GLORY IN THEIR SPIRIT HOW FOUR BLACK WOMEN TOOK ON THE ARMY DURING WORLD WAR II SSANDRA M. BOLZENIUS Glory in Their Spirit women, gender, and sexuality in american history Editorial Advisors: Susan K. Cahn Wanda A. Hendricks Deborah Gray White Anne Firor Scott, Founding Editor Emerita A list of books in the series appears at the end of this book. Glory in Their Spirit How Four Black Women Took On the Army during World War II sandra m. bolzenius © 2018 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bolzenius, Sandra M., 1959– author. Title: Glory in their spirit : how four black women took on the Army during World War II / Sandra M. Bolzenius. Other titles: How four black women took on the Army during World War II Description: Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press, [2018] | Series: Women, gender, and sexuality in american history | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2017056073| isbn 9780252041716 (hardcover : alk. paper) | isbn 9780252083334 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: lcsh: Uni ted States. Army. Women’s Army Corps— History. | World War, 1939–1945—Participation, African-American. | Trials (Military offenses)—United States—History—20th century. | Strikes and lockouts— United States—History—20th century. | African- American soldiers—History—20th century. | Women soldiers—United States—History—20th century. | Race discrimination—United States—History—20th century. | Sex discrimination against women—United States—History—20th century. | World War, 1939– 1945—Women—United States. | Fort Devens (Mass.)— History—20th century. Classification: lcc d769.39 .b65 2018 |d dc 305.48/896073—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017056073 isbn 9780252050381 (ebook) Cover illustration: Capt. Charity Adams drills her company on the drill ground at the first WAAC Training Center, Fort Des Moines, Iowa, May 1943 (National Archives, 111-sc-238651). From the scrapbook of Alice Young Porter, courtesy of her daughter, Stacie Porter To my mother, Lee, and my brother, Dan Contents List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Historical Figures xvii Abbreviations and Definitions xix Timeline xxi Introduction 1 Chapter 1. The Army Diversifies: Fort Des Moines 13 Chapter 2. Fort Devens 40 Chapter 3. The Strike 66 Chapter 4. Trial and Verdict 83 Chapter 5. The Civilian Reaction 112 Chapter 6. Military Protocol 126 Conclusion: A Sociological Laboratory 152 Notes 167 Bibliography 195 Index 203