Glossolalia is associated with differences in biomarkers of stress and arousal among Apostolic ...

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Glossolalia is associated with
differences in biomarkers of stress and
arousal among Apostolic Pentecostals
Christopher Dana Lynn a f , Jason J. Paris b , Cheryl Anne Frye b c d
e & Lawrence M. Schell f g
a Department of Anthropology, The University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
b Department of Psychology, The University at Albany–SUNY,
Albany, New York, USA
c Department of Biology, The University at Albany–SUNY, Albany,
New York, USA
d Center for Neuroscience Research, The University at
Albany–SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
e Center for Life Sciences Research, The University at
Albany–SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
f Department of Anthropology, The University at Albany–SUNY,
Albany, New York, USA
g Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University at
Albany–SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
Available online: 05 Jan 2012
To cite this article: Christopher Dana Lynn, Jason J. Paris, Cheryl Anne Frye & Lawrence M.
Schell (2012): Glossolalia is associated with differences in biomarkers of stress and arousal among
Apostolic Pentecostals, Religion, Brain & Behavior, DOI:10.1080/2153599X.2011.639659
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.639659
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Religion,Brain& Behavior
2011, 1(cid:1)19, iFirstarticle
Glossolalia is associated with differences in biomarkers of stress and
arousal among Apostolic Pentecostals
2 Christopher Dana Lynna,f*, Jason J. Parisb, Cheryl Anne Fryeb,c,d,e and
01 Lawrence M. Schellf,g
2
y
ar aDepartment ofAnthropology, TheUniversityofAlabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA;
u
n bDepartment ofPsychology, TheUniversityat Albany(cid:1)SUNY, Albany, NewYork, USA;
a
5 J cDepartmentofBiology,TheUniversityatAlbany(cid:1)SUNY,Albany,NewYork,USA;dCenterfor
0 NeuroscienceResearch,TheUniversityatAlbany(cid:1)SUNY,Albany,NewYork,USA;eCenterfor
52 LifeSciences Research, TheUniversityat Albany(cid:1)SUNY, Albany, NewYork, USA;
7: fDepartment ofAnthropology,The UniversityatAlbany(cid:1)SUNY,Albany,New York,USA;
at 0 gDepartment ofEpidemiologyandBiostatistics, TheUniversityatAlbany(cid:1)SUNY, Albany,
] NewYork, USA
n
n
y
L The influence of glossolalia or ‘‘speaking in tongues’’ on biological stress and
er arousalisexaminedinasampleofApostolicPentecostals.Glossolaliaisaformof
h
p dissociation considered by Pentecostals as possession by the Holy Spirit.
o
st Dissociation is a psychological term for partitioning of awareness and widely
ri held to moderate stress, yet this has been difficult to affirm in culturally
h
C embedded situations. We sought to determine if glossolalic dissociation is
[
], associated with biomarkers of stress and arousal (salivary cortisol and alpha-
A
amylase, respectively) on a religious service and a non-service day among
M
A 52 participants. We used mixed qualitative and quantitative methods to group
B participants as high- and low-glossolalists for preliminary comparisons and by
A
statuswithin their respective churches for regressionanalyses. Results indicate a
L
A significant influence of twoglossolalia indicators on cortisol and alpha-amylase
F on both days, in addition to a statistically significant though not robust
O
Y interaction effect between lifetime glossolalia experience and church status on
T the non-service day. Combined, these data suggest glossolalia experience is
SI associatedwith increased physiological stress during worship and reduced stress
R andarousalbeyond theworshipcontext.
E
V
I Keywords: biomarkers; Pentecostalism; stress; glossolalia; dissociation;
N
U alpha-amylase; cortisol
[
y
b
d Introduction
e
d
oa Religious practice and spiritual faith may influence psychological processes and
nl healthinpartbymoderatingstress(Koenig&Cohen,2002).‘‘Stress’’isconceivedof
w
Do as ‘‘the nonspecific response of the body to any demand’’ (Selye, 1984). As
environmentalchangesoccurthroughoutone’slifetime,thebodymakesadjustments
to the set-points of stress response to maintain stability. This stability through
change is termed ‘‘allostasis’’ (McEwen & Wingfield, 2007). Cultural practices may
influence such change in positive, neutral, and negative ways (Selye, 1984). The
ecstatic activities of religious worship and the negative encounters of daily life,
*Corresponding author.Email: [email protected]
