Globalization and its Impact on China and India in the Twenty First Century By Rana Eijaz Ahmad PDF
Preview Globalization and its Impact on China and India in the Twenty First Century By Rana Eijaz Ahmad
Globalization and its Impact on China and India in the Twenty First Century By Rana Eijaz Ahmad Supervisor: Dr. Rukhsana A. Siddiqui Submitted at the School of Politics and International Relations Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my individual research and that it has not been submitted concurrently to any other university for any other degree. Rana Eijaz Ahmad QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY School of Politics and International Relations This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Doctoral of Philosophy in International Relations by Rana Eijaz Ahmad (Ph.D scholar of International Relations). Professor Dr. Rukhsana A. Siddiqui Supervisor School of Politics and International Relations Dr. Zafar Nawaz Jaspal Director School of Politics and International Relations External Examiner I dedicate this research work to my parents and my beloved wife cum friend Abida Eijaz iii Acknowledgements I am grateful to Allah for giving me the strength to complete this long journey. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor Professor Dr. Rukhsana A. Siddiqui for her untiring support and meticulous readings of innumerable drafts of this thesis. Her support even continued online during her annual summer visits to Yale University from where she would electronically navigate me in this most arduous task. It tested her patience but being a thorough professional she persevered. She also persuaded Prof. Dr. Hasan Askari Rizvi, Prof. Dr. Saeed Sahfqat and Dr. Shabib Haider to give some comments on my draft. I am most grateful to these scholars in my city, Lahore, for giving me their precious time. A note of thanks to the Chinese scholars Mr. Luo Peisen, senior advisor at the China Institute for International & Strategic Studies, Dr. Su Jingxiang, a research professor and vice director at The Centre for Globalization Studies in China, The Institute of Contemporary International Relations, Mr. Zhao Gancheng, Director at the Department of South Asia Studies. All these esteemed Chinese colleagues who gave me their valuable time for in-depth interviews regarding my research. Mr. Shamshad Ahmad Khan former foreign secretary of Pakistan not only helped me in obtaining a Chinese visa but also arranged my appointments with different Chinese think tanks. I am really indebted to him. I am most grateful to my elder brother Rana Niaz Ahmad who has always been with me and provided me all relevant literature in the form of books, only available in America. I am truly indebted to my wife who stood by my side and her kind support while I worked on this thesis. Table of Contents Acknowledgements iii Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 12 Hypotheses 17 Methodology 18 Chapter 1 25 Globalization: A Historical Perspective 25 Globalization: Theoretical Perspective 28 Scope of Globalization 44 Economic Globalization 44 Political Globalization 46 Social /Cultural Globalization 50 Environmental Degradation Resulting from Globalization 54 Chapter 2 60 Globalization and its Impact on China 60 Globalization and Its Impact on China’s Politics 68 China’s Politics in the Pre-Globalization Era 69 Globalization and its Impact on China’s Politics at Present 73 Globalization and its Impact on China’s Future Politics 77 China’s Economy in the Pre-Globalization Era 84 Globalization and its Impact on China’s economy at Present 85 Globalization and its Impact on China’s Economy in Future 98 Globalization and its impact on Chinese Environment 109 Chapter 3. 119 India and Globalization: Attributes 119 Globalization and Its Impact on: 121 India’s political placement 121 India’s political placement in the Past 121 Socio-cultural effects 147 Globalization and Environmental Degradation in India 152 Chapter 4. Evaluation, Comparison and Contrast between Chinese and Indian Globalization 156 Global Financial Crises and its Spill over upon China and India 156 Chapter 5. 182 Conclusion 182 Lessons for Pakistan and other Developing Countries 190 Appendices 193 Bibliography 240 1 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of globalization on China and India, specifically focusing on economic, political and social domains and environmental issues. The method adopted for studying the impact of globalization is primarily descriptive and based on qualitative analysis. Since a visit to India could not be undertaken because of visa restrictions. The empirical analysis is confined to China only. The past, present and future of the socio-political and economic domains’ of the two countries under discussion are studied in depth to assess the impact of globalization in the twenty first century. The impact is determined in the first thirty to fifty years of the century and prediction is made for the whole century. The findings of the thesis are that it is generally believed by the political scientists, journalists, and analysts that China is emerging as an economic giant and India is following suit. The only disadvantage of globalization can be seen, to be the threat posed to their social systems. At the end it is suggested that the lessons of the impact of globalization on China and India should be learnt by the neighbouring states including Pakistan. The thesis also studies the utility of ‘system capabilities’ in a political system employed by the leadership, as the efficiency level of the system capabilities determines the level of development of a country. The status of ‘system capabilities’ is more important in the socio- political and economic growth of a country rather than the form of government. In China the leadership is utilizing the ‘system capabilities’ more efficiently as compared to India. This is explained by the difference in the nature of governance in the two entities. 2 Introduction This thesis explores the impact of globalization on China and India in three areas of human activity, economic, political, and social along with environmental concerns. The thesis revolves around the main hypothesis; globalization is making an impact on China and India but these countries also affect the globalization process. It is a two way process. First, it shows two causal relationships between globalization and China and India. Second, the response of a political system (in the case of China and India) is shaped primarily by its ‘system capabilities.’ This attribute determines the nature of the impact of globalization on a country and how the latter affects the globalization in return. After undertaking the review of major literature on the subject, outlining the methodologies adopted for the study, generalizes the statements on the nature and direction of the present work, the first chapter examines the theoretical dimensions of globalization its scope, different tools and models. The secondary sources are used to see the impact of globalization on the socio-political and economic domains of China and India. It gives us valuable information regarding the impact of globalization in the countries under discussion and vice versa. In the second chapter, China is taken up as a case study. This research is based on ethnography that deals with the established phenomenon of society and attempts to unearth relationships of different variables. These belong to economic, political, cultural, and environmental domains. India is a case study in the third chapter. The researcher met a number of Indian scholars and researchers during international conferences in America and Pakistan and discussed with them the impact of globalization on India. The inferences drawn from these discussions have been included in the study as a primary source. 3 China and India are compared in the fourth chapter through qualitative analysis relying on the material in the previous chapters. Primary and secondary sources are combined with archival sources used for supporting the arguments regarding the impact of globalization on China and India. The fifth chapter presents the conclusions of the study and offers suggestions, and draws lessons that can be useful for other countries coping with different impacts of globalization. In Pakistan, this research is important, as no significant research has been done so far to measure the impact of globalization on China and India in the twenty first century. Therefore, it is the researcher’s original contribution in social sciences. It will help the students of political science, economics, and international relations for further research. Across the territorial boundaries of states, globalization is an increased interconnectedness of the goods, services and peoples in economic, political, and social domains. Globalization is a set of interconnected phenomena, which deal with economic, political, social and environmental aspects of human life. There are varying tools of economic globalization such as MNCs, IFIs, WTO, marketing and advertisement, which have been working in increased interconnectedness owing to the communication revolution, which occurred after the Second World War. The tools of political globalization are authority1 and legitimacy2 of the government. The tools of social globalization are health, education, cultural values, family ties etc. The communication revolution has charged the phenomenon of globalization in the twenty first century. In its theoretical framework, globalization holds great promise for the developing countries; although everything may not be viable for everyone. A detailed discussion on suitability of globalization for the South3 will follow later.
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