Glossary of Terms Used in Physical Organic Chemistry

220 Pages·1994·1.746 MB·English

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(IUPAC Recommendations 1994)
Index
Quick move to A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z.
abstraction
acceptor number (AN)
acid
acidity
acidity function
activated complex
activation energy See energy of activation.
addend See addition reaction.
addition
addition reaction
additivity principle
adduct
A-factor See energy of activation.
agostic
alcoholysis See solvolysis.
allylic substitution reaction
alternant
ambident
amphiphilic
amphiprotic (solvent)
amphoteric
anchimeric assistance See neighbouring group participation.
anionotropic rearrangement (or anionotropy)
anion radical See radical ion.
annelation
annulation
annulene
antarafacial, suprafacial
anti
antiaromatic See aromatic.
anti-Hammond effect See More O'Ferrall-Jencks diagram.
anti-Markownikoff addition See Markownikoff rule.
aprotic (solvent)
aquation
aromatic, aromaticity
Arrhenius equation See energy of activation.
aryne
association
asymmetric induction
atomic orbital
attachment
autocatalytic reaction
automerization
autoprotolysis
autoprotolysis constant
"A" value
+ azacarbene See nitrene.
+ azene See nitrene.
+ azylene See nitrene.
-addition (alpha-addition)
-effect
-elimination
Baldwin's rules
base
basicity
basicity function See acidity function.
bathochromic shift (effect)
Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle
benzyne
bifunctional catalysis
bimolecular See molecularity.
binding site
biradical
Bodenstein approximation See steady state.
bond
bond dissociation
bond-dissociation energy
bond energy (mean bond energy)
bond migrationSee migration.
bond number
bond order
borderline mechanism
Bredt's rule
bridged carbocation
bridging ligand
Brønsted acid (Brönsted acid)
Brønsted base (Brönsted base)
Brønsted relation (Brönsted relation)
Bunnett-Olsen equations
cage
cage compound
canonical form See contributing structure.
captodative effect
carbanion
carbene
carbenium centre
carbenium ion
carbenoid
carbocation
carbonium ion
carbyne
catalysis
catalysis law See Brønsted relation.
catalyst
catalytic coefficient
cationotropic rearrangement (cationotropy)
cation radical See radical ion.
chain reaction
chain transfer
charge density See electron density.
charge population
charge-transfer complex
chelation
cheletropic reaction
chelotropic reaction
chemical flux
chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP) See CIDNP.
chemical reaction
chemical relaxation
chemical shift (NMR)
chemical species
chemoselective, chemoselectivity
+ chemospecificity See chemoselectivity.
chromophore
CIDNP (Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization)
cine-substitution
class (a) metal ion
class (b) metal ion
clathrate See host, inclusion compound.
colligation
common-ion effect (on rates)
compensation effect
complementary binding sites See binding site.
complex
composite reaction
comproportionation
concerted process
condensation reaction
configuration (electronic)
configuration (molecular)
conformation
conjugate acid-base pair
conjugated system, conjugation
conjugative mechanism See electronic effect.
connectivity
constitution
conrotatory See electrocyclic reaction.
contact ion pair See ion pair.
contributing structure
coordinate covalence (coordinate link) See coordination.
coordination
coordination number
coordinatively saturated
coordinatively unsaturated
coronate See crown.
correlation analysis
cosphere See cybotactic region.
coupling constant (spin-spin coupling constant)
covalent bond
Cox-Yates equation
critical micelle concentration (cmc)
cross-conjugation
crown
cryptand
Curtin-Hammett principle
cybotactic region
cyclization
cycloaddition
cycloelimination
+ cycloreversion See cycloelimination.
+ dative bond See coordination.
decomposition, chemical
+ de-electronation See oxidation.
degenerate chemical reaction See identity reaction.
degenerate rearrangement
delocalization
deshielding See shielding.
detachment
detailed balancing, principle of
diamagnetic
diastereoisomerism
dielectric constant
dienophile
diffusion-controlled rate
dimerization
Dimroth-Reichardt E parameter
T
dipolar aprotic solvent
dipolar bond
dipolar cycloaddition See cycloaddition.
dipole-dipole interaction
dipole-induced dipole forces See van der Waals forces.
diradical See biradical.
direct effect See field effect.
dismutation See disproportionation.
dispersion forces See London forces.
disproportionation
disrotatory See electrocyclic reaction.
dissociation
distonic radical cation
donor number (DN)
downfield See chemical shift.
driving force (also called the affinity) of a reaction
dual substituent-parameter equation
dyotropic rearrangement
E -value See Dimroth-Reichardt E parameter, Z-value.
