Glycosphingolipid Lysosomal
Storage Diseases .............................................. 219
T. D. Butters, R. A. Dwek, and F. M. Platt
Glycoimmunology
15. The Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) Route for Activation of Complement . . 229
M. Kojima, J. S. Presanis, and R. B. Sim
16. Anti-inflammatory Properties of Specific G1ycoforms of
Human ai-Acid Glycoprotein .................................... 251
Willem Van Dijk and Dennis C. W. Poland
17. The Glycosylation of Tyrosinase in Melanoma Cells and the
Effect on Antigen Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Stefana M. Petrescu, Costin I. Popescu, Andrei J. Petrescu,
and Raymond A. Dwek
18. Glycobiology of the Rheumatic Diseases: An Update 271
Azita Alavi and John Axford
Index .......................................................... 281
GLYCOSYLATION DEPENDENT
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
1
A SWEET COATING-HOW BACTERIA
DEAL WITH SUGARS
Anthony P. Corfield 1, Rebecca Wiggins 1,3, Cathryn Edwards2,
Neil Myerscoughl, Bryan F. Warren2, Peter Soothill3,
Michael R. Millar4, and Patrick Homers
IMucin Research Group
Univ. Div. Medicine
Bristol Royal Infirmary
Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
2Department of Cellular Pathology
John Radcliffe Hospital
Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
3Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
St Michael's Hospital
Bristol BS2 8EG, UK
4Department of Microbiology
Barts and the London NHS Trust, Smithfield
London EC I A 7BE, UK
sMilne Genito-Urinary Clinic, Bristol Royal Infirmary
Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
1. INTRODUCTION
The relationships between bacteria and their hosts are fundamental to our
understanding of vital normal and pathogenic processes. They have attracted considerable
interest recently with improved understanding of a variety of infectious diseases and
normal developmental and adult processes at mucosal surfaces throughout the body
(Tannock, 1999). An important part of the recognition process includes the glycobiology
of the host mucosal cells and the bacteria themselves. Glycan structures and their manip
ulation are assuming increasing significance. This review serves to illustrate some of the
current observations in this field.
Glycobiology and Medicine, edited by John S. Axford
Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003 3
4 A. P. Corfield et al.
2. BACTERIAL POPULATIONS AT MUCOSAL SURFACES
Identification of the components of the complex ecosystems that are found at
various body surfaces in man remains limited due to the failure to culture a high propor
tion of these organisms in the laboratory. The targets of interest are, the non-pathogens
particularly in the gut, where the major populations of bacteria are found in man, and the
pathogens that have usually attracted more attention. The non-pathogens are proving to be
a focus of attention as their contribution to normal development and maintenance of
stability and defence at mucosal surfaces is vital but still poorly defined and understood.
The majority of the information available has been related to the gut (Deplancke and
Gaskins, 2001; Hooper et al., 1998,2001; Hooper and Gordon, 2001a) and the principles
discussed for this system are used in this general review.
The interactions that take place between the host and bacteria can be seen as a flex
ible and overlapping system encompassing symbiosis, commensalism and pathogenicity.
The positive symbiotic and commensal interactions afforded by the non-pathogens have
been described generally as mutualism (Hooper et al., 2001). These dynamic systems are
evolved as a result of exposure to the damaging pathogens and the need of the host to
provide protection. These may take the form of reducing virulence and coexistence or
processes that circumvent the innate and adaptive host defence (Hooper et al., 2001). The
need to adapt to these interactions provides the impetus for the coevolution of effective
bacterial-host interactions. This is favored by the genetic diversity of bacteria, their capacity
for rapid growth and high population density (Hooper et al., 200 I). A basic property of the
successful mucosal defensive system is the ability to discriminate between pathogenic and
beneficial bacteria (Hooper et al., 2001; Philpott et al., 2001).
There are features of the gut flora that gives an insight into the nature of the factors
responsible for the formation of these systems.
Identification of bacterial strains at sites throughout the gastrointestinal tract have
shown that certain species are commonly associated with particular mucosal surfaces
throughout the tract (Boriello, 2002). Within the normal gut Lactobacilli is found in the
stomach, and Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli, in the large bowel. Furthermore distinct
strains of bacteria can be found in the large intestine during the early stages of life
(Tannock, 1994). Following colonization of the neonatal gut at birth the relative abundance
of bacterial strains found through lactation weaning and the achievement of adulthood
show characteristic patterns during normal growth.
A similar phenomenon can be identified in mucosal diseases and certain bacteria
are well established with pathological conditions. Three examples of this are discussed
in detail in other chapters in this volume. Helicobacter pylori has its major
pathology in the stomach, being associated with gastritis and gastric cancer (Appelmelk
et al., 1996, Hooper and Gordon, 2001). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is found in the respira
tory tract and has been studied in this organ with respect to cystic fibrosis (Ramp hal and
Arora, 2001; Scharfman et ai., 1999). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPECs) are found
associated with cystitis and pyelonephritis in the urinary tract (Mulvey et al., 2000).
These common patterns of behavior suggest the recognition of tissue specific binding
sites for the bacteria. These sites may change in a specific and predictable manner
during development, once again creating a series of targets for normal and pathogenic
interactions.