ISSN2153-599Xprint/ISSN2153-5981online
#2011Taylor&Francis
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2011.639659
http://www.tandfonline.com
2 C. D. Lynn et al.
amongothers,areallconsideredpotentialstressors,giventhattheyplaceapersonin
achallengestate(Lewis,2003;McEwen,2005;Winkelman,2010).Itisimportantto
understand the influences of these ubiquitous activities on such a basic aspect of
humanbiology,asitmayshedsomelightonthepervasivenessofreligiouspractices
in human evolutionary history.
PreviousanalysesindicateaninfluenceofthedegreeofPentecostalreligiosityor
religious commitment and expression on general stress(Lynn, Paris, Frye, & Schell,
2010). This analysis explores the specific mechanisms of that religiosity. In
2 considering the influence of religious worship on the stress-mediation process,
1
0 Apostolic Pentecostals are an ideal population to explore. Pentecostalism is a
2
y charismatic form of evangelical Protestantism that emphasizes personal experience
r
a
u with the divine through ‘‘gifts of the spirit,’’ such as glossolalia (‘‘speaking in
n
Ja tongues’’). Apostolics are traditional Pentecostals that emphasize glossolalia as the
5
0 primary signifier that one has accepted Christ as personal savior (Synan, 2004).
52 Glossolalia is held to manifest via a dissociative hyper-arousal state of worship
7: (Goodman, 1972). This dissociative state is the embodiment of Pentecostal practice,
0
at which refers to ‘‘the impact of ongoing bio-contextual dynamics on physical form,
]
n functions, and capacities’’ (Worthman & Costello, 2009, p. 283). Through repeated
n
Ly experience of this culturally-mediated arousal, there may be an allostatic change in
er the set-points of stress response, as found in experienced meditators (Infante et al.,
h
p 2001; MacLean et al., 1997).
o
st A non-invasive and robust means to measure physiological stress for examining
ri
h allostasisisthroughanalysisofbiomarkersinsaliva.Cortisol,akeyhormoneofthe
C
], [ hypothalamic(cid:1)pituitary(cid:1)adrenal(HPA)axis(Hellhammer,Wu¨st,&Kudielka,2009),
A and alpha-amylase, a digestive enzyme that correlates with sympathetic nervous
M
A system(SNS)activity(Nater&Rohleder,2009),canbemeasuredinsaliva.TheHPA
B axisandSNSaretheprimarysystemsofbiologicalstressresponse.Stressorstrigger
A
L the activation of nerve cellswithin the SNS to release norepinephrine from neurons
A
F adjacent to salivary ducts, which leads to increased salivary alpha-amylase
O production. Alpha-amylase is thus an indirect indicator of physical and psycholo-
Y
T gical arousal, a nonspecific form of stress (Nater & Rohleder, 2009). Following
I
S norepinephrinerelease,theHPAaxisisactivatedtorestorehomeostasisthroughthe
R
E release of glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans) from the adrenal cortex. Because
V
I cortisol and alpha-amylase release cycles daily, several samples throughout a day
N
U overmultipledaysaregenerallyusedtoestablishadiurnalprofile(Adam&Kumari,
[
y 2009; Rohleder & Nater, 2009).
b
d We used these salivary biomarkers to test the theory that culturally normative
e
d dissociationintheformofglossolaliawouldreducephysiologicalmeasuresofstress
a
o
nl and arousal among Pentecostals. The study assessed Apostolic Pentecostals in New
w York’s Hudson Valley from September 2006 to June 2009 and investigatedwhether
o
D successive experiences with culturally-moderated arousal, via glossolalia, would
resultinlowerarousalandstressduringnon-worshiptimes.Itwashypothesizedthat
glossolalia experience stimulates arousal and, over time, entrains stress response,
reducingarousalandstressreactionstonormaldailystressors.Itwaspredictedthat
(1) salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase would reflect similar arousal among all
Apostolics on Sunday, when the kinetic or highly energetic activities of experiential
worship (including glossolalia as well as singing and ecstatic movement) would
stimulatestressresponse,but(2)wouldbeloweronanon-worshipdayamongthose
with more glossolalia experience.
