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289 Pages·2003·8.961 MB·English
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GLYCOBIOLOGY AND MEDICINE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, WlStar Institute ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research RODOLFO PAOLETI1, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 526 TAURINE 5: Beginning the 21st Century Edited by John B. Lombardini, Stephen W. Schaffer, and Junichi Azuma Volume 527 DEVELOPMENTS IN TRYPTOPHAN AND SEROTONIN METABOLISM Edited by Graziella Allegri, Carlo V. L. Costa, Eugenio Ragazzi, Hans Steinhart, and Luigi Varesio Volume 528 ADAMANTIADES-BEH<;ET'S DISEASE Edited by Christos C. Zouboulis Volume 529 THE GENUS YERSINIA: Entering the Functional Genomic Era Edited by Mikael Skurnik, Jose Antonio Bengoechea, and Kaisa Granfors Volume 530 OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXIV Edited by Jeffrey F. Dunn and Harold M. Swartz Volume 531 TROPICAL DISEASES: From Molecule to Bedside Edited by Sangkot Marzuki, Jan Verhoef, and Harm Snippe Volume 532 NEW TRENDS IN CANCER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by Antonio Llombart-Bosch and Vicente Felipo Volume 533 RETINAL DEGENERATIONS: Mechanisms and Experimental Theory Edited by Matthew M. LaVail, Joe G. Hollyfield, and Robert E. Anderson Volume 534 TISSUE ENGINEERING, STEM CELLS, AND GENE THERAPIES Edited by Y. Murat EI~in Volume 535 GLYCOBIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Edited by John S. Axford A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. GLYCOBIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Edited by John S. Axford Director, The Sir Joseph Hotung Centre for Musculoskeletal Diseases St Georges Hospital and Medical School London, United Kingdom Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Library of Congress Cata1oging-in-Publication Data Jenner Glycobiology and Medicine Symposium (6th: 2002 : Seillac, France) Glycobiology and medicine / edited by John S. Axford. p. ; cm. - (Advances in experimental medicine and biology, ISSN 0065-2598 ; v. 535) "Proceedings of the Sixth lenner Glycobiology and Medicine Symposium, held 14-17 September, 2002, in SeilIac, France"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-306-47782-3 I. Glycoconjugates--Pathophysiology--Congresses. 2. G1ycoconjugates--Physiological effect--Congresses. I. Axford, 10hn S. II. Title. III. Series. [DNLM: l. G1ycosylation--Congresses. 2. G1ycoproteins--physiology--Congresses. QU 55 154g 2003] QP702.G577J46 2002 612'.01578--dc21 2003047705 Proceedings of the Sixth Jenner Glycobiology and Medicine Symposium, held September 14-17, 2002, in Seillac, France ISSN 0065-2598 ISBN 0-306-47782-3 @2003 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 233 Spring Street, New York, New York 10013 http://www.wkap.nll ill 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any fonn or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Pennissions for books published in Europe: permissions@w/cap.nl Permissions for books published in the United Slates of America: permissions@w/cap.com PREFACE Over the past decade significant advances in technology have opened up the field of glycobiology. In particular, improved methods for carbohydrate analysis have led to important biochemical observations demonstrating that sugars play crucial roles in human physiology. It is clear that many diseases are associated with characteristic changes in glycosylation and furthermore, the possibility of modulating glycan processing to treat disease is beginning to be realised. This volume summarises some of the important recent developments in "glycobiology and medicine." We highlighted some of the numerous areas in which there are glycosylation dependant pathological mechanisms causing common diseases. The next decade will undoubtedly see novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques originating from these observations. This will significantly enhance our ability to combat infection and diseases such as bacterial and viral infections, some cancers, glycolipid storage disorders, systemic autoimmune disease and disorders that involve cytokine related inflammatory mechanisms. These topics were discussed at the 6th Jenner Glycobiology and Medicine meeting. This meeting received a European Commission Education grant (No. HPCF-2002-00250). CONTENTS Glycosylation Dependent Bacterial Infections 