GLUCAGON: Its Role in Physiology and Clinical Medicine

807 Pages·1977·18.605 MB·English

by  T. A. I. Grillo, D. L. Baxter-Grillo (auth.), Piero P. Foà , Jasbir S. Bajaj, Naomi L. Foà (eds.)

GLUCAGON: Its Role in
Physiology and Clinical Medicine
GLUCAGON: Its Role in
Physiology and Clinical Medicine
Edited by
Piero P. Foa • Jasbir S. 8ajaj • Naomi L. Foa
Editorial Assistant
Lillie Bivens
Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin
Piero P. Foa Jasbir S. Bajaj
Department of Physiology Department of Medicine
Wayne State University School of Medicine All-India Institute of Medical Sciences
Detroit, Michigan 48201/USA New Delhi 11 0016/lndia
Naomi L. Foa
Department of Research
Sinai Hospital of Detroit
Detroit, Michigan 48235/USA
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Glucagon • its role in physiology and clinical medicine.
Includes index.
1. Glucagon-Congresses. I. Foa, Piero P. II. Bajaj, Jasbir S.
III. Foa, Naomi L.
QP572.G5G59 616.4'62'07 77-13657
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written
permission from Springer-Verlag.
© 1977 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1977
9 876 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-6368-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-6366-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6366-1
PREFACE
The growing interest in glucagon. almost universal among diabetologists.
made the decision to hold a satellite symposium immediately after the IX Congress
of the International Diabetes Federation easy. indeed almost unavoidable. The
climate. the beauty of its uniquely picturesque canals and houseboats. of its
lakes and its mountains and above all. the friendliness of its people made the
choice of Sri nagar equally easy. Problems of transportation and housing which
appeared of Himalayan proportions from thousands of miles away were resolved
with deceptive ease: as if the late autumn sun of New Delhi and Sri nagar had
melted the snow that already covered many areas of the United States. For this.
we thank the Executive Council and the Scientific Program Advisory Committee of
the Congress. the Chairman and Co-Chairman of the local committee, Drs. Ali
Mohammed Jan and S. N. Ahmed Shah; the Organizing Secretary, Dr. Syed Zahoor
Ahmed; the joint Secretary, Dr. M. Y. Alvi; the Secretary of the Scientific
Session. S. N. Dhar and the other committee members, Drs. G. Q. Allaqband,
Wm. Riberio, Girja Dhar, J. A. Naqashbandi and Messrs. D. P. Zutshi, K. Amla and
Ajit Singh. We are deeply grateful to His Excellency Sheikh Abdullah, Chief
Minister of Jammu and Kashmir for his interest in the symposium and for the
unforgettable hospitality offered in the name of his people. The suggestions,
criticism and understanding of many colleagues helped us select topics and
speakers for a representative rather than a comprehensive program. Yet, contri
butions from authors who could not attend the symposium or who could attend only
the glucagon workshop held during the main congress in New Delhi, provided
additional material which converted this book from a volume of proceedings to a
monograph.
Our financial burdens were lightened by the National Science Foundation,
Washington; the Secretariat of the Congress, New Delhi; the Sinai Hospital Guild,
Detroit; the U.S.V. Pharmaceutical Corporation, Tuckahoe, New York and Wyeth
Laboratories, Philadelphia.
The Editors
Detroit and New Delhi
CONTENTS
PREFACE v
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
INTRODUCTION xix
I. ONTOGENY OF THE A CELL AND THE MORPHOLOGY OF GLUCAGON RELEASE
Ontogeny of the Entero-Pancreatic A Cells and of Glucagon
Production
T. A. I. Grillo and D. L. Baxter-Grillo
Morphologic Study of Glucagon Release
J.-L. CarpentierJ F. Malaisse-LagaeJ W. Muller and L. Orci 23
