Glossary of Old Akkadian PDF
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oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY OF OLD AKKADIAN oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu MATERIALS FOR THE ASSYRIAN DICTIONARY NO. 3 GLOSSARY OF OLD AKKADIAN BY I. J. GELB THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 37 Cambridge University Press, London, N.W. I, England. The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada © 1957 by The University of Chicago. Published 1957. Printed by Cushing-Malloy, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE . ..................... vii ABBREVIATIONS............. ........ xv GLOSSARY .....*.... ............. .1 NAMES POSSIBLY AKKADIAN. . ........... .. 313 (0, oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE The publication of the Glossary of Old Akkadian, announced in 1952, at the time when volumes I and II of the Materials for the Assyrian Dictionary were being issued, has been delayed until now for two main reasons, which have forced me to set aside, at least temporar- ily, the work on the present volume. The first reason, growing out of my preoccupation with the initial stages of publication of the Assyrian Dictionary, needs no further elaboration. The second reason is con- nected with the steadily growing mountain of new material, either pub- lished or made available to me through the kind cooperation of scholars everywhere, which had been accumulating while I was occupied by press- ing duties with a higher priority. The Glossary presents a picture of the Old Akkadian lexicographi- cal material from the oldest times down to the end of the third Dynasty of Ur. Two terms need an explanation. The term "glossary" means exactly what the term normally implies and no more. The Glossary con- tains words collected for the use of the Assyrian Dictionary, ordered according to form and rough semantic grouping, with translations intended solely to serve as a guide to future investigators of the meanings. The term "Akkadian" embraces probably more than the term implies since the Glossary includes a number of entries used as loan words in Sumerian, which may have been borrowed not from Akkadian but from other Semitic languages spoken in Mesopotamia or in the neighbor- ing areas. Similarly, in order not to prejudice the matter of their linguistic affiliation, all the non-Sumerian names marked as MAR.TU ("Amorite") have been included, as well as some names, such as I-la-sa- ma-ar or Mar-da-ba-an, which may be Amorite even through they are attested without the MAR.TU designation. The occurrence or lack of the designation MAR.TU is regularly marked in the Glossary. Three types of sources have been included in the Glossary. The primary sources, consisting of Akkadian words occurring in the Akkadian texts, and the secondary sources, consisting of Akkadian loan words in Sumerian and of Akkadian words which occur as elements in proper names in either Akkadian or Sumerian texts. The Glossary does not give a complete picture of the Old Akkadian lexicon as it can be reconstructed from the available sources, in that it has no entries which are written logographically only and for which vii oi.uchicago.edu no known syllabic spellings can be attested or safely reconstructed. I did collect for the use of the Assyrian Dictionary all the logographic spellings occurring in Old Akkadian, but have decided not to include them in the present Glossary as they would have required a different type of listing and would have doubled the size of this volume. Certain qualifications should be made in respect to the complete- ness of coverage of the Old Akkadian onomastic material. Originally, my plan was to excerpt completely all the Akkadian material found in personal names of the Pre-Sargonic and Sargonic sources, but to leave out the comparative material in the Ur III Period, relying on Schneider's publication in Orientalia XXIII-XXIV to take care of this portion of the Old Akkadian lexicon. This turned out to be impossible, however. So many important corrections and additions had to be made to the Schneider publication that in the middle of my work I was forced to revise my original plans and to collect the Ur III materials indepen- dently. Due to the immense number of the Ur III sources, it would have been impossible for me to collect the Ur III personal names as completely as I did the Pre-Sargonic and Sargonic names. Some short cut had to be made, and I have decided not to collect completely such common elements as abum, ilum, nadanum, for which ample documentation is attested. Thus the onomastic material is quoted fully for the Pre- Sargonic and Sargonic Periods but is quoted in selection in the Ur III Period when it was thought that the additional examples add nothing of importance to our knowledge of Akkadian in the Ur III Period. While personal names excerpted from the texts found in the Diyala region, Gasur, Susa in Elam, and from the Manistusu Obelisk are quoted simply with reference to D (and FM), G, E, and MO, it must be clearly understood that they have been collected directly from the respective text publications and not from the lists of personal names. The quota- tion of the lists of personal names, while it is a short-cut, is useful since the lists often quote many more references than are given in the Glossary. The specific sources are quoted fully in the case of readings which differ substantially from those found in the published lists of personal names. While words occurring in Old Akkadian sources are quoted with complete references, the personal names usually bear only one reference from each of