1. A Sweet Coating-How Bacteria Deal with Sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Anthony P. Corfield, Rebecca Wiggins, Cathryn Edwards, Neil Myerscough, Bryan F. Warren, Peter Soothill, Michael R. Millar, and Patrick Horner 2. The Glycosylation of Airway Mucins in Cystic Fibrosis and Its Relationship with Lung Infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Philippe Roussel and Genevieve Lamblin 3. Structural Basis for Bacterial Adhesion in the Urinary Tract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Jenny Berglund and Stefan D. Knight Glycosylation Dependent Viral Infections 4. Crystal Structure of an Intact Human IgG: Antibody Asymmetry, Flexibility, and a Guide for HIV-l Vaccine Design. . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Erica Ollmann Saphire, Robyn L. Stanfield, M. D. Max Crispin, Garrett Morris, Michael B. Zwick, Ralph A. Pantophlet, Paul W H. I. Parren, Pauline M. Rudd, Raymond A. Dwek, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson Inflammation 5. Remnant Epitopes Generate Autoimmunity: From Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis to Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Francis 1. Descamps, Philippe E. Van den Steen, Inge Nelissen, Jo Van Damme, and Ghislain Opdenakker 6. Endothelial Cell Glycosylation: Regulation and Modulation of Biological Processes ............................................ 79 Claudine Kieda and Danuta Dus 7. Involvement of GAGs in the Activity of Pro-inflammatory Factors 95 Fabrice Allain, Christophe Vanpouille, Agnes Denys, Rachel Pakula, Mathieu Carpentier, and Joel Mazurier viii Contents 8. Lectin Domains on Cytokines .................................... 107 Jean-Pierre Zanetta and Gerard Vergoten 9. Cytokines and Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 125 Roslyn V. Gibbs Glycopathology 10. Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen: The "Hidden" Tumor Antigen ........... 147 S. Goletz, Y. Cao, A. Danielczyk, P. Ravn, U. Schoeber, and U. Karsten 11. Glycodynamics of Mucin Biosynthesis in Gastrointestinal Tumor Cells . . . . . 163 Inka Brockhausen 12. O-GlcNAc Glycosylation and Neurological Disorders .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Tony Lefebvre, Marie-Laure Caillet-Boudin, Luc Buee, Andre De1acourte, and Jean-Claude Michalski Congenital Defects in Glycosylation 13. The Carbohydrate Epitope of the Neutralizing anti-HIV-l Antibody 2G12 . . . 205 Christopher N. Scanlan, Ralph Pantophlet, Mark R. Wormald, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Daniel Calarese, Robyn Stanfield, Ian A. Wilson, Hermann Katinger, Raymond A. Dwek, Dennis R. Burton, and Pauline M. Rudd 14. New Therapeutics for the Treatment of Glycosphingolipid Lysosomal Storage Diseases .............................................. 219 T. D. Butters, R. A. Dwek, and F. M. Platt Glycoimmunology 15. The Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) Route for Activation of Complement . . 229 M. Kojima, J. S. Presanis, and R. B. Sim 16. Anti-inflammatory Properties of Specific G1ycoforms of Human ai-Acid Glycoprotein .................................... 251 Willem Van Dijk and Dennis C. W. Poland 17. The Glycosylation of Tyrosinase in Melanoma Cells and the Effect on Antigen Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Stefana M. Petrescu, Costin I. Popescu, Andrei J. Petrescu, and Raymond A. Dwek 18. Glycobiology of the Rheumatic Diseases: An Update 271 Azita Alavi and John Axford Index .......................................................... 281 GLYCOSYLATION DEPENDENT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 1 A SWEET COATING-HOW BACTERIA DEAL WITH SUGARS Anthony P. Corfield 1, Rebecca Wiggins 1,3, Cathryn Edwards2, Neil Myerscoughl, Bryan F. Warren2, Peter Soothill3, Michael R. Millar4, and Patrick Homers IMucin Research Group Univ. Div. Medicine Bristol Royal Infirmary Bristol BS2 8HW, UK 2Department of Cellular Pathology John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford OX3 9DU, UK 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology St Michael's Hospital Bristol BS2 8EG, UK 4Department of Microbiology Barts and the London NHS Trust, Smithfield London EC I A 7BE, UK sMilne Genito-Urinary Clinic, Bristol Royal Infirmary Bristol BS2 8HW, UK 1. INTRODUCTION The relationships between bacteria and their hosts are fundamental to our understanding of vital normal and pathogenic processes. They