II. BIOSYNTHESIS, NATURE AND SITES OF ORIGIN OF PANCREATIC
GLUCAGON AND OF GLUCAGON-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVE MATERIALS
Glucagon Biosynthesis in Anglerfish Islets: Identification of
a 4,900 Dalton Metabolic Conversion Intermediate
B. D. Noe 31
High Molecular Weight Glucagons from Avian Islets and Fetal
Bovine Pancreas
A. K. Tung 51
Assessment of Glucagon Immunoreactivity in Plasma
G. C. Weir 65
Quantification of Plasma Glucagon Immunoreactive Components
in Normal and Hyperglucagonemic States
I. Valverde 77
Circulating Glucagon Components: Significance in Health and
Disease
J. B. JaspanJ A. H-J. HuenJ B. Gonen and A. H. Rubenstein 93
Plasma Immunoreactive Glucagon in Depancreatized Animals
T. MatsuyamaJ R. TanakaJ ~. ShimaJ K. NonakaJ S. TaruiJ
M. Nishikawa and P. P. Foa 113
Heterogeneity of Gut Glucagon-Like Immunoreactivity (GLI)
A. J. MoodYJ H. JacobsenJ F. SundbYJ E. K. FrandsenJ
D. Baetens and L. Orci 129
Glucagon-Like Materials in Porcine and Rat Intestinal Mucosa
J. M. ConlonJ K. D. Buchanan and R. F. Murphy 137
Immunoreactive Glucagon in the Salivary Glands of Man and
Anima 1
S. HojvatJ L. KirsteinsJ J. KislaJ V. Paloyan and 143
A. M. La:wrence
viii
Role of the Submax111ary Gland and of the K1dney 1n the
Hyperg1ucagonem1a of Ev1scerated Rats
J. C. Dunbaro, H. Sitverm:zn, E. Ki1'T7lO.n and P. P. Faa 157
Glucagon and the Kidney
P. J. Le{ebvl'e and A. S. Luyak:J: 167
III. SECRETION OF PANCREATIC GLUCAGON
The Role of Ca1c1um 1n Glucagon Secret10n
J. P. Ashby and R. N. Speake 177
The Versatile Role of Calc1um 1n Glucagon Release
V. LeaZel'aq-Meyel', J. Maroahand and W. J. MaZaisse 185
Interrelationsh1p of Ca1c1um and Somatostat1n 1n the
Secretion of Insulin and Glucagon
G. M. Grodsky, I. Lundquist, R. Fanska and R. Piatet 215
Dynamics and Interrelationships of In Vitro Secret10n of
Glucagon and Insu11n
S. Pek and T.-Y. Tai 231
Effects of Insu11n on the Glucagon Release. Glucose
Ut11izat10n and ATP Content of the Pancreat1c A Cells
of the Gu1nea Pig
C.-G. Ostenson, A. Andel'sson, S. E. BroZin,
B. Petel'sson and C. HeZZel'stl'Om 243
Effect of Vasoact1ve Intestinal Pept1de (VIP) and Gastr1c
Inh1b1tory Pept1de (GIP) on Insulin and Glucagon
Release by Perf-fused Newborn Rat Pancreas
D. BataitZe, C. Jarol'ousse, N. VauaUn, C. Gespaah and
G. RosseZin 255
The Role of the Autonom1c Nervous System in Glucagon
Secret10n
A. Kaneto 271
IV. MODE OF ACTION OF GLUCAGON
Interact10ns of Hepatocyte Membrane Receptors with
Pancreatic and Gut Glucagon
J. J. HoZst 287
Glucagon. Insu11n and the1r Hepat1c Receptors: An Endocr1ne
Pattern Characterizing Hepatopro11ferative Transit10ns 1n
the Rat
H. L. Leffel't 305
Reexam1nat10n of the Second Messenger Hypothes1s of
Glucagon and Catecho1am1ne Act10n in L1ver
J. H. Exton, A. D. Chemngton, N. J. Hutson and
F. D. AssimaaopouZos-Jeannet 321
ix
Guanyl Nucleotide Regulation of the Liver Glucagon-Sensitive
Adenylyl Cyclase System
L. Bipnbaumep and T. L. SWaPtz 349
A Peptide Inhibitor of Glucagon-Responsive Adenylate
Cyclase in Liver
D. C. LehotaYJ G. S. LeveYJ J. M. CantepbupyJ
L. A. Bpiakep and E. Ruiz 373
Modulation of Nuclear Protein Kinase Activity by Glucagon
W. K. Palmep and D. A. Walsh 379
Combined Influence of Insulin and Glucagon Upon Hepatocytes
in Rats with Liver Loss or Viral Injury
N. L. R. Buahep 393
V. METABOLIC EFFECTS AND PHYSIOLOGIC ROLE OF GLUCAGON
Insulin and Glucagon (Pancreatic and Extrapancreatic)
Interactions and the Regulation of Glucose Turnover
in Physiology and in the Diabetic State
M. VpaniaJ C. YipJ K. DoiJ L. LiakleYJ S. Mopita
and G. Ross 403
Regulation of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis by Glucagon in the Rat
M. S. Ayuso-PapPilla and R. PaPpilla 437
Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic Protein Metabolism in the
Rat In Vivo. Control of Glucagon
R. PappillaJ A. MaPtin-RequepoJ J. Pepez-Diaz and
M. S. Ayuso-PapPilla 459
The Role of Glucagon in Amino Acid Homeostasis
G. F. CahillJ Jp. and T. T. Aoki 487
The Roles of Glucagon and Cyclic Adenosine 3' ,5'-Mono-
phosphate in the of Lipid Biosynthesis
Regu1~tion
J. J. Volpe and J. C. Mapasa 495
0
Lowering of Plasma Lipids, the Major Effect of Repeated
Glucagon Administration in Rats
F. GeYJ H. Geopgi and E. Buhlep 517
Glucagon and Lipoprotein Regulation in Man
R. P. Eaton 533
Metabolic Fuels in the Embryo and the Newborn
E. Blazquez 551
Role of the Insulin/Glucagon Ratio in the Changes of
Hepatic Metabolism during Development of the Rat
J. R. GipaPdJ P. FeppeJ A. KepvpanJ J. P. PegoPiep
and R. Assan 563
x
Glucose Homeostasis in the Newborn
J. S. Bajaj and K. D. Buchanan 583
VI. ROLE OF GLUCAGON IN DIABETES MELLITUS. IN
PREDIABETES AND IN OTHER DISEASE STATES
New Concepts in Glucagon Physiology
R. ShePWin and P. FeUg 595
The Issues Related to Abnormal A Cell Function in Diabetes
Me" i tus
K. D. Buchanan and E. R. TrimbZe 607
On the Causes and Consequences of Abnormal Glucagon Secretion
in Human Diabetes Mellitus
J. E. Gepich 617
The Effects of Exogenously Induced Hyperglucagonemia in
Insulin-Treated Diabetics
P. Raskin, C. B. Sri kant. H. Nakabayashi, R. E. Dobbs
and R. H. Ungep 643
The Nature of the A Cell Abnormality in Human Diabetes
Mellitus
D. J. ChishoZm and F. P. AZfoPd 651
The Nature of Hyperglucagonemia in Diabetes Mellitus
K. Nonaka, H. Toyoshima, T. Yoshida, T. Matsuyama,
S. TaPUi and M. Nishikawa 663
Glucagon in Diabetic Coma
L. LazaPUs, E. W. XPaegen, H. MeZep, M. Zacharin,
L. CampbeZZ and J. H. Casey 679
Glucagon Metabolism in Potential Diabetes Mellitus.
Studies of Discordant Twins and Patients After
Myocardial Infarction
J. L. ~ay 691
Tolbutamide: Stimulator and Suppressor of Glucagon
Secretion
E. SamoZs and J. HaPpison 699
Effect of Long Term Sulfonylurea Therapy on Glucagon
Levels in Maturity Onset Diabetes Mellitus
S. PodoZsky and A. M. Lo:w1'enae 711
Effect of Chlorpropamide on Basal and Arginine-Stimulated
Plasma Levels of Glucagon and Insulin in Diabetic
Patients
A. H. TeZnep, C. I. TayZop, S. Pek, R. L. Cpowthep,
J. D. FZoyd, Jp. and S. S. Fajans 723
Glucagon and Hypertriglyceridemia
A. Tiengo. R. Nosadini. M. C. GaPotti. D. FedeZe.
M. Muggeo and G. CpepaZdi 735
xi
Glucagonomas and Skin Disease
S. R. B~oom 759
Plasma GLI in Gastrectomized Patients
K. Shima, T. Mat"fuyama and R. Tanaka 765
Pancreatic A Cell Function in a Patient with Addison's
Disease
G. Okuno and H. Takenaka 777
INDEX 783
CONTRIBUTORS
ALFORD, F. P., Melbourne, Austra11a
ANDERSSON, A., Uppsala, Sweden
AOKI, T. T., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
ASHBY, J. P., Edinburgh, U.K.
ASSAN, R., Paris, France
ASSIMACOPOULOS-JEANNET, F. D., Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
AYUSO-PARRILLA, M. S., Madr1d, Spain
BAETENS, D., Copenhagen, Denmark
BAJAJ, J. S., New Delhi. India
BATAILLE, D., Paris, France
BAXTER-GRILLO, D. L., Ile-Ife, Nigeria
BIRNBAUMER, L. • Houston, Texas. U.S.A.
BLAZQUEZ, E., Madrid. Spain
BLOOM, S. R., London, U.K.
BRICKER, L. A., Miami. Florida, U.S.A.
BROLIN, S. E., Uppsala. Sweden
BUCHANAN, K. D., Belfast, U.K.
BUCHER, N. L. R., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
BUHLER, E., Basel, Switzerland
CAHILL, G. J., Jr., Boston, Massachusetts. U.S.A.
CAMPBELL, L., Sydney, Australia
CANTERBURY, J. M., Miami. Florida, U.S.A.
CARPENTIER, J.-L., Geneve, Switzerland
CASEY, J. H., Sydney. Australia
CHERRINGTON, A. D. • Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
CHISHOLM, D. J., Melbourne, Australia
CONLON, J. M., Belfast, U.K.
CREPALDI, G., Padova. Italy