Religion, Brain & Behavior 3
Methods and materials
Congregation and participant recruitment
EthnographicdatawascollectedatsixCharismaticchurchesbythefirstauthorover
the course of nearly 1 year, including field notes relating to observations,
conversations, and informal interviews with church members and transcriptions of
15 semi-structured interviews. Two Apostolic congregations in Poughkeepsie and
Kingston,NYwererecruitedforbiomarkerandquestionnairedatacollection.Prior
2 todatacollection,thestudywasexplainedtoeachcongregationenmasse.Potential
1
0 participants had to be at least 18 years old and less than 25 weeks pregnant (Obel
2
y et al., 2005).
r
ua One hundred and five individuals were approached. Seventy-three (70%) were
n
a enrolled, though 13 either dropped out or did not sufficiently complete the study
J
5 protocol to be included. Five were excluded from analyses because they reported
0
2 using medications known or suspected to confound glucocorticoid and catechola-
5
7: minemeasures,andthreesmokerswereexcluded(Kirschbaum&Hellhammer,2007;
0
at Rohleder & Nater, 2009). Fifty-two participants (mean age(cid:2)33.3, SD(cid:2)11.16,
]
n range(cid:2)18(cid:1)69) took part in this portion of the study. There were 25 males and 27
n
y
L females. Study dropouts and those declining to participate were evaluated with
er regard to known variables (including age, sex, education, church attended, church
h
p status, and glossolalia experience) using ethnographic data about church member-
o
rist ships and are not different from those included in the analyses.
h
C Participants received $50 compensation for full participation. Participating
[
], churches provided letters of support, and all protocols were approved by the
A
M University at Albany Institutional Review Board.
A
B
A
L
A Questionnaires
F
O A glossolalia questionnaire (see Appendix 1) was designed based on observations
Y and interviews. It is a seven-item questionnaire that uses ordinal scales to query
T
SI how many times glossolalia has been experienced in one’s lifetime (0, 1(cid:1)5, 6(cid:1)10,
R
E 11(cid:1)20, 21(cid:1)50, 51(cid:1)100, or (cid:1)100); duration (never, B10 s, 10(cid:1)30 s, 30(cid:1)60 s, 1(cid:1)5
V
I min, 5(cid:1)15 min, 15(cid:1)30 min, or (cid:1)30 min), intensity (never, not at all, not very,
N
U neutral, somewhat, very, or extremely), and frequency of average experiences
[
y (never, a few times ever, once a year or so, few times per year, monthly, weekly, or
b
d daily); and self-control and awarenessduring and ability to recall experiences(N/A,
e
ad yes, sometimes, no). It is scored by summing the seven items. A Cronbach’s alpha
o
nl reliability coefficient of 0.91 indicates the glossolalia questionnaire has good
w
o internal consistency.
D
Social status (Singh-Manoux, Adler, & Marmot, 2003), social support (Blake &
McKay, 1986), exercise (Paffenbarger, Blair, Lee, & Hyde, 1993), religiosity
(Rohrbaugh & Jessor, 1975), faith maturity (P. L. Benson, Donahue, & Erickson,
1993), perceived stress (S. Cohen & Williamson, 1988), education, age, sleep cycle,
relationship status, and sex were self-reported as potential confounders of dissocia-
tion or stress. Of these, age, social support, exercise, and sleep cycle fulfilled criteria
for inclusion in analytical models.