have attracted considerable interest recently with improved understanding of a variety of infectious diseases and normal developmental and adult processes at mucosal surfaces throughout the body (Tannock, 1999). An important part of the recognition process includes the glycobiology of the host mucosal cells and the bacteria themselves. Glycan structures and their manip ulation are assuming increasing significance. This review serves to illustrate some of the current observations in this field. Glycobiology and Medicine, edited by John S. Axford Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, 2003 3 4 A. P. Corfield et al. 2. BACTERIAL POPULATIONS AT MUCOSAL SURFACES Identification of the components of the complex ecosystems that are found at various body surfaces in man remains limited due to the failure to culture a high propor tion of these organisms in the laboratory. The targets of interest are, the non-pathogens particularly in the gut, where the major populations of bacteria are found in man, and the pathogens that have usually attracted more attention. The non-pathogens are proving to be a focus of attention as their contribution to normal development and maintenance of stability and defence at mucosal surfaces is vital but still poorly defined and understood. The majority of the information available has been related to the gut (Deplancke and Gaskins, 2001; Hooper et al., 1998,2001; Hooper and Gordon, 2001a) and the principles discussed for this system are used in this general review. The interactions that take place between the host and bacteria can be seen as a flex ible and overlapping system encompassing symbiosis, commensalism and pathogenicity. The positive symbiotic and commensal interactions afforded by the non-pathogens have been described generally as mutualism (Hooper et al., 2001). These dynamic systems are evolved as a result of exposure to the damaging pathogens and the need of the host to provide protection. These may take the form of reducing virulence and coexistence or processes that circumvent the innate and adaptive host defence (Hooper et al., 2001). The need to adapt to these interactions provides the impetus for the coevolution of effective bacterial-host interactions. This is favored by the genetic diversity of bacteria, their capacity for rapid growth and high population density (Hooper et al., 200 I). A basic property of the successful mucosal defensive system is the ability to discriminate between pathogenic and beneficial bacteria (Hooper et al., 2001; Philpott et al., 2001). There are features of the gut flora that gives an insight into the nature of the factors responsible for the formation of these systems. Identification of bacterial strains at sites throughout the gastrointestinal tract have shown that certain species are commonly associated with particular mucosal surfaces throughout the tract (Boriello, 2002). Within the normal gut Lactobacilli is found in the stomach, and Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli, in the large bowel. Furthermore distinct strains of bacteria can be found in the large intestine during the early stages of life (Tannock, 1994). Following colonization of the neonatal gut at birth the relative abundance of bacterial strains found through lactation weaning and the achievement of adulthood show characteristic patterns during normal growth. A similar phenomenon can be identified in mucosal diseases and certain bacteria are well established with pathological conditions. Three examples of this are discussed in detail in other chapters in this volume. Helicobacter pylori has its major pathology in the stomach, being associated with gastritis and gastric cancer (Appelmelk et al., 1996, Hooper and Gordon, 2001). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is found in the respira tory tract and has been studied in this organ with respect to cystic fibrosis (Ramp hal and Arora, 2001; Scharfman et ai., 1999). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPECs) are found associated with cystitis and pyelonephritis in the urinary tract (Mulvey et al., 2000). These common patterns of behavior suggest the recognition of tissue specific binding sites for the bacteria. These sites may change in a specific and predictable manner during development, once again creating a series of targets for normal and pathogenic interactions.

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