T T
+ educt
effective charge
effective molarity (or effective concentration)
eighteen-electron rule
electrocyclic reaction
electrofuge
electromeric effect
electron acceptor
electron affinity
electronation See electron attachment, reduction.
electron attachment
electron configuration See configuration (electronic).
electron-deficient bond
electron density
electron detachment
electron donor
+ electron-donor-acceptor complex
electronegativity
electroneutrality principle
electronic effect of substituents: symbols and signs
electron-pair acceptor
electron-pair donor
electron transfer
electron-transfer catalysis
electrophile, electrophilic
electrophilicity
element effect
elementary reaction
elimination
enantiomer
enantioselectivity See stereoselectivity.
encounter complex
encounter-controlled rate
ene reaction
energy of activation (Arrhenius energy of activation; activation energy)
energy profile See Gibbs energy diagram, potential-energy profile.
enforced concerted mechanism
enophile See ene reaction.
entering group
enthalpy of activation (standard entalpy of activation)
entropy of activation, (standard entropy of activation)
epimer
epimerization
equilibrium, chemical
equilibrium control See thermodynamic control.
equilibrium isotope effect See isotope effect.
E -value See Dimroth-Reichardt E parameter, Z-value.
T T
excess acidity See Bunnett-Olsen equations, Cox-Yates equation.
excimer
exciplex
excited state
extended Hammett equation
external return See ion-pair return.
extrusion transformation
-symbol ("eta")
fast-atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectroscopy
field effect
flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP)
fluxional
force-field calculations See molecular mechanics calculation.
fractionation factor, isotopic
fragmentation
free radical See radical.
frontier orbitals
functional group
gas-phase acidity
gas-phase basicity
geminate pair
geminate recombination
general acid catalysis
general base catalysis
Gibbs energy diagram
Gibbs energy of activation (standard free energy of activation)
ground state
group
Grunwald-Winstein equation
guest
half-life
halochromism
Hammett acidity function See acidity function.
Hammett equation (or Hammett relation)
Hammond principle (or Hammond postulate)
Hansch constant
hapto
hard acid
hard base
heat capacity of activation
+ hemileptic See homoleptic.
Henderson-Hasselbach equation
heterobimetallic complex
heteroconjugation
heteroleptic
heterolysis, heterolytic
heterolytic bond-dissociation energy
heterovalent hyperconjugation See hyperconjugation.
hidden return See ion-pair return.
Hildebrand parameter
Hofmann rule
homo
homoaromatic
homoconjugation
homoleptic
homolysis, homolytic
host
Hückel (4n + 2) rule
hybridization
hydration
hydrogen bond
hydrolysis
hydron
hydrophilic
hydrophobic interaction
hyperconjugation
hypsochromic shift
identity reaction
imbalance
+ imene See nitrene.
+ imidogen See nitrene.
+ imidonium ion See nitrene.
+ imin See nitrene.
+ imine radical See nitrene.
inclusion compound (or inclusion complex)
induction period
inductive effect
inductomeric effect
inert
inhibition
initiation
inner-sphere (electron transfer)
insertion
intermediate
intermolecular
internal return See ion-pair return.
intimate ion pair See ion pair.
intramolecular
intramolecular catalysis
intrinsic barrier
inverse kinetic isotope effect See isotope effect.
inverted micelle
ionic strength
ionization
ionization energy
ionizing power
ion pair
ion pair return
ipso-attack
isodesmic reaction
isoelectronic
isoentropic
isoequilibrium relationship
isokinetic relationship
isolobal
isomer
isomerization
isosbestic point
isoselective relationship
isotope effect
isotope effect, equilibrium see isotope effect, thermodynamic.
isotope effect, heavy atom
isotope effect, intramolecular
isotope effect, inverse
isotope effect, kinetic
isotope effect, primary
isotope effect, secondary
isotope effect, solvent
isotope effect, steric
isotope effect, thermodynamic
isotope exchange
isotopic perturbation, method of
isotopic scrambling
isotopologue
isotopomer
isovalent hyperconjugation See hyperconjugation.
Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters
Kekulé structure (for aromatic compounds)
kinetic ambiguity
kinetic control (of product composition)
kinetic electrolyte effect (kinetic ionic-strength effect)