4 C. D. Lynn et al.
Procedure
Tocharacterizestressandarousalonareligiousserviceandnon-serviceday,Sunday
was chosen as the most active worship day of the week and Monday as the only
commonnon-worshipdayforbothchurches.Salivawasself-sampledfourtimesper
day.Timesforself-sampling werestandardized as10a.m., 2:30p.m., 6p.m., and10
p.m. for both Sunday and Monday. This ‘‘minimal protocol’’ (Adam & Kumari,
2009) was selected to capture diurnal cycles but avoid Sunday services, when
participantswereunwillingtointerruptworshiptoprovideasample.Predetermined
2
1 times have been used by others in similar circumstances (e.g., Decker, 2000, 2006;
0
2 Flinn & England, 1995; Worthman & Panter-Brick, 2008).
y
r Saliva samples were collected using commercially available synthetic oral swabs
a
u
n andswabstoragetubes(SalimetricsLLC,StateCollege,PA,USA).Eachparticipant
a
5 J wasissuedaninsulatedkitcontainingeightswabandtubesets,anicepack,asetof
2 0 questionnaires, and instructions. Participants recorded the date and time of each
5 sampleandanymissedsamples,thenrefrigeratedorfrozetheentirekituntilpickup.
7:
0 They were reminded by phone or textmessagebeforeeach sample. If a sample time
] at wasmissed,theywereaskedtoskiptothenextsampleor,insomecases,totakethe
n
n samplewhen they wereable and record the time. No participants missed more than
y
L two consecutive samples on a given day, which was a criterion for exclusion from
r
he data analyses. Participants completed the questionnaires during the sameweek they
p
o collectedsalivasamples.Completedkitswereretrievedwithinaweek,transportedto
st
ri the University at Albany, and stored in a freezer at (cid:1)308 until assayed.
h
C
[
],
A
M Biochemical analyses
A
B Assays for cortisol and alpha-amylase were conducted at the University at Albany
A
L (Albany, NY, USA) and Salimetrics LLC (State College, PA, USA) using
A
F commercially available assays (Salimetrics, LLC). Samples were thawed to room
O temperature beforehand and centrifuged at 1500(cid:3)g for 15 min to remove mucins.
Y
Forcortisol,25mlofsalivawaspipettedinto96-wellmicrotitreplatespre-coated
T
SI with antibodies to cortisol followed by cortisol bound to horseradish peroxidase.
R
E Tetramethylbenzidine was added to each well, and optical density (450 nm) was
V
I determined. All samples, including standard curve (0(cid:1)3 mg/dl) and unknowns, were
N
U run in duplicate, and outcomes represent the average. Wells containing known high
[
y and lowcortisol concentrationswere used to correct for multiple plate comparisons
b
d and produced a combined lab intra-assay variation (%CV) of 5.2%. Inter-lab
e
d variation(%CE)computedforthemeanof17replicatetestswas13.5%.Bothvalues
a
nlo are considered normal for salivary cortisol analysis (Garde, Hansen, & Nikolajsen,
w 2003).
o
D Alpha-amylasesamplesweredilutedwithphosphate-bufferedsolutioncontaining
a non-mercury preservative in a 1:200 ratio. Avolume of 8 ml of diluted salivawas
reactedwith 320 ml of preheated (378C) alpha-amylase substrate solution consisting
of 2-chloro-p-nitrophenol linked with maltotriose (0.01% sodium azide added as
preservative).Foraccuratetiming,onestripwasmeasuredatatimebyplacingiton
a kinetic mixer (550 RPM) at 378. Optical density (450 nm) was determined via a
universalmicroplateplatereaderat1minand3min,replacingthestriponthemixer
in the interim. One-minute readings were subtracted from 3-min readings and
multiplied by the conversion factor, which takes the 1:20 sample dilution into
Religion, Brain & Behavior 5
account. Results were computed in U/ml of alpha-amylase using the formula:
[absorbance difference per minute(cid:3)total assay volume (328 ml)(cid:3)dilution factor
(200)]/[millimolar absorptivity of 2-chloro-p-nitrophenol (12.9)(cid:3)sample volume
(0.008 ml)(cid:3)light path (0.97)]. Wells containing high and low alpha-amylase
concentrations were used to correct for multiple plate comparisons. Average intra-
and inter-assaycoefficients of variation were4.1% and 8.5%, respectively. There are
no data available on %CV norms for amylase.