the three periods of Old Akkadian, only in exceptional cases two or more. The + symbol after a reference means that there are more references which I have collected but have not quoted in the Glossary. This symbol is reliable in the case of Pre-Sargonic and viii oi.uchicago.edu Sargonic materials, which I have collected fully. Owing to my somewhat unsystematic method of collecting the Ur III onomastic material, I have the feeling that the + symbol will have to be added in many more in- stances of Ur III quotations than are so marked. This is also true of some very common Akkadian loan words occurring in the Ur III texts, which add nothing of lexical importance to the instances quoted in the Glossary. The three periods of Old Akkadian are distinguished, whenever necessary, by symbols "PSarg." for Pre-Sargonic, "Sarg." for Sargonic, and "U" or "Ur III" for Ur III. The symbol "PSarg." is regularly used with all occurrences of the Pre-Sargonic Period; the symbol "Sarg." is written only when needed in the discussion, it being taken for granted that lack of any symbol means that the occurrence is dated to the Sargonic Period. Since the majority of occurrences are from the Sargonic Period, it is important for the users of the Glossary to mark this point well. "U" or "Ur III" is used regularly with Ur III refer- ences, except in the cases of U followed by a number, which refer to Ur III personal names quoted after Schneider, Orientalia XXIII-XXIV. Comparative materials from later periods are regularly marked by abbre- viations denoting periods, such as OB, OA, MB, etc. Additional information is often found with references, giving the place of origin of the sources, such as Mari or Chagar Bazar. The Elamite sources are not marked because they can be easily recognized from the MDP references in which they were published. The "CM" abbre- viation (for Cruciform Monument) is given regularly after the reference to warn the readers of the spurious character of this source (cf. Gelb in JNES VIII 346ff.). The symbol "copy" after a reference means that the source is known only from a late copy and it may not reproduce correctly the older form of the language. Generally, this symbol is omitted in the case of such well-known texts as the royal inscriptions published in PBS V 34 + XV l1a nd UET I 274-276. For important dis- tinctions between different types of later copies of the Sargonic royal inscriptions, cf. MAD II 11. Two types of sources, one marked "Der" (inscriptions from Der) and the other "Voc. prat." (Vocabulaire pratique published in RA XVIII 49-78), have been included in the Glossary, even though they may have been composed in the early OB Period, because they contain materials linking them with the Ur III Period. A warning is also in order about the three texts published as Ur III in BE III 76-78 and included in the Glossary, even though their Ur III date, rather than early OB, may be in question. ix oi.uchicago.edu Personal names used for PSarg., Sarg., Gutian, etc. kings have no references since they can be easily found with the full critical appara- tus in Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List ( AS XI). Ur III dates are quoted generally after Ungnad, "Datenlisten" in Reallexikon der Assyri- ologie II 136ff. Only one, main, text is quoted in the case of the royal inscriptions, omitting the sometimes quite numerous duplicates. The entries in the Glossary are preceded by what normally would be called "roots," but what actually should be considered as a kind of consonantal skeleton, which is used to help in grouping related entries and in cross referencing. Thus while the "root" of qaqqadum is QDQD (or reduplicated QD) or, with vowels, qadqad, the consonantal skeleton given in the Glossary is QQD, reproducing the three occurring consonants of qaqqadum. Similarly anta is placed under the consonantal skeleton of IN T and not N oor an. Due to typographical difficulties, the transliteration of Sumerian could not be distinguished as carefully from that of Akkadian as it would have been in a printed volume. Sumerian logograms in Akkadian texts are regularly in roman capitals. However, Sumerian elements in Sumerian texts are also given in roman capitals (and are not in spaced roman) to distinguish them clearly from Akkadian elements quoted in small roman minuscules. The only exception are long Sumerian quotations and Akkadian loan words in Sumerian ending in -um, such as ar-ga-num, ta-za-num, which must be considered as foreign words in Sumerian. In both cases small roman minuscules are used. Often no line references are quoted, mainly due to the difficulty of finding the correct number of the quoted line in large texts with several columns. Occasionally, such expressions as top, middle, end, or bottom are used to help in finding the quoted reference in texts with many lines in a column. Commas are often added to separate phrases in longer quotations, even though they do not reproduce the the original. This departure from the standard transliteration pro- cedure was introduced to enable scholars to follow complicated Akkadian or Sumerian contexts more easily. Throughout the long process of preparation of this volume I have enjoyed the most helpful cooperation of scholars throughout the world, which I feel a pleasant duty to acknowledge here. In the first place I should like to mention institutions and scholars who have either pro- vided me with photographs or copies of unpublished materials or have made it possible for me to study the texts in their museums: Ann Arbor, Michigan. University of Michigan. Kelsey Museum of
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