2
1
0 Statistical analyses
2
y Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics Version 19.0 for Windows
r
a
u (IBMCorp.,Somers,NY,USA).Analyseswereconsideredsignificantwhenp50.05.
n
Ja To control for the influence of overall involvement in church activities on stress
5
0 (Ellison, Boardman, Williams, & Jackson, 2001) and apossible interaction effect of
52 church involvement with glossolalia, a dummy variable was created that grouped
07: participants by their status within the church. This was done by categorizing
at participantsaccordingtoWilliams’(1984)Pentecostalchurchhierarchyaselite,core,
]
n supportive, or marginal. Elite are church elders and the pastor’s immediate adult
n
Ly family members; core include other church officers, choir members, and other
er attendeesofmultipleweeklyservices;supportiveare‘‘SundayChristians’’andadhoc
h
p committeemembers;andmarginalareunstablemembers,children,andthoselimited
o
st by mental or physical disability. Marginal participants in this study were ‘‘back-
ri
h sliders,’’ people who have received the Holy Ghost but ‘slid back’ into sin.
C
], [ Backsliders sometimes return to the church but tend to waver in religiosity and
A attendance and are thus considered unstable in their membership status. Classifica-
M
A tions were determined based on the first author’s familiarity with the participants.
B Because of the limited sample size, status categories were further reduced to either
A
L elite/core (58%) or supportive/marginal (42%).
A
F Because theory suggests that practice is key to the transformative influence of
O ritual dissociation (Luhrmann, Nusbaum, & Thisted, 2010), we chose the ‘‘lifetime
Y
T glossolalia experiences’’ item for preliminary analyses of dissociation effects. The
I
S item was dichotomized for comparison of high- and low-glossolalists. Those
R
E experiencing 20 or fewer lifetime experiences were placed in the low glossolalia
V
I experiences (LGE) group. These individuals were either newly baptized in the Holy
N
U Spiritorhadonlyexperiencedglossolaliaafewtimesoveranumberofyears.Those
[
y reporting 21 or more experiences (high glossolalia experiences or HGE) also
b
d reported experiencing glossolalia daily, weekly, or monthly.
e
d Preliminarydescriptivesandfrequencies,includingmeanandstandarddeviation
a
o
nl (SD), were calculated for the total sample and high- and low-glossolalists for all
w questionnaire and biomarker variables. Outlier biomarker values ((cid:1) or B4 SDs
o
D frommean)wereexcluded,resultingintheremovaloffivecortisolvalues.Thesewere
not associated with any particular participant. Remaining cortisol concentrations
were transformed (log ) due to typical non-normal distribution (Adam & Kumari,
10
2009). Alpha-amylase valueswere normally distributed and not transformed.
Salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase exhibit different responses to stress and
arousal so multiple indices were examined. Because we were examining overall
differencesinHPAandSNSactivitybasedonaccumulatedglossolaliaexperience,we
used area under the curve (AUC), which summarizes the total output of the
biomarkerinquestionusingdatafromrepeatedmeasures(Gordis,Granger,Susman,
6 C. D. Lynn et al.
&Trickett,2008).Totalcortisolandalpha-amylasewerecalculatedusingAUCwith
respect to ground (Pruessner, Kirschbaum, Meinlschmid, & Hellhammer, 2003),
based on the trapezoid formula. The formulawe used is summarized as
Xn(cid:1)1 h i
t m þm=2
i ðiþ1Þ i
i(cid:1)1
2 wheretiindicatesthetimedistancebetweenmeasures,mithemeasurement,andnthe
1
0 total number of measures. The Sunday-to-Monday differences in AUCs and
2
y individual measures for the total sample and for the HGE relative to the LGE
r
ua group were compared using the Student’s t statistic.
n
a Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) were conducted to test both
J
5 hypotheses. Bivariate correlations were used to determine variables for regression
0
2 models. Independent variableswere the glossolalia questionnaire or anyof its items
5
7: that significantly correlated with any dependent variables. Covariates were those
0
at significantly correlated with any dependent variables, except where collinear.
n] Candidate covariates included church attended, age, sex, relationship status,
n
y education, social status, number of children, social support, sleep [an index (hours
L
r ofsleep)(cid:3)(qualityofsleep)],perceivedstress,religiosity,exercise,andchurchstatus.
e
ph Church statuswasincluded totestfor apotentialinteraction effect withglossolalia.
o
st SundayandMondayAUCsofbothbiomarkerswereusedasdependentvariablesto
hri testfirstandsecondhypotheses,respectively.Additionally,Mondaymodelsincluded
C
[ Sunday AUCs as covariates because morning cortisol levels are predicted by stress
A], and arousal experiences on the previous day (Adam, Hawkley, Kudielka, &
M
Cacioppo,2006).Becauseofthesmallsamplesize,multivariatetestswereconducted
A
B usingPillai’sTrace(Tabachnick&Fidell,2007).Secondaryunivariateanalyseswere
A
L also conducted using Bonferroni corrections (p(cid:2)0.025) for multiple tests. Pre-
A
liminaryassumption testing was conducted for both models to check for normality,
F
O linearity, univariate and multivariate outliers, homogeneity of variance(cid:1)covariance
Y matrices, and multicollinearity. Violations of variance(cid:1)covariance assumptionswere
T
SI dealt with by using a more conservative alpha.
R
E
V
I
N
Results
U
[
y Socio-demographic characteristics and descriptives are detailed in Table 1 with
b
d respect to total sample and high- and low-glossolalists. High- and low-glossolalists
e
d weresimilar in all factors exceptchurchstatus(t(cid:2)(cid:4)4.6, pB0.001), social support
a
o
nl (t(cid:2)(cid:4)2.6, p(cid:2)0.01), religiosity (t(cid:2)(cid:4)3.2, p(cid:2)0.002), and glossolalia (t(cid:2)(cid:4)5.4,
w pB0.001), which were all greater in the HGE group.
o
D Table 2 shows the results of bivariate correlations. The glossolalia questionnaire
positivelycorrelatedwithSundaycortisol(AUC),fulfillingthecriterionforinclusion
as an independent variable in regression models. Age and number of children were
positivelycorrelatedwithcortisolbutfoundtobecollinear,soonlyagewasretained.
Other covariate correlations were social support, exercise, and sleep. The study
church attended correlated positively with marital status and SES and negatively
with social support, suggesting some potential differences in the two study sites.
Separate correlation analyses with the glossolalia questionnaire items showed the
lifetimeglossolalia experiencesitempositivelycorrelatedwithMondayalpha-amylase
Religion, Brain & Behavior 7
Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics and psychometric descriptive for high- (HGE)
andlow-glossolalists (LGE).
HGE(n(cid:2)26) LGE(n(cid:2)26)
n x(SD) % n x(SD) %
Age 26 32.7(11.04) 26 33.8 (11.45)
Females 15 57.7 12 46.2
2 Marital status
1
0 Single 11 42.3 8 31.8
2
y Ina relationship 3 11.5 4 26.0
r
a Married 12 46.2 12 46.2
u
an Separated/divorced 0 0 2 8.0
J
5
0 Education
2 Some highschool 0 0 3 11.5
5
7: Highschool 4 15.4 7 26.9
0
at Some college/trade school 11 42.3 10 38.5
] Associate/tradeschool degree 6 23.1 2 7.7
n
yn Bachelordegree 4 15.4 2 7.7
L
r Graduatedegree 1 3.8 2 7.7
he Numberof children 22 1.6(2.08) 26 1.3(1.78)
op Socialstatusa 25 5.3(1.28) 24 4.9(2.04)
rist Partner’s social statusa 14 3.4(1.91) 11 3.9(2.63)
h
C
[ Socialsupport*
], 0 people 0 0 1 3.8
A
M 1 person 1 3.8 1 3.8
A 2(cid:1)5 people 9 34.6 13 50.0
B
A 6(cid:1)9 people 2 7.7 8 30.8
L
A 10or morepeople 14 53.8 3 11.5
F Sleepb 26 23.3(9.32) 26 23.9 (11.87)
O
Perceived stress 26 15.7(6.99) 26 18.8 (6.11)
Y
T Exercise 25 17.3(10.31) 22 14.8 (10.04)
SI Glossolalia* 26 23.8(2.75) 26 7.9(8.90)
R
E Faith maturity 26 5.0(0.93) 26 4.9(1.34)
V Religiosity* 26 32.4(4.03) 26 27.3 (6.86)
I
N
U Churchstatus*
[
y Elite/core 22 84.6 8 30.8
b
d Supportive/marginal 4 15.4 18 69.2
e
d Church
a
o Kingston 12 46.2 11 42.3
nl
w Poughkeepsie 14 53.8 15 57.7
o
D
aSocialstatusrepresentsself-reportedplacementona10-rungladderfromhighesttolowest(1(cid:1)10).
bSleeprepresentsanindexofhoursofsleep(cid:3)qualityofsleep.
*p50.05.
(p(cid:2)0.02), which was therefore included as an independent variable in separate
regression models.
Table 3 summarizes the comparisons of mean AUCs and individual measures
for the total sample and both glossolalia experience groups. In the total sample, the
only significant difference between Sunday and Monday was a greater volume of
2
1
0
2 8
y
r
a
u
n Table 2. Bivariatecorrelations. C
a .
05 J Monday Sunday Monday Marital Social Church Church D.
7:52 cort sAA sAA GQ Sex Age Education status SES support Children status attended PSS RMQ FMS Sleep Exercise Lynn
n] at 0 MSSuuonnndddaaayyycsAocorAtrt 0.70** (cid:4)(cid:4)00..3377**** (cid:4)(cid:4)000...722645** 000...102557* 000...110609 (cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:4)000...240921*** (cid:4)(cid:4)000...111061 (cid:4)(cid:4)000...001170 (cid:4)000...111413 (cid:4)(cid:4)000...302380* (cid:4)(cid:4)000...044334**** 000...110202 (cid:4)000...100054 (cid:4)(cid:4)000...000794 000...100792 (cid:4)000...101663 (cid:4)(cid:4)000...002888* 000...202185* etal.
n
y MondaysAA 0.18 0.06 (cid:4)0.12 0.14 (cid:4)0.09 0.13 0.27 (cid:4)0.12 0.14 0.12 0.04 0.09 (cid:4)0.05 (cid:4)0.18 (cid:4)0.02
L
r GQ 0.09 0.01 0.11 (cid:4)0.17 0.16 0.34* 0.06 0.61** (cid:4)0.07 (cid:4)0.30* 0.39** 0.15 (cid:4)0.10 0.15
e
h Sex 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.09 (cid:4)0.03 0.01 (cid:4)0.12 0.15 0.18 0.12 (cid:4)0.03 (cid:4)0.28*(cid:4)0.06
p
o Age 0.22 0.27 (cid:4)0.21 0.10 0.67** (cid:4)0.08 (cid:4)0.12 (cid:4)0.18 0.06 0.04 0.22 (cid:4)0.26
rist Education 0.21 (cid:4)0.21 0.14 0.11 0.16 (cid:4)0.08 (cid:4)0.03 0.13 (cid:4)0.04 (cid:4)0.24 (cid:4)0.04
Ch Maritalstatus (cid:4)0.04 0.08 0.29* 0.07 0.31* (cid:4)0.06 (cid:4)0.05 (cid:4)0.05 0.13 0.04
A], [ SSoEcSialsupport 0.06 (cid:4)00..1163 00..0119 (cid:4)00..2382** (cid:4)(cid:4)00..3160** 00..3062**(cid:4)00..0338**(cid:4)00..0109 00..0063
M Children 0.10 (cid:4)0.17 0.00 0.07 0.12 0.07 (cid:4)0.03
A Churchstatus (cid:4)0.06 (cid:4)0.10 0.27 (cid:4)0.04 (cid:4)0.04 0.30*
B
A Churchattended 0.14 (cid:4)0.14 (cid:4)0.12 0.09 0.04
L PSS (cid:4)0.14 (cid:4)0.05 (cid:4)0.19 0.17
A
F RMQ 0.36**(cid:4)0.12 0.24
O FMS 0.00 0.25
Y Sleep (cid:4)0.20
T
I
S Note:cortisol(cort)andalpha-amylase(sAA)valuesareforareaunderthecurve,GQisglossolaliaquestionnaire,PSSisPerceivedStressScale,RMQisReligiosityMeasures
R
E Questionnaire,FMSisFaithMaturityScale,andsleepisanindexofaveragehours-by-qualityofsleep.
V *p50.05,**p50.01.
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